癌干细胞与肿瘤的放射抗性

有关癌干细胞及其生物学特性研究信息的不断积累,推动了放射肿瘤生物学的发展。近年来的研究发现,癌干细胞和静止期癌细胞可能是导致肿瘤放射抗性增加和肿瘤放射治疗后复发的主要细胞学基础,有关这两种癌细胞亚群的放射敏感性及其机制的研究进展迅速,为提高肿瘤对放射治疗敏感性的措施研究提供了新的学术思路。该文将就癌细胞亚群的放射分子生物学特性,分析讨论肿瘤放射抗性的细胞学基础和相关分子机制。     

异硫氰酸酯类化合物的抗癌作用机制研究进展

天然植物中分离的活性成分是抗肿瘤药物的重要来源,异硫氰酸酯类化合物广泛存在于十字花科植物中,是重要的抗肿瘤和预防肿瘤的活性成分。本文对其抗癌作用机制研究进展做一简要综述,旨在为深入研究其分子机制,明确其作用的分子靶点提供参考资料。     

应用头孢菌素饮酒致双硫仑样反应20例分析

目的探讨应用头孢菌素后饮酒致双硫仑样反应的发生机制及治疗方法,以引起临床注意,避免其发生。方法结合文献报道,观察20例病例的临床表现、治疗及转归,对双硫仑样反应的发生机制、防治措施进行探讨。结果15例轻、中度患者给予对症处理后症状缓解,5例重度患者,静注纳洛酮0．4～0．8mg,症状均于3～4h内缓解。结论纳洛酮对双硫仑样反应有治疗作用     

葡萄球菌肠毒素C2的研究进展

葡萄球菌肠毒素（staphylococcal enterotoxin,SE）是一种外源性超抗原,仅需微量即能高效刺激T淋巴细胞增殖,促使其产生细胞毒作用,并释放大量的细胞因子,引发机体自身免疫应答。大量研究表明,SE是一种很有前途的新型肿瘤免疫治疗制剂,目前国内已将SEC2应用于肿瘤患者的治疗及对肿瘤患者在进行放化疗时防止白细胞降低。该文综述了SEC2在生物学活性、结构特性、抑制肿瘤细胞生长作用等方面的研究进展。     

中药有效成分通过影响酪氨酸激酶通路抗肿瘤的研究

随着外科手术、放化疗及中西医结合治疗的发展,肿瘤患者生存时间明显延长,但是恶性肿瘤对人类健康的严重威胁仍未得到有效控制。要想提高肿瘤治疗疗效,只有从肿瘤发生发展的机制着手,才能取得新的突破性进展。细胞活性受外部信号控制,细胞信号转导异常可导致恶性肿瘤快速增殖、无限生长,因此,信号转导通路已成为抗肿瘤药物研究的新靶点。中药治疗肿瘤有着悠久历史,随着分子生物学、     

放射增敏剂在肿瘤治疗中的应用

放射治疗是治疗恶性肿瘤的重要手段之一。临床上常因正常组织耐受剂量的限制而不能给予肿瘤足够的照射剂量,而造成治疗失败,因此,如何提高肿瘤对射线的敏感性是临床肿瘤放疗面临的突出问题。放射增敏剂作为一种增强肿瘤放疗敏感性、提高放疗疗效的药物,通过增加辐射诱导的氧自由基及DNA损伤、调控放疗关键分子靶点以达到放射增敏目的。本文结合放射增敏剂在放射治疗中的应用,概述了放射增敏剂的发展现状及相关领域的研究进展,并对多种放射增敏剂的作用机制进行了简要综述,以期为进一步研究放射增敏调控的分子机制、促进放射增敏剂的研发,以及设计新的策略改善放射治疗结果提供帮助。     

肿瘤乏氧细胞与放射治疗相关性研究进展

肿瘤内乏氧细胞的存在导致肿瘤对放射线的抗拒性,至今仍是肿瘤放射治疗与放射生物学研究的热点课题。近年来,对肿瘤乏氧细胞的形成机制及其对肿瘤放射治疗的影响有了更深入地研究,其中肿瘤乏氧细胞的分子影像学研究为肿瘤生物适形放射治疗的临床试验提供了可靠的研究平台。     

