阿归养血方连续逆流提取工艺优选

目的:优选阿归养血方连续逆流提取工艺.方法:以阿魏酸含量及浸膏量为考察指标,采用HPLC进行阿魏酸含量测定,经多指标综合评分法结合正交设计,考察提取时间、料液比、乙醇体积分数以及提取温度等因素,确定阿归养血方连续逆流提取最佳工艺.结果:最佳提取工艺为料液比1∶16(相当于每级为1∶4),乙醇体积分数60％,提取时间20 min,提取温度40℃.结论:优选的提取工艺稳定、可靠,为阿归养血方相关研究提供一定科学依据.     

罐组逆流提取荷叶生物碱的研究

目的 采用罐组逆流提取技术提取荷叶中的荷叶生物碱并优化其工艺条件.方法 采用分光光度法测定荷叶生物碱.按L16(44)正交设计表设计试验,分别考察提取时间、提取温度、固液比和乙醇体积分数4个因素的影响.结果 通过极差分析得出罐组逆流提取荷叶生物碱的最佳工艺条件为:提取时间25 min,提取温度80℃,固液比1:50,乙醇体积分数为70%.结论 可以将罐组逆流提取技术应用于荷叶提取工程.     

三罐动态逆流技术在活血消瘿片提取工艺中的应用

目的:优选活血消瘿片三罐动态逆流提取工艺。方法:用三罐动态逆流提取法,采用L9(34)正交设计试验,以苦杏仁苷转移率和干膏得率为考察指标,采用HPLC法测定苦杏仁苷含量,经多指标综合评分法加权,考察药材粒度、阶段提取时间、提取温度及料液比等因素,确定活血消瘿片三罐动态逆流提取最佳工艺,并对新旧工艺进行对比。结果:最佳工艺为:药材粉碎成粗粉粒度、料液比1∶8(g/m L)、单级提取时间为45 min、提取温度为90℃,有效成分转移率达到90.17%,干膏得率为26.74%。结论:优选的三罐动态逆流提取工艺稳定、高效、节能,为活血消瘿片制剂工艺技术提升提供研究基础。     

正交试验法优化苦豆子总生物碱的超声提取工艺

目的:优选苦豆子中总生物碱的超声提取工艺。方法:以总生物碱提取率为指标,采用单因素和正交试验考察料液比、超声温度、乙醇浓度、超声时间、提取次数对提取工艺的影响,确定最佳提取工艺。结果:各因素对超声提取工艺的影响顺序为超声温度料液比超声时间乙醇浓度;最佳提取工艺为用65%乙醇,按料液比1:16,温度30℃,超声提取2次,每次20min。结论:优选的提取工艺稳定可行,提取率高。     

正交实验设计提取桂花籽中原花青素

[摘要] 目的：优选桂花籽中原花青素化的提取工艺。方法：L9（34）正交设计实验, 考察提取时间、提取温度、料液比、乙醇浓度各因素对提取率的影响,,优选出最佳的提取工艺。结果：优选出原花青素的最佳提取工艺条件是：50%乙醇,料液比为1：8 (w／v),提取温度为50℃,提取时间为25 min,超声波提取1次。结论：采用此工艺提取方法快速、简单,可以为选一步研究桂花籽中原花青素提取条件进行优化。     

正交试验优选蜗牛多糖提取工艺的研究

目的1探讨蜗牛多糖的最佳提取工艺。方法：运用正交试验对浸体时间、温度、料液比和乙醇浓度4个因素进行优选。结果：蜗牛多糖提取条件的最优组合为：浸提时间6h、浸提温度70℃、料液比1：30和乙醇浓度90％。结论：优选的蜗牛多糖提取工艺稳定可行，能有效提高蜗牛多糖得率。     

正交设计优选巴戟天中多糖提取工艺

目的:对影响巴戟天中多糖的提取工艺因素进行系统考察。方法:通过单因素实验,以多糖提取率作为指标,分别考察了醇沉浓度、提取温度、液料比、提取时间、提取次数对提取效率的影响,并选取乙醇浓度(A)、提取温度(B)、液料比(C)和提取时间(D)4个因素设计正交试验。结果:影响多糖提取率的主次因素为ACDB,即乙醇浓度液料比提取时间提取温度,最佳提取工艺为:A2B1C2D1。即:在70℃下液料比为30∶1时提取4 h并用80%乙醇沉淀。结论:优选出的最佳提取工艺条件,为开发巴戟天多糖提供了科学依据。     

康爱保生丸多级逆流提取工艺优选

目的优选康爱保生丸连续逆流提取工艺。方法采用正交试验设计,以黄芩苷含量及干膏率为考察指标,考察提取时间、料液比、酒精浓度等因素,确定提取最佳工艺。结果最佳工艺为料液比每级1:4,酒精浓度70%,提取时间30min。结论优选的提取工艺稳定、可靠,适合康爱保生丸的提取。     

