UPLC-MS/MS同时测定十一方药酒中的马钱子碱与士的宁的含量

摘 要 目的：建立UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定十一方药酒中马钱子碱与士的宁的含量。方法: 色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax SB C18（2.1 mm×100 mm,3.5 μm）,流动相为甲醇 10 mmol·L^-1 甲酸铵溶液（25∶75,用甲酸调节pH至3.0）,流速0.2 ml·min^-1 ,柱温为30℃,进样量为1 μl;采用电喷雾离子源（ESI）进行正离子模式将样品离子化,多反应监测（MRM）模式下对马钱子碱（m/z 395.2→243.8;m/z 395.2→212.8）和士的宁（m/z 335.2→183.9;m/z 335.2→155.9）进行定量分析。结果:马钱子碱浓度在0.242～7.733 μg·m^-1 ,士的宁在0.302～9.661 μg·m^-1 范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为100.1%（RSD=0.8%）、99.4%（RSD=1.4%）（n=6）。结论:本方法准确、可靠,可用于十一方药酒中马钱子碱与士的宁的定量测定。     

吴茱萸碱对大鼠离体子宫平滑肌的舒张作用及机制研究

摘 要 目的：探讨吴茱萸碱对大鼠离体子宫平滑肌的舒张作用及其可能机制。方法: 以前列腺素F2α（PGF2α）诱导大鼠离体子宫平滑肌收缩,生物机能实验系统观察吴茱萸碱舒张离体子宫平滑肌的作用以及辣椒素受体阻断药capsazepine、磷脂酶Cβ阻断药U73122和钙调蛋白阻断药W 7对吴茱萸碱作用的影响,Prism 5.01非线型可变斜率回归计算半效浓度(EC50)。结果: 吴茱萸碱对PGF2α(EC50=9.60×10-11 mol·L^-1)收缩离体子宫平滑肌舒张作用的EC50为9.56×10 9 mol·L^-1。半抑制浓度(IC50)的capsazepine(6.30×10-11 mol·L^-1),U73122(2.57×10-11 mol·L^-1)和W 7(5.65×10-13 mol·L^-1)预舒张离体子宫平滑肌后,吴茱萸碱的EC50降低,量效曲线左移。EC50的大小顺序依次为：U73122 吴茱萸碱(1.95×10-12 mol·L^-1)＞capsazepine 吴茱萸碱(7.35×10-13 mol·L^-1)＞W 7 吴茱萸碱(8.88×10-15mol·L^-1)。结论: 吴茱萸碱对PGF2α收缩的离体子宫平滑肌有舒张作用,其作用机制可能与辣椒素受体1、磷脂酶Cβ和钙调蛋白有关。     

青蒿琥酯对人源肝星状细胞中Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin信号通路的影响研究

摘 要 目的：探讨青蒿琥酯（Art）对Akt/GSK 3β/β catenin信号通路的影响。方法: 不同浓度（0,12.5,25,50 μg·mL^-1）Art作用于人源肝星状细胞（LX 2）,采用CCK 8法检测细胞增殖情况,并确定给药浓度;给予不同浓度Akt抑制药MK 2206 0～8 μmol·L^-1,Western blot法确定其最佳抑制浓度;给予Art、MK 2206、MK 2206+Art,采用Western blot法检测各组Akt、p Akt、GSK 3β、p GSK 3β、β catenin蛋白表达情况。结果: CCK 8法检测细胞存活率,当选用25 μg·mL^-1Art作用于LX 2细胞24h时细胞存活率约80%,Western blot法确定当MK 2206浓度为6 μmol·L^-1时,可有效抑制p Akt的表达;Art组（25 μg·mL^-1）、MK 2206组（6 μmol·L^-1）、MK 2206（6 μmol·L^-1）+Art（25 μg·mL^-1）组与对照组相比,Akt、p Akt、p GSK 3β、β catenin蛋白表达均有显著差异（P<0.05）,MK 2206（6 μmol·L^-1）+Art（25 μg·mL^-1）组分别与Art（25 μg·mL^-1）组、MK 2206（6 μmol·L^-1）组比较,GSK 3β、Akt蛋白表达无显著差异（P>0.05）,p Akt、p GSK 3β、β catenin蛋白表达显著降低（P<0.01）。结论: Art可通过Akt因子对Wnt/β catenin信号通路中相关因子产生影响,进而抑制细胞增殖,缓解肝纤维发展进程。     

