益生菌酸奶调节飞行员肠道菌群的考察

目的观察富含益生菌酸奶对飞行员肠道菌群以及飞行员腹泻率的影响。方法采集食用益生菌酸奶前后不同时间点飞行员便标本,细菌培养法测定肠道常见菌群含量,计算肠道定值抗力（CR）值,分析肠道菌群的变化。调查表调查飞行员腹泻率,比较食用不同时间益生菌酸奶飞行员腹泻率的差异。结果益生菌酸奶明显增加肠道菌群中双歧杆菌、消化球菌含量,降低肠球菌含量,增加CR值,对肠杆菌和拟杆菌无显著影响。停止食用益生菌酸奶后飞行员肠道菌群中5种细菌及CR值与对照组比无明显差异。长期食用益生菌酸奶可使飞行员腹泻率明显降低。结论益生菌酸奶具有调节飞行员肠道菌群,降低腹泻率的作用。     

不同减肥方式对肠道菌群影响的研究进展

单纯性肥胖所致个体罹患心脑血管疾病、糖尿病及肿瘤的几率大大增加。目前有大量研究证实:肠道菌群组成成分与结构失衡是导致肥胖发生的重要诱因,但减肥过程中肠道菌群及其代谢产物的变化趋势及相关机制研究尚缺乏报道。本文就目前应用较广的补充功能食品减肥、有氧运动减肥、外科手术减肥对肠道菌群及其代谢产物变化的影响进行综述。     

肠道菌群在恶性肿瘤治疗中的研究进展

近年来,关于肠道菌群与恶性肿瘤的治疗关系一直都是研究热点。有利的肠道菌群结构可以促进上皮肿瘤或者黑色素瘤患者抗PD-1免疫治疗疗效,并且这种疗效可以通过粪菌移植来实现。对于接受盆腔放疗的患者,肠道菌群结构发生明显变化,而服用益生菌可改善放疗引起的腹泻等不适反应。相关研究表明,化疗后患者的肠道菌群发生明显变化,提升相关菌群的数量可提高化疗耐受性和疗效。调整肠道菌群有望成为恶性肿瘤新的辅助治疗手段。     

运动与肠道菌群相关研究的热点主题和趋势——基于文献计量学分析

目的：梳理运动与肠道菌群的相关研究,明晰其发展脉络及动态,为后续相关研究提供参考。方法：基于CiteSpace可视化软件,对Web of Science Core Collection(WoS核心合集)数据库收录的522篇文献进行分析,梳理出运动与肠道菌群相关研究领域的热点主题、研究趋势。主要结果：研究热点紧密围绕运动、肠道菌群、疾病、营养与饮食、益生菌展开,具体热点主题包括：运动与疾病人群肠道菌群关系的研究;剧烈运动与运动员胃肠道症状关系的研究;运动、饮食、营养及益生菌关系的研究。研究趋势主要有：干预方案和健康获益之间的剂量效应特征的挖掘;运动对肠道菌群作用机制的探索;疾病类型以及疗效指标的转变。     

益生菌在新生儿期的临床应用

益生菌是一类对人体有益的活菌,主要包括双歧杆菌类、乳杆菌类、革兰阳性球菌类。由于新生儿身体各方面机能尚不成熟,易造成病毒、细菌的感染,坏死性小肠炎,喂养不耐受等,益生菌可调节肠道微生物平衡,促进肠道功能的完蓠,增加肠道黏膜对外界的抵抗力,调节机体免疫功能,干扰致病菌在肠黏膜定植和感染,降低病原菌毒力等。关于益生菌在新生儿期的临床应用逐渐受到重视,笔者综述如下。     

单纯肥胖症脂质代谢紊乱的运动防治Ⅰ.有氧运动对饮食诱导单纯性肥胖大鼠脂蛋白代谢的影响

在建立饮食诱导单纯性肥胖及高胆固醇血症实验动物模型基础上，分别观察有氧运动和饮食干预单纯性肥胖大鼠脂蛋白、载脂蛋白水平的影响。结果表明，运动和／或运动与饮食联合干预明显地改善与单纯性肥胖并存的脂质代谢紊乱，降低某些致动脉粥样硬化的高危因素。     

