计算机辅助三维步态评价脑性瘫痪儿童的肌力及骨盆控制能力

背景:脑性瘫痪儿童骨盆控制能力差,目前治疗时间较长且效果不明显。目的:观察三维步态监控下针对性肌力训练对改善骨盆控制能力的疗效。方法:60例(≥2岁)痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿分为2组,治疗组在三维步态监控下骨盆肌肉针对性肌力训练结合手法治疗;对照组手法治疗。比较治疗前后两组患儿粗大运动功能量表评分,Berg平衡评分、粗大运动功能分级。结果与结论:摄像显示治疗组治疗后步态改善明显,运动能力明显提高,好于对照组。治疗前两组Berg平衡评分、粗大运动功能量表评分及粗大运动功能分级分值差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。治疗组治疗后Berg平衡评分、粗大运动功能量表评分均显著高于治疗前(P<0.01),粗大运动功能分级分值低于治疗前(P<0.01)。治疗组治疗后Berg平衡评分、粗大运动功能量表评分均显著高于对照组治疗后(P<0.01)。结果证实,三维步态监控下骨盆肌肉针对性肌力训练,结合手法治疗能有效改善患儿骨盆控制能力,从而提高脑性瘫痪儿童的步态及运动能力。     

康复机器人联合情景互动训练对运动障碍性疾病患儿运动功能的影响

目的 观察儿童型下肢康复机器人联合情景互动训练对运动障碍性疾病患儿运动功能的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将60例运动障碍性疾病患儿分为观察组及对照组。2组患儿均给予常规康复干预,包括运动再学习技术（MRP）、减重步行训练、MOTOmed下肢训练及神经肌肉电刺激等,观察组患儿在此基础上辅以下肢康复机器人训练及情景互动训练,每天训练1次,每周训练6 d,治疗12周为1个疗程。于治疗前、治疗1个疗程后分别采用粗大运动功能量表(GMFM)及Berg平衡量表（BBS）对2组患儿进行疗效评定。 结果 治疗后发现观察组、对照组患儿BBS评分［分别为(17.97±2.94)分和（13.36±1.70）分］、GMFM-D区评分［分别为(15.95±1.17)分和(11.95±1.28）分］、GMFM-E区评分［分别为(15.73±1.16)分和（12.10±1.52）分］均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,并且上述指标均以观察组患儿的改善幅度较显著,与对照组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 在常规康复干预基础上辅以下肢康复机器人及情景互动训练,能进一步改善运动障碍性疾病患儿粗大运动功能及平衡能力,该联合疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

核心肌力训练联合肌电生物反馈对高龄老年人群肢体运动功能的影响

目的观察核心肌力训练联合肌电生物反馈对高龄老年人群肢体运动功能的影响。 方法采用随机数字表法将30例高龄老年男性对象分为观察组及对照组,每组15例。对照组给予核心肌力训练,观察组则在核心肌力训练基础上辅以肌电生物反馈治疗。 结果经9周治疗后,2组研究对象各项平衡及肢体运动功能指标均较治疗前改善明显（P<0.05）,并且观察组Berg量表评分［（54.90±6.15）分］、Tinetti步态评分［（11.40±1.14）分］、500m快速走计时［（539.70±54.19）s］、15m快速绕杆走计时［（19.59±2.75）s］及5m楼梯攀爬计时［（13.69±2.85）s］均显著优于对照组水平,组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论肌电生物反馈联合核心肌力训练对改善高龄老年人群肢体运动功能具有协同作用,其疗效明显优于单一核心肌力训练,该联合疗法值得推广、应用。     

肌电生物反馈联合悬吊运动训练在痉挛型脑瘫患儿中的应用效果

目的：探究肌电生物反馈联合悬吊运动训练在痉挛型脑瘫患儿中的应用效果。方法：根据随机数字表法将2020年10月至2022年8月收治的106例痉挛型脑瘫患儿分为对照组和观察组各53例。对照组采用悬吊运动训练干预,观察组在对照组的基础上加用肌电生物反馈干预。对比两组患儿粗大运动功能[粗大运动功能评估量表（CMFM-88）评分]、精细运动功能[精细运动功能评估量表（FMFM）评分]、肌张力[改良Ashworth痉挛评定量表（MAS）评分]、平衡功能[Berg平衡量表（BBS）评分]和生活质量[生活质量测定量表简表（QOL-BREF）评分]。结果：干预后,观察组CMFM-88评分高于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组FMFM评分高于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组BBS评分高于对照组,肘屈肌张力、腕屈肌张力评分低于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组QOL-BREF评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：肌电生物反馈联合悬吊运动训练干预痉挛型脑瘫患儿利于改善其粗大运动功能和精细运动功能,降低肌张力,提升平衡能力和生活质量。     