阿帕替尼治疗恶性肿瘤的研究进展

肿瘤的生长、浸润、转移依耐于肿瘤新生血管的形成.近年来以抑制血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)和血管内皮生长因子受体(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor,VEGFR)信号通路为作用机制的抗血管生成靶向药物在恶性肿瘤的临床治疗中得到广泛应用.阿帕替尼(Apatinib)是一种高度选择性地抑制血管内皮细胞生长因子受体2(VEGFR-2)的酪氨酸激酶活性的抗血管生成靶向药物.在基础及临床实验研究中阿帕替尼在多种恶性肿瘤中均表现出较好的抗肿瘤效应同时具有良好的耐受性.本文就阿帕替尼抗肿瘤作用机制、对多种恶性肿瘤的抗肿瘤效应(临床前期及临床研究)、安全性及生物学标志物等最新研究进展进行综述,以加深对该药在抗肿瘤临床应用的了解.     

黑丑提取物的体内外抗肿瘤活性及其初步机制

目的探讨黑丑提取物的抗肿瘤活性,并对其作用机理进行研究。方法应用MTT法考察黑丑提取物在体外对人肝癌细胞BEL-7402、结肠癌细胞HCT-8、肺癌细胞A-549的细胞毒效应。为明确其体内抗肿瘤疗效,建立了Lew is肺癌的小鼠模型,通过对比各组小鼠的相对肿瘤增殖率、肿瘤生长曲线、抑瘤率、瘤重等指标考察黑丑提取物的抑瘤效果。通过G-四链体的稳定性实验,初步探讨了黑丑的抗肿瘤作用机制。结果黑丑提取物在体外对上述3种肿瘤细胞均具有抑制作用,对人肺癌细胞A-549的IC50值为30.19μg/ml。在体内的抗肿瘤药效实验中亦表现出明显的抗肿瘤活性,且其可有效稳定G-四链体结构。结论黑丑提取物在体内外均具有明显的抑瘤作用,并可通过稳定G-四链体结构进而抑制肿瘤细胞的端粒酶活性,最终导致肿瘤细胞凋亡。     

头孢菌素类抗生素致双硫仑样反应12例临床分析

目的观察和探讨头孢菌素药物致双硫仑样反应的发生机制、诊治方法及预防措施。方法回顾分析我院急诊12例头孢菌素药物致双硫仑样反应的临床资料。结果 12例中均出现不同程度双硫仑样反应,包括颜面潮红、视物模糊、头晕、头胀、恶心、心悸、胸闷等不适,重者有嗜睡、出汗、心绞痛。所有病例经输液、对症、激素、纳络酮、醒脑静应用后症状24h内缓解,未遗留明显后遗症。结论应用头孢菌素类药物前后要禁酒;地塞米松、纳络酮或醒脑静救治双硫仑样反应疗效迅速、确切;医务人员对双硫仑样反应要有足够的认识和重视,加强预防,诊疗及时,预后良好。     

The effect of chemotherapy on the uptake of technetium-99m sestamibi in breast cancer

Technetium-99m sestamibi scintimammography has been used primarily in the diagnosis of breast cancer. It has also been suggested that this technique could be used to monitor response to chemotherapy and possibly to predict those patients in whom no response can be expected. An initial study was performed in nine patients with primary breast cancer. All patients underwent prone lateral and anterior^99mTc-sestamibi imaging at diagnosis and 4–7 months later, after they had received cytotoxic chemotherapy. The uptake of^99mTc-sestamibi in the breast was compared with that in normal surrounding breast tissue and this ratio was expressed as the target to background ratio. In all patients treated there was a reduction in uptake of^99mTc-sestamibi after treatment, such that whilst all the tumours could be seen before treatment, only three were visible following chemotherapy. There was a significant fall in the mean target to background ratio of the patients undergoing chemotherapy: the tumour to background ratio was 2.48 before chemotherapy and 1.40 after treatment (P<0.001, paired Student'st test). This fall in tumour activity was observed both in those patients in whom a clinical response was seen and in the two patients in whom the tumour enlarged despite chemotherapy. It appears that the reduced uptake of^99mTc-sestamibi seen after chemotherapy may be a non-specific change and therefore may not be predictive of the clinical response to treatment.     