有氧运动与复合多糖干预对高脂膳食诱导肥胖大鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的:观察分析有氧运动、复合多糖灌胃、有氧运动与复合多糖联合干预等三种不同方式对高脂膳食诱导肥胖大鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法:采用4周高脂饲料喂养建立大鼠肥胖模型,而后分别采用有氧运动、复合多糖干预、有氧运动与复合多糖联合干预等三种方式对动物进行干预,利用16S r DNA测序分析比较干预前、后大鼠肠道菌群组成的变化。结果:(1)与对照组相比,高脂膳食诱导肥胖大鼠肠道内瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)显著增加,苏黎世杆菌科(Turicibacteraceae)显著降低(P<0.05);双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、苏黎世杆菌属(Turicibacter)显著下降(P<0.05,P<0.01);布氏瘤胃球菌(Ruminococca-ceae bromii)显著增加(P<0.05)。(2)与肥胖对照组相比,有氧运动干预使高脂膳食诱导肥胖大鼠肠道内双歧杆菌科(Bifidobacteriaceae)显著增加(P<0.05),螺杆菌科(Helicobacteraceae)、瘤胃球菌科(Rumino-coccaceae)显著降低(P<0.05);双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、阿克曼氏菌属(Akkemansia)均显著增加(P<0.01),嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia mucinphila)、粪便普雷沃氏菌(Prevetella copri)数量显著增加(P<0.05)。(3)与肥胖对照组相比,复合多糖干预使高脂膳食诱导肥胖大鼠肠道内双歧杆菌科(Bifidobac-teriaceae)、苏黎世杆菌科(Turicibacteraceae)显著增加(P<0.05),脱硫弧菌科(Desulforibrionaceae)、螺杆菌科(Helicobacteraceae)、瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)显著降低(P<0.05);双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、别样棒菌属(Allobaculum)、苏黎世杆菌属(Turicibacter)显著增加(P<0.01,P<0.05);布氏瘤胃球菌(Rumi-nococcaceae bromii)显著减少(P<0.05)。与肥胖对照组相比,有氧运动与复合多糖联合干预使高脂膳食诱导肥胖大鼠肠道内双歧杆菌科(Bifidobacteriaceae)显著增加(P<0.05)。别样棒菌属(Allobaculum)、布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)显著增加(P<0.01)。结论:高脂膳食诱导肥胖大鼠肠道菌群中与肥胖直接相关的布氏瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcaceae bromii)比例显著增加;有氧运动干预、复合多糖干预与有氧运动及复合多糖联合干预均可优化调节肠道菌群组成,不同干预方式对肠道菌群结构组成的影响存在明显差异。     

肠道菌群失调与炎症性皮肤病研究进展

<正>肠道菌群是通过摄取体内营养物质来维持机体的生存及代谢,起到调节营养代谢、能量供给、感染防御及加强肠道屏障、增强免疫系统等作用,是维持机体内环境的重要屏障。肠道菌群被认为是与机体共生的重要器官之一,对疾病的发生、发展起到重要作用。益生菌为肠道菌群的重要组成,包括类杆菌、乳杆菌、双歧杆菌和消化球菌等,当给予足够数量益生菌时,对健康有益的活微生物,可对宿主发挥有益作用。益生菌的补充可改变肠道内环境,     

添加益生菌的肠内营养模式对脑卒中患者的临床效果观察

脑卒中(stroke)是由各种原因导致的脑动脉破裂或脑动脉狭窄而引起的急性脑部血液循环障碍,可造成患者死亡或病症延续24小时的局部脑血管病变.而脑卒中患者往往因意识障碍、神经性呕吐、麻痹、呼吸衰竭等情况影响进食而导致营养不良,免疫力下降而加重病情[1].早期适宜的肠内营养治疗,可极大改善患者的营养状况,降低并发症的发生,但由于脑卒中患者胃肠动力障碍,常因腹泻、腹胀等影响肠内营养治疗效果,其中腹泻最为多见.益生菌是指含有生理活性的优势菌群,能改善肠道微生物平衡、提高肠道免疫力.本研究探讨添加益生菌的肠内营养对脑卒中腹泻的影响,为益生菌改善脑卒中患者肠道功能提供理论依据,现报道如下.     