亳菊总黄酮类提取工艺的研究

目的采用乙醇提取法,优选亳菊总黄酮类的提取工艺。方法在单因素试验的基础上,以亳菊总黄酮类提取率为评价指标,选择乙醇浓度、料液比、提取温度、提取时间为考察因素,采用L9(34)正交实验优选亳菊中总黄酮类的最佳提取工艺。结果亳菊总黄酮类最佳提取工艺为A2B3C1D2,即乙醇浓度85%,液料比25∶1,温度60℃,时间2.0 h,此时所得提取率最大,为5.49%。结论优选的提取工艺简单、易行,为亳菊的开发利用奠定了基础。     

丹归通络颗粒动态逆流提取工艺优选

目的:优选丹归通络颗粒动态逆流提取工艺。方法:用动态逆流提取的方法,选用单因素和L9(34)正交试验结合,以芍药苷转移率为指标,经多指标综合评分法加权干膏率,考察药材粒度、提取组数、料液比、提取时间及提取温度等因素,确定丹归通络颗粒动态逆流提取的最佳工艺,并对新旧工艺进行对比。结果:最佳工艺为:药材粉碎成细粉、2级逆流提取、料液比1∶12、提取时间为20 min、提取温度为60℃,有效成分转移率达到89.81%。结论:优选的动态逆流提取工艺稳定、高效、节能,可为丹归通络颗制剂工艺技术提升提供研究基础。     

A comparative study of ethanolic extracts of Pedalium murex Linn. fruits and sildenafil citrate on sexual behaviors and serum testosterone level in male rats during and after treatment

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Escin Ia and isoescin Ia have been traditionally used clinically as the chief active ingredients of escin, a major triterpene saponin isolated from horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) seeds for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, hemorrhoids, inflammation and edema.

Aim of the study

To establish a sensitive LC-MS/MS method and investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of escin Ia and isoescin Ia in rats and the pharmacokinetics difference of sodium escinate with pure escin Ia and isoescin Ia. The absolute bioavailability of escin Ia and isoescin Ia and the bidirectional interconversion of them in vivo were also scarcely reported.

Materials and methods

Wister rats were administrated an intravenous (i.v.) dose (1.7 mg/kg) of sodium escinate (corresponding to 0.5 mg/kg of escin Ia and 0.5 mg/kg of isoescin Ia, respectively) and an i.v. dose (0.5 mg/kg) or oral dose (4 mg/kg) of pure escin Ia or isoescin Ia, respectively. At different time points, the concentrations of escin Ia and isoescin Ia in rat plasma were determined by LC-MS/MS method. Main pharmacokinetic parameters including t_1/2, MRT, CL, V_d, AUC and F were estimated by non-compartmental analysis using the TopFit 2.0 software package (Thomae GmbH, Germany) and statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t-test with P < 0.05 as the level of significance.

Results

After administration of sodium escinate, the t_1/2 and MRT values for both escin Ia and isoescin Ia were larger than corresponding values for the compounds given alone. Absorption of escin Ia and isoescin Ia was very low with F values both <0.25%. Escin Ia and isoescin Ia were found to form the other isomer in vivo with the conversion of escin Ia to isoescin Ia being much extensive than from isoescin Ia to escin Ia.

Conclusion

Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of escin Ia and isoescin Ia given alone and together in rat suggest that administration of herbal preparations of escin for clinical use may provide longer duration of action than administration of single isomers. The interconversion of escin Ia and isoescin Ia when given alone indicates that administration of one isomer leads to exposure to the other.     

Comparative pharmacokinetics and the bioavailability of escin Ib and isoescin Ib following the administration of escin,pure escin Ib and isoescin Ib in rats

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Adequate pharmacokinetic data of escin, a natural mixture of triterpene saponins used for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, hemorrhoids, inflammation and edema, is of special interest in view of the growing use of escin agent in clinical medicine. However, pharmacokinetic data are inadequate to support their clinical indication. Escin Ib and isoescin Ib are the chief active ingredients in escin, pharmacokinetics study of them would be helpful for improving the practice of escin application. The goals of this study are to determine the plasma concentration of escin Ib and isoescin Ib using an established liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method and to compare the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of these compounds in rats when administered as pure isomers or as sodium escinate.

Materials and methods

Five groups of Wistar rats (n=6 per group) were treated with either an intravenous (IV) dose (2.78 mg/kg) of sodium escinate (corresponding to 0.5 mg/kg of escin Ib and 0.5 mg/kg of isoescin Ib), an IV dose (0.5 mg/kg) and an oral dose (4 mg/kg) of pure escin Ib or isoescin Ib. The concentrations of escin Ib and isoescin Ib in rat plasma were determined by LC–MS/MS at various times following the administration of the drugs. The pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by a non-compartmental analysis and then subjected to statistical analysis.

Results

The administration of sodium escinate, which contains the two isomers, gave rise to higher terminal phase half-life (t_1/2) and mean residence time (MRT) values for both escin Ib and isoescin Ib compared to the corresponding compounds administered alone. The absorption of escin Ib and isoescin Ib was very poor, with the oral bioavailability (F) values of <2% observed for both compounds. The two compounds were found to isomerize in vivo, wherein the conversion of escin Ib to isoescin Ib was much easier than that of isoescin Ib to escin Ib.

