临床药师对心血管内科388例用药医嘱的干预情况分析

目的 分析临床药师对心血管内科388例用药医嘱的审核干预情况,发现临床药师药学干预的主要特征。方法 提取临床药师对2014年-2015年心血管内科用药医嘱的干预数据,对药学干预患者的基础特征、药学干预用药品种分类情况、药师干预的用药相关问题类型等数据进行统计分析。结果 临床药师干预不合理用药医嘱388例,其中314例干预被医师采纳（采纳率为80.9%）,药学干预品种排名前3位的品种分别为心血管系统药物（42.0%）、抗感染药物（16.6%）和消化系统药物（15.3%）,根据用药相关问题进行分类,排名前3位的用药相关问题分别为漏服药物（20.7%）、禁忌证（15.3%）和给药剂量不合理（10.2%）。结论 临床药师参与药物治疗及药学服务可以降低用药差错的风险,提高药物的合理应用,保障药物的安全使用。     

2018—2020年天津医院住院患者静脉用药医嘱审核干预分析

目的 分析药师对天津医院住院患者静脉用药不合理医嘱的干预结果,为临床的合理用药提供参考。方法 对天津医院2018—2020年拦截的住院患者静脉药物不合理医嘱进行统计分析。结果 2018—2020年不合理医嘱854份,占总配置数量的0.27%;按错误类型排名前3位分别是溶媒选择不当、给药频次错误、用药剂量错误;按药品类别统计依次为普通药品、抗菌药物、细胞毒药物与全静脉营养药物;创伤病区不合理医嘱数量最多。在药师的干预下,静脉药物不合理医嘱发生率从2018年的0.305 5%下降至2020年的0.219 5%。结论 药师进行用药干预可有效减少不合理医嘱,显著提高天津医院静脉药物的合理用药水平。     

临床药师对ICU156次住院医嘱的干预情况分析

目的:分析临床药师对住院患者医嘱的合理用药干预情况。方法:临床药师通过临床查房,依据药品说明书等资料并结合四川美康医药"合理用药监测系统",对我院2013年1-8月ICU住院医嘱进行审核和干预,并对医嘱干预情况进行统计分析。结果:临床药师共提出156次医嘱干预,有132次得到医师的采纳,采纳率为84.6%。不合理用药类型占前3位的分别为用法用量及疗程不合理、超适应证用药、溶媒选择不合理。结论:临床药师医嘱审核干预有利于促进临床合理用药和临床药学工作的开展。     

对内分泌科70岁以上2型糖尿病患者开展入院药物重整的实践探索

摘 要 目的：通过临床药师在内分泌科对患者入院药物重整,探讨药物重整对防范用药差错、促进合理用药中的作用。方法: 对2016年1~4月内分泌科新入院的70岁及以上2型糖尿病患者进行药物重整,对24 h内用药医嘱的连续性及合理性进行审核和评价,将医嘱中存在的问题及干预结果进行汇总和分析。结果: 共有84位患者纳入研究,平均年龄为（76.3±5.0）岁;平均合并疾病（3.5±1.2）种;患者入院前平均服用西药（6.7±2.9）种,22.6%的患者服用中药,4.76%的患者服用保健品;24 h内医嘱需要干预的患者占27.38%;需要干预的医嘱条数占3.67%;临床药师干预成功率为100%。结论:70岁及以上2型糖尿病患者合并疾病多、服药种类多,临床药师在24h内开展药物重整服务,可有效防范用药差错,促进合理用药。     

药学干预对促进合理用药的效果分析

目的:介绍我院临床药师参与内分泌科的药物治疗,并开展药学宣教工作,促进合理用药。方法:对临床药师工作中遇到的不合理用药医嘱进行药学干预,并对不合理用药医嘱和药师干预接受率进行统计、分析。结果:经过临床药师干预,2009年度内分泌科的不合理用药医嘱例数有所下降,而医生对药师的意见接受率有显著上升。结论:通过临床药师的实践,可以减少临床的不合理用药和增进医、药师之间的合作。     