音乐运动疗法对帕金森病患者步态及运动功能的影响

目的 观察音乐运动疗法对帕金森病(PD)患者步态及运动功能的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将67例PD患者分为观察组（34例）及对照组（33例）。2组患者均给予常规抗PD药物治疗及护理,对照组辅以常规运动治疗,观察组则给予音乐运动治疗,2组患者均每天治疗1次,每周治疗5 d。于治疗前、治疗8周后评估对比2组患者步态时空参数、PD综合量表(UPDRS-Ⅲ)、Berg平衡量表（BBS）及改良Barthel指数（MBI）量表评分。 结果 治疗前2组患者步态时空参数、UPDRS-Ⅲ、BBS及MBI评分组间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。治疗后发现观察组步长［（47.31±7.66）cm］、步频［（117.32±18.04）步/分钟］、步幅［（77.63±15.43）cm］、摆动相时间［（42.79±7.41）%］、双支撑相时间［（8.24±2.06）%］、总支撑相时间［（54.19±8.13）%］、步长变异系数（6.08±3.14）、步速变异系数（4.29±1.84）、UPDRS-Ⅲ评分［（27.74±5.96）分］、BBS评分［（31.79±6.31）分］及MBI评分［（53.78±7.58）分］均较训练前及对照组显著改善(P＜0.05)。 结论 音乐运动治疗能进一步改善PD患者步态,提高其运动功能及平衡能力,对改善患者生活质量具有重要意义。     

Thera-Band抗阻肌力训练对脑卒中患者下肢运动功能及步态的影响

目的 观察Thera-Band渐进抗阻肌力训练对脑卒中后患者下肢运动功能及步态的影响。 方法 将脑卒中后偏瘫患者48例按随机数字表法分为治疗组（24例）和对照组（24例）。对照组采用常规康复治疗,治疗组在常规康复治疗基础上增加Thera-Band弹力带对偏瘫侧肌肉进行渐进抗阻训练。分别于治疗前和治疗8周后（治疗后）采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表(FMA)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、功能独立性评定量表（FIM）中的行走和上下楼梯功能检测标准以及GaitWatch步态分析对2组患者进行评定。 结果 治疗后,治疗组的FMA评分［(24.54±2.47)分］、Berg评分［(39.21±2.25)分］、FIM评分［(12.46±1.06)分］、步频［(79.00±8.08)steps/min］、步幅［(59.75±3.31)cm］、步速［(40.29±5.04)cm/s］以及对照组的FMA评分［(20.67±2.65)分］、Berg评分［(28.92±2.90)分］、FIM评分［(11.92±0.97)分］、步频［(69.17±8.11)steps/min］、步幅［(56.38±3.46)cm］、步速［(36.08±4.84)cm/s］与组内治疗前比较,均有显著改善,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05）,且治疗组患者的FMA评分、Berg评分以及GaitWhatch步频、步幅、步速与对照组治疗后比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 Thera-Band弹力带渐进抗阻训练结合常规康复训练可有效地改善脑卒中患者运动和步行能力。     

末端驱动型下肢机器人对脑卒中患者步态的影响

目的 探讨末端驱动型下肢康复机器人训练对脑卒中患者下肢步行能力、下肢运动功能、步态及平衡功能的影响。 方法 将2018年8月至2019年8月在空军军医大学第一附属医院住院治疗的、符合纳入标准的39例脑卒中患者,按照随机数字表法将其分为训练组(21例)和对照组(18例)。2组患者均接受常规康复治疗,包括偏瘫肢体综合训练、中频脉冲电刺激等,对照组在此基础上接受减重平板步行训练,训练组接受末端驱动的下肢康复机器人训练,每日1次、每次20 min、每周6 d、持续4周。治疗前,治疗4周后（治疗后）,采用功能性步行分级(FAC)、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分下肢部分(FMA-LE)、威斯康星步态量表(WGS)及Berg平衡量表(BBS)进行评定。 结果 治疗前,2组患者FAC、FMA-LE、WGS及BBS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,2组患者各项指标均较组内治疗前显著改善(P<0.05),且训练组治疗后FAC分级［(2.61±0.70)级］、WGS［(23.29±3.85)分］及BBS评分［(35.40±8.41)分］较对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。 结论 末端驱动型下肢康复机器人训练较传统康复治疗,能更好地改善脑卒中患者的步行能力、步态及平衡功能。     