The anti-oxidant capacity of tumour glycolysis

Purpose:?In this mini-review data are summarised which provide evidence for the biological and clinical significance of tumour glycolysis and of its relationship to the redox state of cancer cells.

Results:?Malignant transformation is associated with an overexpression of numerous glycolysis-related genes in the vast majority of human cancers. At the same time, glycolytic activity and glycolysis-linked metabolic milieu are often variable between individual tumours which induces large variations in treatment response and aggressiveness. Currently, there is no genetic or proteomic marker for the prediction of the therapeutic response for individual tumours, but the prognostic value of tumour lactate accumulation for the emergence of metastasis, for patient survival and for radioresistance has been documented in a number of studies.

Conclusions:?Transactivation of tumour glycolyis appears to generate a chemically reduced milieu associated with an inhibition of ROS (reactive oxygen species) -mediated fixation of DNA damage and induction of radioresistance. Furthermore, highly glycolytic cells enhance the antioxidant defense via glutathione, and pyruvate can be decarboxylated non-enzymatically upon reducing hydrogen peroxide. The summary of data given here emphasises the importance of further research efforts on the link between carbohydrate metabolism and redox state of cancer cells.     

β1 integrin targeting to enhance radiation therapy

Purpose:?Cell adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is mediated by the integrin family and has been known to modify radiation sensitivity and resistance in several cell types, including cancer cells. In particular, β1 integrin signaling has been implicated in the progression and metastasis of various cancers and has been shown to facilitate resistance to radiation therapy.

Conclusion:?In this mini-review, we provide a brief overview of integrin targeting in radiation therapy. We specifically focus on the updated findings of β1 integrin-mediated signaling pathways after exposure to ionising radiation (IR) using in?vitro and in?vivo experimental models, which could represent promising therapeutic targets for breast cancer.     

lncRNA CCAT1靶向miR-130b-3p对人胰腺癌细胞PANC-1放射敏感性的影响

目的 探讨lncRNA CCAT1和miR-130b-3p对体外培养的胰腺癌细胞PANC-1放射敏感性的影响。方法 采用Real-time PCR检测胰腺癌组织及其细胞系和2 Gy X射线照射后PANC-1细胞中CCAT1和miR-130b-3p的相对表达水平。沉默CCAT1表达、抑制miR-130b-3p表达后,应用流式细胞仪、Caspase 3活性检测试剂盒及克隆形成实验检测细胞凋亡率、Caspase 3活性和细胞存活分数,并绘制单击多靶模型拟合曲线;利用starBase v2.0在线预测、荧光素酶报告基因、RNA结合蛋白免疫沉淀实验（RIP）及Real-time PCR实验,验证CCAT1和miR-130b-3p的靶向关系。结果 在放射抵抗的胰腺癌组织、胰腺癌细胞系和2 Gy照射的PANC-1细胞中,CCAT1表达均上调（t=6.322~8.555,P<0.05）,miR-130b-3p表达下调（t=3.950~18.795,P<0.05）。2 Gy照射并沉默CCAT1,PANC-1细胞存活分数降低（t=2.929、5.047、5.234、5.125,P<0.05）,细胞凋亡率增加（t=6.953,P<0.05）,Caspase 3活性升高（t=6.836,P<0.05）。发现CCAT1能靶向调控miR-130b-3p表达,抑制miR-130b-3p表达,PANC-1细胞存活分数增大（t=4.564、6.736、8.656,P<0.05）,细胞凋亡减少（t=5.234,P<0.05）,Caspase 3活性降低（t=10.440,P<0.05）。结论 沉默CCAT1表达能够促进miR-130b-3p表达,从而增加PANC-1细胞放射敏感性。     