肠道菌群与放射性肠炎的关系及研究进展

肠道菌群是人体的重要组成部分。目前已经证实肠道菌群在高血压、糖尿病、肿瘤和炎症性肠病等疾病的发生发展中发挥重要作用。放射性肠炎（RE）多见于行放疗的肿瘤患者。近年来,肠道菌群与RE的关系成为研究热点。RE与肠道菌群密切相关,其机制可能与肠道菌群失调引起的炎症细胞的浸润及相关细胞因子的表达密切相关。益生菌补充治疗能够缓解部分RE患者的临床症状。最近一些研究聚焦于粪便菌群移植及小分子新药在RE中的治疗作用。笔者总结了近期基于肠道菌群的RE的发生机制及临床应用研究,期望为靶向肠道菌群的治疗提供理论依据。     

经OGTT普查人群代谢综合征患病率及胰岛素抵抗指标的评估

目的调查北京某单位21~78岁人群(n=1022)代谢综合征(MS)的患病率及相关危险因素,比较用腰围、体重指数(BMI)评估MS和高胰岛素血症的临床意义。方法使用预定的流行病学调查表,由专业人员询问调查人群的既往史,统一行口服葡萄糖耐量(OGTT)试验评估糖代谢情况(测定空腹和餐后2h血糖、血胰岛素水平),另检测血脂、血尿酸、肝肾功能,并测量身高、体重、腰围、血压,计算BMI值,分别以腰围和BMI值来定义肥胖,分析不同定义的肥胖合并其他2项代谢异常(IDF定义)时人群的患病率及其高胰岛素血症的检出率。结果按腰围和BMI值计算肥胖患病率分别为20.6%和41.5%(P<0.01),且随年龄的增长而增加。糖代谢异常、高胰岛素血症、高血压、高甘油三酯血症、低高密度脂蛋白血症、MS(IDF定义)检出率分别为8.51%、8.10%、39.60%、30.20%、0.49%、9.00%。按腰围和BMI计算:肥胖合并其他2项代谢异常的检出率分别为9.0%、14.0%(P<0.01),其检出敏感性分别为40.9%、63.6%,特异性分别为85.1%、64.7%;肥胖合并其他2项代谢异常人群高胰岛素血症的检出率分别为6.64%、7.55%,分别占总调查人群的1.37%、3.13%,两者比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论北京某单位成年人中MS及相关代谢疾病非常常见。与BMI相比,腰围对肥胖合并其他2项代谢异常的检出敏感性低、特异性高。对高胰岛素血症患者的检出将有助于识别非肥胖人群合并有2项代谢异常者。     

Regulation of lipid mobilization and oxidation during exercise in obesity

Regulation of lipid mobilization and oxidation during exercise in obesity. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. Vol. 29, No. 1, pp 42-46, 2001. Obesity is associated with metabolic disorders that may be related to alterations in lipid mobilization and oxidation. Although exercise is essential for successful weight management, the regulation of fatty acid metabolism during exercise in obesity is unclear. This review discusses factors that regulate fat metabolism during exercise and the effects of endurance training on these responses.     

Exercise as a partial therapy for the extremely obese

The management of the extremely obese patient is best accomplished by a multidisciplinary approach which includes exercise training as an integral component. While diet alone is a potent factor in improving the metabolic complications associated with obesity, the combination of diet and exercise training can further improve these complications and greatly enhance cardiorespiratory function. Although the fitness of extremely obese people is low, individualized exercise programs can be used to safely and progressively train these patients, reduce fatigue, and greatly increase maximum work tolerance. Additional benefits derived from exercise training include improved insulin-mediated glucose utilization, lower serum lipid concentrations, and improved psychological distress scores and anxiety levels. Thus, exercise training can contribute to the success of a weight reducing program by improving metabolic, cardiorespiratory, and psychological factors. Additional important interventions in a multidisciplinary treatment of severe obesity include psychiatric, psychosocial, and vocational counseling.     