临床药师干预肾功能重度不全患者的效果分析

目的 探讨临床药师干预肾功能重度不全患者的效果,为临床药师深入开展临床工作提供参考。方法 审核2016 年1 月~2016 年12月肾功能重度不全患者的住院医嘱,对不合理医嘱提出建议并进行优化。结果 临床药师总共干预243次,成功干预195次,干预总成功率为80.25%;其中调整药物的给药剂量所占比例为54.36%;抗菌药物的干预成功率为90.12%;106例患者经调整药物的给药剂量,日均费用降低约（45.2±10.8）元; 57例患者经更换临床用药,共为患者节省费用3 668.9元。结论 临床药师通过对肾功能不全患者的药物选择和剂量方面进行干预,显著降低了不合理医嘱发生率,在一定程度上改善临床医师的用药习惯,确保了患者的用药安全。     

PIVAS审方药师对不合理用药医嘱的干预与分析

目的：通过静脉药物配置中心（PIVAS）审方药师对吉林大学第一医院内科住院患者不合理医嘱的干预,以保证临床用药更加合理和患者用药更加安全。方法：以2016年5月-9月我院静脉用药集中调配中心内科医嘱作为研究对象,审方药师对不合理医嘱进行分析。结果：在2016年5月-9月,PIVAS内科医嘱共有1047581条,其中不合理医嘱381条,不合理率为0.04%;在不合理医嘱中,干预成功368条,干预成功率为96.59%。不合理医嘱的主要类型包括溶媒选择错误、溶媒用量错误、医嘱录入错误、药品用量错误、药品给药途径错误、配伍禁忌和药物相互作用。结论：我院应加强静脉用药的管理力度,审方药师应提升自身业务能力,有效干预不合理医嘱,保证患者用药合理、安全、有效。     

北京协和医院静脉药物配置中心实时审核干预不合理医嘱分析及对策

目的：分析北京协和医院静脉药物配置中心实时干预的不合理医嘱,并探讨解决对策。方法：回顾性统计2018年我院静脉药物配置中心审方药师根据《临床药物治疗学》、药品说明书、MICROMEDEX及Up To Date等相关资料对长期医嘱和临时医嘱进行实时前置审核所发现的不合格医嘱类型与数量,计算干预率。结果：从实时审核医嘱中共发现不合理医嘱174份,主要涉及药物用法用量不适宜、录入错误、溶媒不适宜及药物浓度不适宜等,干预率达100%。结论：通过静脉药物配制中心药师对医嘱的实时审核和干预,能有效地降低和避免不合理用药的产生,促进临床合理用药。     

基于FMEA的PIVAS不合理医嘱风险评估和管理

目的 降低PIVAS不合理医嘱率,减少住院输液风险。方法 应用医疗风险管理方法,识别PIVAS不合理医嘱产生的用药风险及可能导致危害的风险环节,并采用FMEA原理进行风险评估,改良工作环节,降低并控制风险。结果 对PIVAS不合理医嘱审核工作进行风险管理后,平均风险优先指数明显降低;不合理医嘱发生率明显下降,药师干预成功率明显提高;药师不合理医嘱的漏审率降低,相关人员风险意识也有所加强。结论 通过医疗风险管理有效降低了不合理医嘱率,减少了临床用药风险。     

老年住院患者用药错误的干预与分析

目的 探讨临床药师在老年住院患者用药监护与用药错误干预中发挥的作用。方法 对2015年5月至2016年4月的702例老年住院慢病患者进行住院期间的合理用药指导,并针对用药错误干预进行分析和总结。结果 临床药师干预用药错误人数比例达41.32%,干预用药错误625次,经干预后用药正确人数比例提升到90.63%,所干预用药错误类型出现较多的依次是：用药时间/时机错误（36.64%）、患者不按规定用药（23.68%）和给药技术错误（14.56%）。结论 临床药师在用药监护与干预用药错误的过程中可提出合理的用药建议和指导,减少用药错误,提高药物治疗效果。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.