某院2 100例药品不良反应报告回顾性分析

摘 要 目的：了解某院2016～2018年药品不良反应（ADR）的发生特点和规律，为ADR监测和临床安全用药提供参考。 方法：收集该院2016～2018年上报的2 100份ADR报告，按患者性别、年龄、药物种类、给药途径、临床表现、反应分级及转归情况等进行回顾性分析。 结果：ADR报告中，男1 119例（53.28%），女981例（46.72%）；患者年龄分布以45～60岁最多，共820例（39.05%）。一般的ADR为2 022例，新的ADR 13例，严重的ADR 64例，新的和严重的ADR仅有1例。医生上报ADR 551例，护士上报171例，临床药师上报1 378例。致ADR的怀疑药物主要为抗感染药物（396例，18.86%），给药方式以静脉滴注占比最高（1 104例，52.59%）；累及系统/器官以消化系统受损为主（771例，36.71%）。结论：ADR发生与多种因素有关，应加强ADR监测，减少ADR的发生，促进临床用药安全。     

157例新的/严重的药品不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的:了解本院新的/严重的药品不良反应(ADR)的特点及规律,为临床安全用药提供依据。方法：收集本院2010年1月~2015年3月上报的新的/严重的药品不良反应报告,对患者年龄、性别、发生时间、给药途径、引起ADR的药品种类、ADR累及器官或系统及临床表现等方面进行统计分析。结果：新的/严重的ADR报告共157例,其中新的一般的ADR报告73例,严重的ADR报告60例,新的严重的ADR报告24例;ADR可发生于各年龄段,≥60岁比例较高（33.12%）;ADR多发生在用药后2 h内（73.88%）;给药途径以静脉静滴给药为主（82.17%）;涉及药品101种,以抗菌药（46.70%）所占比例最高,其次是中药制剂（14.37%）,引起ADR的前5位的药品均是抗菌药;ADR累及器官或系统及主要临床表现依次为全身性损害（28.06%）、皮肤及其附件损害（19.90%)、呼吸系统损害（15.82%）和中枢及外周神经系统损害（10.72%）。结论：新的/严重的ADR发生与多种因素有关,应提高新的/严重的ADR的监测水平,减少ADR风险。     

某三级甲等医院400例新的及严重的药品不良反应分析

摘 要 目的：了解某三级甲等医院药品不良反应（ADR）发生的特点,为临床安全用药、减少ADR发生提供参考。方法: 对2014～2016年收集上报的新的及严重的ADR从报告类型、年龄、性别、给药途径、药品种类、累及系统 器官方面进行分析。结果:新的及严重的ADR报告共有400例,占报告总数的64.52%;60～74岁患者所占比例最大,为34.25%;发生ADR的男女比例基本相当,男性（50.25%）略高于女性（49.75%）;静脉给药引起ADR例数最多（57.00%）;引起ADR的药品种类最多的为抗感染药物（31.25%）,其中头孢菌素类占比最多（32.00%）;主要累及系统 器官为皮肤及附件损害（33.00%）、胃肠系统损害（15.50%）及肝肾功能损害（14.00%）等。结论:全院应加强ADR监测与上报工作,从而规范药物使用,减少ADR的发生。     

我院2007～2016年新的、严重的药品不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的：了解我院新的、严重的药品不良反应（ADR）发生的特点和临床表现,为预防ADR发生和临床合理用药提供参考。方法：采用回顾性方法,对我院2007～2016年收集的277例新的、严重的ADR报告,从患者的年龄、性别分布、给药途径、药物类别与品种数、累及的系统/器官及临床表现、不良反应分型等进行统计和分析。结果：277例患者中,50～69岁患者所构成比例最大（42例,45.13％）;新的ADR 99例,严重的ADR（包括新的严重ADR）178例;注射剂178例(64.26%),口服85例(30.69%);新的严重的ADR涉及药品种类以抗感染药（26种,19.12%）、抗肿瘤药（25种,18.38%）和中药制剂（19种,13.97%）最多。严重不良反应的临床表现以消化系统、皮肤及其附件和血液系统的损害最多;新的不良反应的临床表现以消化系统、皮肤及其附件和循环系统的损害最为多见。结论：应重视和加强新的ADR的监测和上报,合理用药,保障患者用药安全。     