Conclusions

A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of escin Ib and isoescin Ib administered alone and together in rats suggests that the administration of herbal preparations of escin in a clinical setting may result in a longer duration of action than the administration of each isomer alone. The interconversion of escin Ib and isoescin Ib when administered alone indicates that the administration of one isomer results in exposure to the other isomer.     

Beneficial effects of Aesculus hippocastanum L. seed extract on the body's own antioxidant defense system on subacute administration

Aim of the study

Seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum L. have long been used in European phytotherapy to treat inflammatory and vascular problems. In Turkish folk medicine, tea prepared from the crushed seeds was used to pass kidney stone and against stomach ache, while a fraction of seed was swallowed to alleviate hemorroids symptoms.In order to evaluate the in vivo effects of escin mixture from Aesculus hippocastanum seed on the blood and tissue antioxidant defense systems in standard pellet diet (SPD) and in high-fat diet (HFD) consumed male mice.

Materials and methods

Escin mixture was obtained from the ethanol extract of seeds. Escin mixture was administered orally to male mice fed either standard pellet diet (SPD) or high-fat diet (HFD) at 100 mg/kg doses daily for 5 weeks and the tissue (liver, kidney and heart) and blood samples were collected at the end of experimental period. The effect of escin mixture on the plasma antioxidant activity; blood and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels; erythrocyte and tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity (CAT) in SPD and HFD consumed animals were experimentally studied.

Results

Escin mixture prohibited the adverse effects of oxidative stress and showed a protective effect on the liver architecture both in SPD and HFD consumed male mice. Escin mixture prohibited the adverse effects of oxidative stress and showed a protective effect on the liver architecture both in SPD and HFD consumed male mice. Combined administration of high-fat diet with escin mixture decreased blood (p < 0.01), liver (p < 0.01), kidney (p < 0.05), and heart (p < 0.05) of MDA, liver SOD (p < 0.01) and CAT (p < 0.05) levels and increased blood (p < 0.01) and liver GSH (p < 0.001) levels in mice.

Conclusion

The present results indicate that Aesculus hippocastanum increase the antioxidative defense system of the body and prevent HFD-induced lipid peroxidation in male mice.     

中药动态提取

动态提取是一种新的中药提取工艺,也是中药提取的发展方向。它改变了传统的中药多次煎煮方法,通过离心分离解决了药渣中药液的残留问题。动态提取提高了中间产品的质量,降低了能源消耗。     

超声提取对黄连素提出率的影响

提出应用超声技术从黄连根茎中提取黄连素的工艺参数,与常规浸泡法相比,超声提取具有省时,提出率高等优点。     

超临界流体提取中药中的厚朴酚

用超临界流体提取厚朴,藿香正气胶囊和藿香正气丸中的厚朴酚,高效液相色谱用于分析提取物。结果表明,１０％甲醇调节的超临界二氧化碳能有效地提取中药中的厚朴酚。该分析方法具简便,快速,准确的优点。     

骨疏丹闪式提取工艺优化

目的:优化骨疏丹闪式提取工艺.方法:以骨疏丹中总黄酮、总香豆素含量,柚皮苷、朝藿定B、淫羊藿苷、蛇床子素和丹参酮ⅡA含量之和及浸膏率为评价指标,对骨疏丹的闪式提取工艺进行考察.结果:最佳提取工艺为12倍量75％乙醇,闪式提取3次,每次2 min.按最佳工艺所得总黄酮质量分数26.27 mg· g-1,总香豆素17.93 mg·g-1,柚皮苷、朝藿定B等5个成分含量之和9.213 mg·g-1,浸膏率23.50％.结论:优选出的闪式提取方法稳定性好、简便可行.     

伤湿止痛流浸膏的提取工艺研究

目的：优选伤湿止痛流浸膏的提取工艺。方法：采用正交试验法考察药材浸泡时间、煎煮时间、溶媒pH值、药液处理方法对提取工艺的影响。结果：确定最佳提取工艺为溶媒pH3～4的酸水，药材浸泡12h，煎煮6h，药液75％醇沉处理。结论：按优选的最佳提取工艺条件，以指标性成分士的宁的得率为指标，预测并验证试验结果满意。     

银黄片中金银花提取工艺研究

目的:探讨银黄片中金银花最佳提取工艺。方法:采用正交设计法,以干膏收率及金银花中绿原酸含量为指标综合评价。结果:10倍水提取2次,每次2h。结论:上述试验结果可为银黄片中金银花最佳提取确定实验依据。     

伤湿止痛流浸膏的提取工艺研究

目的:优选伤湿止痛流浸膏的提取工艺。方法:采用正交试验法考察药材浸泡时间、煎煮时间、溶媒pH值、药液处理方法对提取工艺的影响。结果:确定最佳提取工艺为溶媒pH3~4的酸水,药材浸泡12h,煎煮6h,药液75%醇沉处理。结论:按优选的最佳提取工艺条件,以指标性成分士的宁的得率为指标,预测并验证试验结果满意。