Expression and function of myostatin in obesity, diabetes, and exercise adaptation

Myostatin is a member of the transforming growth factor-β/bone morphogenetic protein (TGF-β/BMP) superfamily of secreted factors that functions as a potent inhibitor of skeletal muscle growth. Moreover, considerable evidence has accumulated that myostatin also regulates metabolism and that its inhibition can significantly attenuate the progression of obesity and diabetes. Although at least part of these effects on metabolism can be attributable to myostatin's influence over skeletal muscle growth and therefore on the total volume of metabolically active lean body mass, there is mounting evidence that myostatin affects the growth and metabolic state of other tissues, including the adipose and the liver. In addition, recent work has explored the role of myostatin in substrate mobilization, uptake, and/or utilization of muscle independent of its effects on body composition. Finally, the effects of both endurance and resistance exercise on myostatin expression, as well as the potential role of myostatin in the beneficial metabolic adaptations occurring in response to exercise, have also begun to be delineated in greater detail. The purpose of this review was to summarize the work to date on the expression and function of myostatin in obesity, diabetes, and exercise adaptation.     

Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease

Considerable knowledge has accumulated in recent decades concerning the significance of physical activity in the treatment of a number of diseases, including diseases that do not primarily manifest as disorders of the locomotive apparatus. In this review we present the evidence for prescribing exercise therapy in the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related disorders (insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity), heart and pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, intermittent claudication), muscle, bone and joint diseases (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome) and cancer, depression, asthma and type 1 diabetes. For each disease, we review the effect of exercise therapy on disease pathogenesis, on symptoms specific to the diagnosis, on physical fitness or strength and on quality of life. The possible mechanisms of action are briefly examined and the principles for prescribing exercise therapy are discussed, focusing on the type and amount of exercise and possible contraindications.     

Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease

Considerable knowledge has accumulated in recent decades concerning the significance of physical activity in the treatment of a number of diseases, including diseases that do not primarily manifest as disorders of the locomotive apparatus. In this review we present the evidence for prescribing exercise therapy in the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related disorders (insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity), heart and pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, intermittent claudication), muscle, bone and joint diseases (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome) and cancer, depression, asthma and type 1 diabetes. For each disease, we review the effect of exercise therapy on disease pathogenesis, on symptoms specific to the diagnosis, on physical fitness or strength and on quality of life. The possible mechanisms of action are briefly examined and the principles for prescribing exercise therapy are discussed, focusing on the type and amount of exercise and possible contraindications.     

老年血脂紊乱与代谢综合征及心、脑血管事件相关性研究

目的 调查老年人群的血脂紊乱状况及与代谢综合征(MS)其他组分间的相互关系,并探讨这些异常状态对心、脑血管病变的影响.方法 对1996～2005年连续在解放军总医院门诊查体的2 547例老年人群的资料进行回顾性分析,并对不同类型血脂异常与糖代谢异常、高血压和肥胖的伴存状况,及对心脑血管病变发生的影响进行比较.结果 本组老年人群中血脂紊乱的MS患病率为69.6%,其中合并单纯高胆固醇(HTC)者占23.6%(602例),单纯高甘油三酯(HTG)者占21.7%(552例),HTG伴低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HTG-LHDL)者占5.03%(128例),HTC伴HTG(混合组)者占19.3%(491例);血脂正常者仅占30.4%.合计有HTG者46.0%(1 171例),略多于HTC者(1 093例).单纯HTG组及混合型组2型糖尿病(T2DM)和肥胖患病率较高.本组人群中的高血压患病率高达66.2%,其中HTG者的高血压患病率最高,达70.8%,与血脂正常者比较差异显著(P＜0.01).各型血脂异常合并糖代谢异常、肥胖、高血压均增加了心、脑血管病的患病率,HTC合并高血压和糖尿病增加心了血管病变患病率,HTG合并任一项异常均增加心脑血管病变患病率.结论 本组老年人群中约2/3存在血脂紊乱,MS其他组分的患病率也较高,是心脑血管病变的高危人群.其中HTG较HTC对心脑血管病变影响更大,需在今后的防治中给予关注.