气相色谱法测定酮洛芬凝胶中乙醇含量

摘 要 目的：建立酮洛芬凝胶中乙醇含量的气相色谱测定方法。方法: 色谱柱为Agilent DB 624（60 m×0.53 mm,3.00 μm）毛细管柱,起始温度为40℃,维持2 min,以每min 3℃的速率升温至65℃,再以每min 25℃的速率升温至200℃,维持10 min;进样口温度200℃;检测器（FID）温度220℃;采用顶空分流进样,分流比为1 ∶〖KG-*4〗1;顶空瓶平衡温度为85℃,平衡时间为20 min。结果: 乙醇浓度在0.079～0.790 mg·ml-1范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=0.999 8）,平均回收率为99.8％（RSD=0.77%,n=9）。结论: 本方法操作简便,结果准确,重复性好,可用于酮洛芬凝胶中乙醇含量的测定。     

GC法测定复方薄樟桉油溶液中桉油精、樟脑、薄荷脑的含量

摘 要 目的：建立复方薄樟桉油溶液中桉油精、樟脑和薄荷脑含量的GC测定方法。方法: 色谱柱: HP INNOWAX 19091N 216柱（60 m×0.32 mm,0.50 μm）;载气：氮气,流量为30 ml·min-1;燃气:氢气,流量为40 ml·min-1;助燃气：空气,流量为400 ml·min-1;检测器:氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）;进样口温度:250℃;升温程序：初始温度为50℃,维持5min,以10℃·min-1的速率升温至160℃,维持5 min,再以20℃·min-1的速率升温至220℃,维持3min;检测器温度为250℃;分流比为15〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗1;进样量:1 μl。结果: 桉油精、樟脑、薄荷脑分别在0.031 9～2.550 0 mg·ml-1（r=1.000 0）、0.041 3～3.305 0 mg·ml-1（r=1.000 0）、0.053 7～4.294 0 mg· ml-1（r=1.000 0）范围内与其和内标物的峰面积比值呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为98.24%、98.97%、98.98%,RSD分别为0.3%、0.4%、0.5%（n=9）。结论: 本方法灵敏、准确,重现性好,可用于复方薄樟桉油溶液中桉油精、樟脑和薄荷脑的测定。     

QuEChERS-GC-MS/MS测定蚓激酶原料药中41种农药残留量

摘 要 目的：建立QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe)快速样品前处理技术结合气相色谱串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)同时测定蚓激酶原料药中41种农药残留的方法。 方法: 采用GC-MS/MS法测定蚓激酶原料药中41种农药残留量。色谱柱为HP 5ms ultla Lert弹性石英毛细管柱（30.0 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm）,检测器为质谱检测器,进样口温度为240℃;检测器温度为280℃,程序升温,载气为高纯氦气,隔垫吹扫为5 ml· min-1,柱流速为2.0 ml·min-1,进样量为1.0 μl,进样方式为不分流。质谱检测器离子源为电子轰击离子源,离子源温度为230℃,碰撞气为高纯氩气,灯丝电压为70 eV,传输线温度为280℃,积分延时为4 min。 结果: 41种农药检测质量浓度线性范围均为100～500 μg·L-1（r≥0.995 0）;检测限为1.5～3.8 μg·L-1;定量限为5.0~12.5 μg·L-1;精密度的RSD均<8%（n=6）、重复性与稳定性试验的RSD均<6%(n=6);蚓激酶原料药样品加样平均回收率均为70.47%～105.66%。 结论: 该方法简便、准确、高效,可用于判断蚓激酶原料药是否有农药残留。     

藿香祛暑软胶囊GC特征图谱研究及2种成分的含量测定

摘 要 目的：建立藿香祛暑软胶囊的GC特征图谱,同时测定丁香酚和百秋李醇的含量。 方法: 采用GC分析方法,HP 5毛细管柱（30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm）,FID检测器。进样口温度：250℃,检测器温度：280℃,分流进样。程序升温：初温80℃,以6℃·min-1速度升至160℃,保持3 min,以10℃·min-1速度升至210℃,保持20 min,载气为氮气,载气流速：1.2 ml·min-1。 结果: 特征图谱共有9个特征峰,18批样品与对照图谱相似度均在0.90以上,丁香酚和百秋李醇分别在15.586～779.315 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）和17.736～886.800 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 8）范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率分别为101.46%,104.02%,RSD分别为1.87%,2.33%（n=6）。 结论: 该方法简单,快速,准确,重复性好,GC特征图谱结合2成分含量测定可用于藿香祛暑软胶囊中挥发性成分的质量控制。     

GC法同时测定肚痛丸中6 种有效成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立同时测定肚痛丸中6种成分含量的气相色谱方法。方法: 色谱柱为 HP 5柱 (30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm);采取程序升温,载气为氮气,流速为2.0 ml·min-1,进样量为1 μl,分流比为5∶1,进样口温度为280 ℃,检测器（FID）温度为300 ℃。结果:桂皮醛、乙酸龙脑酯、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、厚朴酚、和厚朴酚分别在32.28~516.40 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、27.06~433.00 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）、25.65~410.40 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、26.10~417.60 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、24.01~384.20 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 0）、18.32~293.10 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 4）范围内呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率分别为99.71%（RSD=0.67%）、99.34%（RSD=1.18%）、100.16%（RSD=0.34%）、100.40%（RSD=0.39%）、99.32%（RSD=1.22%）、99.58%（RSD=0.58%)(n=6）。结论:该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,准确度好,可为控制该制剂的质量提供依据。     