青蒿琥酯对人白血病K562，K562 /ADM细胞凋亡的作用及对NF-κB p65表达的影响

摘 要 目的:观察青蒿琥酯对人白血病K562、K562 /ADM细胞凋亡以及对p65表达的影响。方法: 采用流式细胞仪检测青蒿琥酯在不同浓度和不同时间段对K562、K562 /ADM细胞凋亡的影响,采用Western blot法检测15 μmol·L^-1青蒿琥酯在不同时间对K562细胞NF-κB p65表达的影响。结果 青蒿琥酯对K562细胞凋亡影响不明显,但对阿霉素耐药K562 /ADM细胞影响较大,青蒿琥浓度为7.5 μmol·L^-1和15 μmol·L^-1时,K562 /ADM细胞的调亡率明显高于K562细胞（P<0.01）,15 μmol·L^-1青蒿琥酯作用后4 h后,K562 /ADM细胞的调亡率明显增加（P<0.01）;经15 μmol·L^-1青蒿琥酯作用后, p65表达随时间的增加而明显降低（P<0.01）。结论 青蒿琥酯通过下调P65的表达而诱导白血病细胞凋亡。     

HPLC法同时测定康妇软膏中异土木香内酯、土木香内酯、花椒毒酚、氧化前胡素、欧前胡素和蛇床子素

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC梯度洗脱法同时测定康妇软膏中异土木香内酯、土木香内酯、花椒毒酚、氧化前胡素、欧前胡素和蛇床子素的含量。 方法: 以Agilent TC C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）为色谱柱,甲醇 0.1%甲酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.9 ml·min^-1 ,检测波长分别为220 nm和300 nm,柱温35 ℃。 结果:异土木香内酯、土木香内酯、花椒毒酚、氧化前胡素、欧前胡素和蛇床子素分别在6.16～123.20 μg·m^-1 、3.78～75.60 μg·m^-1 、1.87～37.40 μg·m^-1 、4.06～81.20 μg·m^-1 、9.27～185.40 μg·m^-1 、13.89～277.80 μg·m^-1 范围内线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.999 4,0.999 8,0.999 6,0.999 5,0.999 9和0.999 7;平均加样回收率分别为98.04%（RSD=1.06%）,97.10%（RSD=1.53%）,96.73%（RSD=0.90%）,98.92%（RSD=1.36%）,99.12%（RSD=0.83%）和100.27%（RSD=0.58%）。结论:该方法简便、准确,可用于康妇软膏质量标准的提高。     

HPLC法测定追风舒筋活血片中马钱子碱、士的宁的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立追风舒筋活血片中马钱子碱、士的宁的含量测定方法。方法: 应用高效液相色谱法测定,色谱柱为Agilent SB C₁₈柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),以乙腈 0.01 mol·L^-1庚烷磺酸钠与0.02 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾等量混合溶液（用10%磷酸调节pH至2.8）（21∶79）为流动相,检测波长为260 nm,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温为35℃,进样量为10 μl。结果: 马钱子碱和士的宁的线性范围分别为0. 011 0~0.219 6 mg·ml^-1 (r=0.999 4)、0.010 1~0.202 8 mg·ml^-1 (r=0.999 7);平均加样回收率分别为98.24%(RSD=1.54%)、97.92%(RSD=1.49%)(n=6) 。结论:该方法简便易行、准确、重复性好,可用于追风舒筋活血片的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定小儿咳喘灵颗粒中6种成分