下肢康复机器人对脑梗死后下肢偏瘫患者康复的影响

目的 探讨下肢康复机器人对脑梗死后下肢偏瘫患者康复的影响。 方法 选取脑梗死后下肢偏瘫患者96例,采用随机数字表法将其分为对照组和观察组,每组48例。对照组患者接受常规康复治疗,观察组患者接受下肢康复机器人治疗,连续6周。采用简式Fugl-Meyer下肢运动量表评分、Berg平衡量表评分、Holden步行功能分级及改良Barthel指数对2组患者的下肢运动能力、平衡能力、步行能力及生活自理能力进行评定。 结果 治疗前,2组患者Fugl-Meyer下肢功能评分、Berg平衡评分、改良Barthel指数评分、Holden步行功能分级比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与组内治疗前比较,2组患者治疗后上述指标均有所改善（P＜0.05）,且观察组治疗后Fugl-Meyer下肢功能评分［（18.45±4.62）分］、Berg平衡评分［（45.28±12.31）分］、改良Barthel指数评分［（68.91±18.）分］均高于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗后观察组Holden步行功能分级优于对照组（P<0.05）。 结论 下肢康复机器人可有效改善脑梗死后下肢偏瘫患者的运动能力、平衡能力及生活质量。     

感觉统合训练对痉挛型脑瘫患儿粗大运动功能的影响

脑性瘫痪是指自受孕开始至婴儿期非进行性脑损伤和发育缺陷所导致的综合征,主要表现为运动障碍及姿势异常［1］,综合康复训练［2］是目前主要的治疗方法。物理疗法（ physical thera-py,PT）是脑瘫治疗的基础,对于约占脑瘫60％～70％的痉挛型脑瘫,PT可不同程度地改善患儿的粗大运动功能［1］。但患儿能保持直立体位后,对平衡及协调能力的需求增加,故如何提高这部分患儿的立位平衡能力是随后临床工作中的重点［3］。感觉统合理论（ Sensory Integration Theory ）创立于1972年,多应用于感觉统合失常、自闭症、注意力缺陷、精神发育迟滞等患儿的康复训练［4-10］,但近几年也开始应用于脑瘫患儿的康复［11］,并不断研究其对脑瘫患儿的运动功能的影响。本研究将痉挛型脑瘫患儿分为对照组和治疗组,对照组用常规的综合康复训练进行治疗,治疗组则在综合康复训练的基础上进行感觉统合训练。并应用粗大运动功能测试量表（ Gross Motor Function Measure , GMFM ）对两组脑瘫患儿治疗前后进行评价,分析比较两组患儿的粗大运动功能的改善情况有无显著性差异,观察感觉统合训练在痉挛型脑瘫患儿训练中起到的作用。     

虚拟现实训练技术对痉挛型脑瘫患儿平衡功能的影响

目的 观察虚拟现实（VR）技术对痉挛型脑瘫患儿平衡功能的影响。 方法 选取痉挛型脑瘫患儿45例，按随机数字表法将其分为治疗组和对照组，治疗组23例，对照组22例。2组脑瘫患儿均接受常规康复训练，包括神经发育促进技术、肌肉牵张、作业治疗及家庭康复训练等，对照组在此基础上给予常规平衡功能训练，治疗组给予VR技术及常规平衡功能训练。治疗前及治疗3个月后（治疗后），对2组患儿进行平衡功能评定。 结果 治疗后，2组患儿左右偏移、轨迹长、单位面积轨迹长、矩形面积、外周面积、Berg平衡量表评分较治疗前明显改善，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与对照组治疗后比较，治疗组轨迹长［（49.00±12.17）mm］、单位面积轨迹长［（35.40±22.13）mm］、矩形面积［（2.52±0.91）mm2］、外周面积［（1.62±0.63）mm2］、Berg平衡量表评分［（30.07±1.04）分］较为优异，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 VR技术可以改善痉挛型脑瘫患儿的平衡功能障碍。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.