GC MS法检测利奈唑胺原料药中遗传毒性杂质S 环氧氯丙烷

摘 要 目的：建立测定利奈唑胺原料药中遗传毒性杂质S 环氧氯丙烷的方法。方法: 采用气相色谱 质谱联用法。色谱柱为Agilent VF 624ms毛细管柱;柱温采用程序升温;进样口温度200℃;柱流量为1.0 ml·min-1 ;进样方式采用分流进样,分流比为5∶〖KG-*2〗1;载气为高纯氦气;检测器为质谱检测器;离子化方式为EI;离子化电压为70 eV;离子源温度为210℃;传输线温度为240℃;溶剂延迟时间为4.5 min;检测方式为选择离子扫描模式（SIM）;进样量为1 μl。结果: 空白溶剂与利奈唑胺均不干扰S 环氧氯丙烷的检测;在0.049 9~0.498 9 μg·ml-1浓度范围内S 环氧氯丙烷浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0.998 9）;S 环氧氯丙烷平均回收率为97.66%,RSD为5.92%（n=9）。结论: 该方法简便、准确、灵敏,可用于利奈唑胺原料药中遗传毒性杂质S 环氧氯丙烷的检测。     

金牛眼药质量控制方法研究

摘 要 目的：建立金牛眼药中煅炉甘石和冰片含量测定的方法。方法: 采用乙二胺四乙酸配位滴定法测定炉甘石中氧化锌含量;采用DB WAX石英毛细管柱(30 m×0.32 mm,0.5 μm）,柱温：150℃,进样口温度：180℃,检测器温度：200℃,分流比：5∶〖KG-*2〗1,氮气流速:1 ml·min-1, FID检测器,乙酸乙酯为溶剂,测定冰片含量。结果:氧化锌加样回收率为101.5%,RSD为1.2%（n=9）,冰片在0.1～5.0 μg进样范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9;加样回收率为98.18%,RSD为0.8%（n=9）;样品含量测定结果氧化锌为0.38～0.59 g·g-1,冰片为0.13～0.21 g·g-1。结论:建立的方法简便、准确,重复性和稳定性良好,可用于金牛眼药的质量控制。     

气相色谱法测定盐酸阿莫地喹中乙醇及醋酸的残留量

摘 要 目的：建立气相色谱法测定盐酸阿莫地喹中乙醇及醋酸的残留量。 方法: 采用DB 1701毛细管柱（30 m×0.32 mm×1.00 μm）,以氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）检测,载气为氮气,流速1.0 ml·min-1,柱温采用程序升温,进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃。 结果: 乙醇、醋酸和空白溶剂能达到良好分离;乙醇、醋酸的浓度线性范围分别为5.021 1～502.117 3 μg·ml-1(r=1.000 0）及5.021 7～502.173 6 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 8）,平均回收率分别为101.04%(RSD=0.65%)及97.33%(RSD=1.83%)（n＝6）。 结论: 本方法简单、准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,适用于盐酸阿莫地喹中乙醇和乙酸残留量的测定。     

GC-MS法测定奥拉西坦原料中的潜在遗传毒性杂质

摘 要 目的：建立同时测定奥拉西坦原料药中潜在遗传毒性杂质氯乙酸甲酯和(R,S)4 氯 3 羟基丁酸乙酯的方法。方法: 采用GC-MS法,使用乙酸乙酯进行提取。色谱柱为VF 1701 ms毛细管柱（30 m×0.25 mm,0.25 μm）,柱温采用程序升温,进样口温度为220℃,柱流量为1.0 ml·min^-1,吹扫流量为5.0 ml·min^-1,进样方式为分流进样,分流比为5∶1,载气为高纯氦气,检测器为MS检测器,离子源温度为230℃,接口温度为230℃,溶剂延迟时间为4 min,离子化模式为电子轰击离子化模式,扫描（检测）方式为选择性离子检测,电子能量为70 eV,进样量为1.0 μl。结果:2种杂质成分之间的分离度符合要求,浓度线性范围均为50～400 ng·mL^-1（r≥0.999 5）,加样回收率分别为89.7%～96.3%（RSD=2.3%,n=9）、91.0%～105.3%（RSD=4.4%,n=9）。结论:该方法简便、准确、灵敏、迅速,可用于奥拉西坦原料药中2种潜在遗传毒性杂质的测定。     

顶空气相色谱法测定盐酸厄洛替尼中有机溶剂残留量

摘 要 目的：建立顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定盐酸厄洛替尼中有机溶剂残留量的方法。方法: 采用顶空毛细管气相色谱法,色谱柱为DB 624毛细管柱（30 m×0.53 mm,3.0 μm）,载气为氮气,流速为2.0 ml·min^-1,进样口温度为190 ℃,FID检测器温度为230 ℃,采用程序升温：初始温度为35 ℃,保持8 min,以28 ℃·min^-1升温至170 ℃,保持8 min,再以32 ℃·min^-1升温至200 ℃,保持7 min。顶空瓶平衡温度为100 ℃,时间30 min。结果: 乙醇、异丙醇、二氯甲烷、正丁醇分别在0.68~409.14 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）、0.67~404.88 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）、1.71~51.31 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）、0.72~431.12 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）浓度范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为99.0%（RSD=0.41%,n=9）、100.2%（RSD=0.52%,n=9）、97.1%（RSD=1.75%,n=9）、102.5%（RSD=1.08%,n=9）。结论:该方法简便、准确性好,适用于盐酸厄洛替尼中4种有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.