某三甲儿童医院515例药品不良反应回顾性分析

摘 要 目的：回顾性分析某三甲儿童医院515例药品不良反应（ADR）的发生特点,为预防药品不良反应和促进安全用药提供参考。方法：对该院2010年1月～2017年5月主动上报的515例有效ADR报告,按照患者性别、年龄、给药途径、药品种类,涉及的器官或系统及其临床表现等进行描述性统计分析。结果：515例ADR报告中,男女比例是3∶〖KG-*2〗2,1～12岁的患儿ADR构成比〖KG*4〗83.90%;静脉给药致ADR构成比〖KG*4〗48.62%;抗感染药致ADR构成比〖KG*4〗38.80%,其中头孢菌素致ADR构成比〖KG*4〗52.71%,严重ADR构成比〖KG*4〗11.84%。以皮肤及其附件损害最为常见,构成比〖KG*4〗39.46%。结论：医务人员应重视ADR的监测与报告,对常见ADR应密切观察,及时对症治疗,对新的严重ADR应及时上报,保障患者用药安全。     

某院201例注射用洛铂超说明书用药及其不良反应相关因素分析

摘 要 目的：分析注射用洛铂超说明书用药情况及其不良反应,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法: 应用SPSS统计软件,回顾性分析某院2016年11月～2017年7月201例使用注射用洛铂患者的用药情况及药品不良反应/事件（ADR/ADE）发生特点,并进行相关因素分析。结果:201例使用注射用洛铂患者的适应证、给药途径和溶媒等方面超说明书用药比例分别为89.55%、18.41%和47.26%。ADR发生率为63.18%。ADR/ADE主要表现为血液和淋巴系统损害及肝胆系统损害,如淋巴细胞计数降低（40.80%）、贫血（23.88%）、白细胞数降低（19.90%）、血小板计数降低（15.92%）和AST增高（10.45%）等,无5级ADR发生,有心悸、呼吸困难和呃逆等新的ADR发生。且0.9%氯化钠溶液为溶媒可能是ADR发生的危险因素。结论:该院注射用洛铂大部分超说明书用药,ADR发生率为63.18%,以0.9%氯化钠溶液为溶媒可能是发生ADR的危险因素。     

云南保山地区近两年儿童抗癫痫药物不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的：了解云南省保山市儿童抗癫痫药物（AEDs）所致不良反应（ADR）发生情况,为促进AEDs安全使用提供参考。方法：从国家药品不良反应监测网调取2016年10月～2018年10月保山市二甲以上医院上报的AEDs所致儿童ADR报告325例,对患儿基本情况、AEDs分类、ADR累及系统及临床表现、ADR分级和关联性评价结果、病例转归等情况等进行统计分析。结果：325例AEDs所致ADR中,男、女比例为1.1 ∶〖KG-*2〗1.0（169 ∶〖KG-*2〗156）;6岁以下年龄段占58.5%。传统AEDs所致ADR有242例（74.5%）,新型AEDs所致ADR为83例（25.5%）。ADR累及器官/系统最多的是皮肤及其附件,其次是消化系统和神经系统。325例ADR中严重的ADR 33例(9.50%),新的一般的ADR 11例(3.38%),新的严重的ADR 1例(0.31%)。传统AEDs所致严重ADR主要包括卡马西平引起的皮肤损害和丙戊酸钠引起的肝功能损害,新型 AEDs所致严重ADR主要为奥卡西平及拉莫三嗪引起的皮肤损害和低钠血症。176例（54.15%）ADR发生在给药后24 h内。结论：医疗机构应重视AEDs（特别是传统AEDs）所致ADR,加强AEDs的临床应用监管。     