lncRNA GAS5通过下调miR-223的表达提高结肠癌细胞的放射敏感性

目的 探究生长特异抑制物5（lncRNA growth arrest-specific 5,lncRNA GAS5）通过靶向调控miR-223的表达对结肠癌细胞的放射敏感性的影响。方法 采用荧光定量PCR（qPCR）检测多种结肠癌细胞系中lncRNA GAS5的表达量,选择表达量较低的作为后续研究对象;细胞克隆实验检测过表达lncRNA GAS5对结肠癌SW480细胞放射敏感性的影响;通过生物信息学数据库starBase以及双荧光素酶报告基因实验预测以及验证lncRNA GAS5的靶基因miR-223;qPCR检测miR-223在多种结肠癌细胞系中的表达量,以及过表达lncRNA GAS5对SW480细胞中miR-223表达量的影响。结果 与人正常结肠上皮细胞（NCM460）相比,lncRNA GAS5在结肠癌SW480、LOVO、HT-29、SW620细胞系中的表达量显著降低（t=15.25、8.69、14.42、11.62,P<0.05）,其中在SW480细胞中的表达量最低;过表达lncRNA GAS5或者下调miR-223显著降低细胞的存活分数（8 Gy时lncRNA GAS5：t=13.51,P<0.05;anti-miR-223：t=14.93,P<0.05）,促进凋亡（lncRNA GAS5：t=8.30,P<0.05;anti-miR-223：t=7.32,P<0.05）,增加结肠癌细胞放射敏感性;生物信息学分析显示,lncRNA GAS5 3''端序列中包含与miR-223的结合位点,过表达/下调lncRNA GAS5后,miR-223的表达量下降/上升。结论 lncRNA GAS5通过靶向调控miR-223的表达促进结肠癌细胞凋亡、抑制其存活,从而提高结肠癌细胞的放射敏感性。     

PARP inhibitor attenuated colony formation can be restored by MAP kinase inhibitors in different irradiated cancer cell lines

Abstract

Purpose: Sensitizing cancer cells to irradiation is a major challenge in clinical oncology. We aimed to define the signal transduction pathways involved in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor-induced radiosensitization in various mammalian cancer lines.

Materials and methods: Clonogenic survival assays and Western blot examinations were performed following telecobalt irradiation of cancer cells in the presence or absence of various combinations of PARP- and selective mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors.

Results: HO3089 resulted in significant cytotoxicity when combined with irradiation. In human U251 glioblastoma and A549 lung cancer cell lines, Erk1/2 and JNK/SAPK were found to mediate this effect of HO3089 since inhibitors of these kinases ameliorated it. In murine 4T1 breast cancer cell line, p38 MAPK rather than Erk1/2 or JNK/SAPK was identified as the main mediator of HO3089's radiosensitizing effect. Besides the aforementioned changes in kinase signaling, we detected increased p53, unchanged Bax and decreased Bcl-2 expression in the A549 cell line.

Conclusions: HO3089 sensitizes cancer cells to photon irradiation via proapoptotic processes where p53 plays a crucial role. Activation of MAPK pathways is regarded the consequence of irradiation-induced DNA damage, thus their inhibition can counteract the radiosenzitizing effect of the PARP inhibitor.     

Irradiation of normal mouse tissue increases the invasiveness of mammary cancer cells

Purpose:?Treatment of breast tumours frequently involves irradiating the whole breast to reach malignant microfoci scattered throughout the breast. In this study, we determined whether irradiation of normal tissues could increase the invasiveness of breast cancer cells in a mouse model.

Materials and methods:?Non-irradiated MC7-L1 mouse mammary carcinoma cells were injected subcutaneously in irradiated and non-irradiated thighs of Balb/c mice. The invasion volume, tumour volume, blood vessel permeability and interstitial volumes were monitored by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Slices of normal tissue invaded by cancer cells were examined by histology. Activity of matrix metalloproteinase -2 and -9 (MMP -2 and -9) in healthy and irradiated tissues was determined, and the proliferation index of the invading cancer cells was evaluated.

Results:?Three weeks after irradiation, enhancement of MC7-L1 cells invasiveness in irradiated thighs was already detected by MRI. The tumour invasion volume continued to extend 28- to 37-fold compared to the non-irradiated implantation site for the following three weeks, and it was associated with an increase of MMP-2 and -9 activities in healthy tissues. The interstitial volume associated with invading cancer cells was significantly larger in the pre–irradiated sites; while the blood vessels permeability was not altered. Cancer cells invading the healthy tissues were proliferating at a lower rate compared to non-invading cancer cells.