摘 要 目的：建立利用HPLC法采取波长变换同时测定小儿咳喘灵颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱、（R,S） 告依春、苦杏仁苷、绿原酸、甘草苷、甘草酸含量的方法。方法: 色谱条件：Agilent Eclipse XDB C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈 0.1%磷酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1 ,测定波长为207 nm（盐酸麻黄碱、苦杏仁苷）、237 nm（甘草酸、甘草苷、绿原酸）、245 nm[（R,S） 告依春）]。结果:盐酸麻黄碱进样浓度在2.423～96.920 μg·m^-1 范围与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 2,平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=0.30%,n=6);（R,S） 告依春进样浓度在1.920～76.798 μg·m^-1 范围与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为99.86%(RSD=1.14%,n=6);绿原酸进样浓度在2.396～92.891 μg·m^-1 范围与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为98.57%(RSD=0.75%,n=6);苦杏仁苷进样浓度在1.982～79.279 μg·m^-1 范围与峰面积线性关系良好, r=0.999 8,平均回收率为99.67%(RSD=0.59%,n=6);甘草苷进样浓度在2.136～85.440 μg·m^-1 范围与峰面积线性关系良好, r=0.999 9,平均回收率为98.57%(RSD=0.69%,n=6);甘草酸进样浓度在2.432～97.260 μg·m^-1 范围与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为98.57%(RSD=0.11%,n=6)。结论:该方法准确、重复性好,可用于小儿咳喘灵颗粒的质量控制。     

甲基莲心碱对脂多糖诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞的保护作用

摘 要 目的：探讨甲基莲心碱对脂多糖（LPS）诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞损伤的保护机制。方法: 通过预实验筛选出LPS最佳的诱导浓度;再采用最适浓度的LPS模拟人脐静脉内皮细胞炎性损伤模型,通过CCK8测定不同浓度的甲基莲心碱（0.3,1,3,5,10 μmol·L^-1）对损伤细胞的凋亡率的影响;Griess Reagent法用于检测一氧化氮(NO)的含量; 比色法测定一氧化氮合酶( NOS)分型的活力;倒置显微镜观察细胞形态变化。结果: CCK8检测到LPS的浓度为100μg·mL^-1时,细胞抑制率为54.50%,此时细胞的损伤适中,确定为诱导浓度（P＜0.01）。在0.3～5.0 μmol·L^-1内,不同浓度的甲基莲心碱能明显提高损伤后的HUVECs的细胞活性,但在10 μmol·L^-1时,HUVECs细胞的增殖明显减少（P＜0.05）。甲基莲心碱能显著性逆转LPS诱导的人脐血管内皮细胞中NO含量的增加和总NOS（tNOS）和iNOS的活性的升高（P＜0.05）。倒置显微镜结果显示,甲基莲心碱在0.3~5.0 μmol·L^-1的浓度范围内,随着浓度增加,漂浮的死细胞变少,细胞形态基本良好,细胞间排列紧密。结论:甲基莲心碱能够逆转LPS诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞的损伤,其机制可能与调节内皮细胞中NO的释放和NOS的活力有关。     

HPLC法同时测定复方盐酸二甲双胍/沙格列汀渗透泵控释片的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立高效液相色谱法同时测定复方盐酸二甲双胍/沙格列汀渗透泵控释片的含量。方法: 采用UltimateXB-CN色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为0.01 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（pH=4.7） 乙腈（15∶85）,检测波长为208 nm,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温为30℃,进样量20 μl。结果: 盐酸二甲双胍和沙格列汀分别在50.0～150.0 μg·ml^-1和0.5～1.5 μg·ml^-1浓度范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r = 0.999 9和r=0.999 1）。平均回收率分别为99.5%和100.3%,RSD分别为0.56%和1.20%（n =9）。结论:该法专属性强,结果准确可靠,可用于复方盐酸二甲双胍/沙格列汀渗透控释片的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定二甲氨基阿格拉宾盐酸盐的含量

摘 要 目的: 建立二甲氨基阿格拉宾盐酸盐的含量测定方法。方法: 色谱柱为氨基柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈 0.01 mol·L^-1磷酸铵（用磷酸调节pH至6.5）（60∶〖KG-*2〗40）为流动相,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为210 nm,柱温30 ℃,进样量20 μl。结果:二甲氨基阿格拉宾盐酸盐与阿格拉宾及其他杂质之间能够达到很好分离;二甲氨基阿格拉宾盐酸盐在1.0～6.0 mg·ml^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率为99.07%,RSD为0.76%（n=9）。结论:该法测定二甲氨基阿格拉宾盐酸盐含量,简便、准确、重复性好。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.