徐州某医院2005~2016年药品不良反应报告回顾性分析

摘 要 目的：了解徐州某医院药品不良反应（ADR）报告病例的特点,为临床安全用药提供依据和参考。方法：采用回顾性调查方法,对该院2005~2016年上报的ADR病例进行分析,并按年龄、性别、药品种类等进行分类统计。结果：12年间该院共上报ADR病例1 356例,男性679例（50.1%）,平均年龄（36.4±26.1）岁。每年上报的ADR数量从18例到274例不等,以一般不良反应为主（1 169例,86.2%）,给药途径以静脉滴注为主（1 110例,81.9%）,以单一用药引发为主（1 041例,76.8%）;ADR主要累及消化系统（568例次,22.8%）和皮肤及其附件（537例次,21.6%）;ADR由抗微生物药引发最多（1 006例,55.6%）,其次是中成药（175例,10.0%）和抗肿瘤药（125例,7.1%）;抗微生物药主要以喹诺酮类（29.9%）、β-内酰胺类（27.2%）和大环内酯类（22.5%）为主;引发ADR排名前3位的药物分别是阿奇霉素、左氧氟沙星、加替沙星等。结论：该院上报的ADR病例主要由抗微生物药、中成药和抗肿瘤药引起,应加强该类药物的管理,同时积极开展ADR监测,提高医务人员上报ADR的积极性,促进临床用药安全。     

某院紫杉醇注射剂用药情况与不良反应相关因素分析

摘 要 目的：分析紫杉醇注射剂用药情况及其不良反应相关因素,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法：回顾性分析某院2017年3月~ 2017年11月255例使用紫杉醇注射剂患者的用药情况如给药剂量、溶媒、紫杉醇剂型、化疗前是否进行预防用药和化疗方案等及其用药期间发生药品不良反应（ADR）的特点,并分析ADR的相关因素。结果：255例患者中男112例,女143例,平均年龄56.6岁,原发肿瘤主要为非小细胞肺癌、卵巢恶性肿瘤和头颈部癌,肿瘤TNM分期主要为Ⅳ期。紫杉醇单药化疗44例（17.25%）,联合化疗211例（82.75%）。紫杉醇适应证、给药剂量和溶媒等方面超说明书用药比例分别为53.72%、20.54%和10.10%。ADR发生率为81.96%,严重ADR占20.70%（94/454）。主要ADR类型为血液和淋巴系统疾病及骨骼肌和结缔组织,最常见WBC降低（25.11%）。对紫杉醇ADR发生率有显著性影响的因素包括患者所在科室、生产厂家及是否进行预防用药。结论：某院紫杉醇注射剂存在超说明书用药情况,但超说明书用药与ADR发生无相关性。几种联合化疗方案的ADR发生率差异无统计学意义,使用紫杉醇脂质体可能会减少ADR的发生。     

23例肾康注射液新的、严重的不良反应分析

摘 要 目的：分析肾康注射液新的、严重的药品不良反应（ＡDR）相关因素，为临床安全用药提供参考。方法：检索2000年1月～ 2018 年4月中国期刊全文数据库，同时收集我院上报国家药品不良反应监测系统的ADR报告，筛选出肾康注射液新的、严重的ADR病例报告，并对其性别、年龄及原患疾病、过敏史情况，肾康注射液给药方式、溶媒、合并用药，ADR出现时间、临床表现、关联性评价和转归等进行统计分析。结果：23例肾康注射液ADR中，新的ADR 15例（65.22%），严重的ADR 8例（34.78%），新的、严重的ADR 6例（26.08%）。患者中男11例，女12例，60岁及以上的老年患者占52.17%。5例患者既往有药物过敏史。多数ADR发生在用药后30 min 内。ADR以全身性损害最为常见，表现为发热、寒战、过敏样反应及过敏性休克等。结论：临床应重视肾康注射液ADR 的预防，规范肾康注射液的临床应用，加强用药过程中的监测，从而保障患者用药安全有效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.