Conclusion:?Implantation of non-irradiated mammary cancer cells in previously irradiated normal tissue enhances the invasive capacity of the mammary cancer cells and is associated with an increased activity of MMP-2 and -9 in the irradiated normal tissue.     

抑制FOXD1基因表达增强结直肠癌细胞HCT116的放射敏感性

目的 研究抑制FOXD1基因的表达对结直肠癌细胞放射敏感性的影响。方法 采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR）和Western blot检测人结直肠癌组织和细胞中FOXD1 mRNA和蛋白的表达。对结直肠癌HCT116细胞行梯度剂量（0、2、4、6 Gy）X射线照射,qRT-PCR和Western blot检测各组细胞中FOXD1的表达。将siRNA阴性对照和FOXD1 siRNA转染至结直肠癌细胞中,分别记为si-NC组和si-FOXD1组,经4 Gy的X射线照射处理后记为si-NC+4 Gy组和si-FOXD1+4 Gy组,Western blot检测各组细胞中FOXD1的表达,四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）法检测各组细胞的增殖活性,克隆形成实验检测各组细胞存活率,采用TECT DNA-PK试剂盒检测各组细胞中DNA-PK活性,将转染的结直肠癌细胞接种于BALB/c裸鼠建立移植瘤模型,进行射线照射后,检测各组肿瘤的体积和质量变化。结果 与癌旁正常组织相比,结直肠癌组织中FOXD1 mRNA和蛋白的表达均显著增加（t=5.579、4.816,P<0.05）,与结肠黏膜上皮细胞NCM460相比,结直肠癌细胞株中FOXD1 mRNA（t=5.85~17.62,P<0.05）和蛋白（t=9.04~11.42,P<0.05）表达均显著升高。结直肠癌细胞HCT116中FOXD1的表达量随着放射剂量增加而升高,呈现剂量依赖性,差异有统计学意义（t=9.13~44.15,P<0.05）。转染si-FOXD1能够有效地抑制结直肠癌细胞中FOXD1的表达（t=10.51,P<0.05）,FOXD1敲低后能够抑制结直肠癌细胞的增殖活性（t=10.41,P<0.05）,提高结直肠癌细胞的放射敏感性,放射增敏比为1.797,降低放射诱导的DNA-PK的活性（t=6.20,P<0.05）。抑制FOXD1的表达经射线照射后,裸鼠种植瘤体积和重量明显减小（t=11.29、3.69,P<0.05）。结论 抑制FOXD1基因的表达能够提高结直肠癌细胞的放射敏感性,抑制结直肠癌裸鼠移植瘤的生长,可为改善放射治疗对结直肠癌患者的治疗效果提供潜在的靶向基因。     

Heterogeneity of tumour response to combined radiotherapy and EGFR inhibitors: Differences between antibodies and TK inhibitors

Purpose:?Clinical and preclinical data show a wide variability of tumour response to combined inhibition of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Differences are obvious not only between different tumour entities, but also between different combination schedules and different classes of drugs. The underlying reasons are currently not well understood.

Conclusions:?In light of the disappointing results of some phase III trials on combined EGFR tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibition and chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer, but also of some early clinical trials on the triple combination of EGFR inhibitors and radio-chemotherapy, negative interactions between the components of the treatment cannot be ruled out. Also, there is increasing evidence for a differential activity of anti-EGFR antibodies and EGFR-TK inhibitors. Potential reasons are an immunogenic component of the cytotoxic effect of chimeric antibodies, alternative signal transduction pathways leading to acquired resistance against the drugs, different effects on tumour micromilieu or nutritional supply, differences in pharmacokinetics and intratumoural distribution or different effects on cancer stem cells. Clarifying these potential mechanisms will require further preclinical and clinical research effort but could in future enable us to individually tailor the use of molecular targeted drugs in order to fully utilise their high potential in cancer therapy.