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1.
目的 探究丹参川芎嗪注射液对心肾综合征(CRS)大鼠心肾损伤及氧化应激反应的影响。方法 按照随机数字表法将大鼠分为假手术组、模型组、卡托普利(阳性药,13.0 mg/kg)组以及丹参川芎嗪低、中、高剂量(0.4、1.0、2.0 mL/kg)组,假手术组仅暴露肾脏,不切除右肾及结扎左肾分支动脉,其余组采用永久性结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支1周后行3/4肾脏切除方法建立大鼠急性CRS模型。苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察心脏、肾脏组织病理变化;化学比色法检测各组大鼠血清血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)水平;ELISA法检测血清脑钠肽(BNP)水平以及心脏、肾脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-px)水平。结果 与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠血清Scr、BUN、BNP水平以及心脏、肾脏组织中MDA含量均显著升高(P<0.05),心脏、肾脏组织中SOD、GSH-px活性显著降低(P<0.05),同时可见心肌细胞肥大、排列紊乱,部分肾小管扩张,肾小球增大、结构模糊,刷状缘脱落;与模型组比较,丹参川芎嗪低、中、高剂量组和卡托普利组大鼠血清Scr、BUN、BNP水平以及心脏、肾脏组织中MDA含量均显著降低(P<0.05),心脏、肾脏组织中SOD、GSH-px活性显著升高(P<0.05),同时心脏、肾脏组织病理损伤程度明显改善,并呈剂量相关性。结论 丹参川芎嗪注射液可有效改善CRS诱导的心肾损伤,可能与氧化应激反应密切相关。  相似文献   

2.
目的 探讨雷公藤内酯醇(triptolide,TP)对肾缺血再灌注损伤(ischemia-reperfusion injury,IRI)大鼠的肾保护作用,及对JNK信号通路的影响。方法 90只Wistar大鼠,,随机分为假手术组,IRI模型组(IRI组),TP高、中、低剂量干预组,泼尼松对照组(Pred组)。采用夹闭双侧肾动脉30 min,再灌注18 h的方法制作肾IRI大鼠模型。检测血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN),原位末端标记法检测肾小管上皮细胞凋亡,并观察肾病理改变。Western blot和RT-PCR分别检测JNK、c-Jun蛋白和基因表达。结果 IRI组大鼠血Scr、BUN及细胞凋亡指数较假手术组显著升高(P<0.01);与IRI组比较,TP各组及Pred组以上指标均得到改善(P<0.01),其中TP各组细胞凋亡指数改善优于Pred组。IRI组大鼠肾组织JNK、c-Jun较假手术组高表达(P<0.01);与IRI组比较,TP各组二者表达均减弱(P<0.01),Pred组二者表达无差异。结论 TP通过抑制肾IRI大鼠肾小管上皮细胞凋亡,减轻肾小管损伤,其机制可能与抑制JNK信号通路的激活有关。  相似文献   

3.
目的 探索芹菜素(APG)对顺铂(DDP)化疗所致肾损伤大鼠的保护作用及机制研究。方法 将60只SD大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、氨磷汀组(阳性对照组)及APG低、中、高剂量组,每组10只。模型组、氨磷汀组及APG低、中、高剂量组大鼠均采用一次性腹腔注射DDP(7.5 mg·kg-1)的方法建立DDP致肾损伤大鼠模型,空白组大鼠仅腹腔注射生理盐水(不造模);然后分别腹腔注射给药(APG低、中、高剂量组分别给予10、20、40 mg·kg-1 APG,氨磷汀组给予1 mg·kg-1氨磷汀,空白组和模型组均给予生理盐水),1次/d,连续给药28 d。测定各组大鼠24 h尿蛋白量和血清肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)含量,HE染色法、TUNEL法分别行肾脏病理学检查和细胞凋亡检测,生化分析法检测MDA含量和抗氧化酶(SOD、GSH-Px)活性,ELISA法检测炎症细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6)水平,Western blotting检测核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)、血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)、核因子-κB(NF-κB)、激活型半胱胺酸蛋白酶-3(Cleaved Caspase-3)蛋白的表达水平。结果 与模型组比较,APG中、高剂量组和氨磷汀组大鼠24 h尿蛋白量和血清Scr、BUN含量显著降低(P<0.05),肾脏组织病理学改变和细胞凋亡状况明显改善,凋亡指数(AI)显著降低(P<0.01),MDA含量显著降低且SOD、GSH-Px活性显著升高(P<0.05),TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平显著降低(P<0.05),Nrf2、HO-1表达显著上调而NF-κB、Cleaved Caspase-3表达显著下调(P<0.01)。与氨磷汀组比较,APG高剂量组大鼠血清Scr、BUN含量显著降低(P<0.05),肾脏组织病理学改变和细胞凋亡状况明显改善、AI显著降低(P<0.01),MDA含量显著降低且SOD活性显著升高(P<0.01),TNF-α、IL-1β水平显著降低(P<0.05),Nrf2、HO-1表达显著上调且Cleaved Caspase-3表达显著下调(P<0.05)。结论 APG对DDP所致肾损伤大鼠具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与激活Nrf2/HO-1通路而抑制氧化应激损伤、炎症反应和细胞凋亡有关。  相似文献   

4.
目的 研究原儿茶醛对环磷酰胺(CTX)所致急性肾损伤的预防作用及其机制。方法 将 24 只 SPF 级雄性昆明种小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组及原儿茶醛低、高剂量(15、30 mg·kg-1)组,每组各 6 只。对照组和模型组 ig 给予 0.9% 氯化钠溶液,原儿茶醛低、高剂量组每日 1 次 ig 对应药物。连续给药 14 d,末次给药 1 h 后,除对照组外,其余各组单次 ip 给药CTX (200 mg·kg-1)。次日,在称体质量麻醉后取血和肾脏,分离血清,检测小鼠血清肌酐 (CRE)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等生化指标;采用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察肾脏病理损伤情况;采用荧光染色检测小鼠肾脏 TUNEL 的表达情况;采用 Western blotting 检测 B 淋巴细胞瘤 2(Bcl-2)和 Bcl-2 相关 X 蛋白(BAX)等凋亡相关蛋白的表达情况。结果 与对照组比较,模型组小鼠的肾脏指数显著降低(P<0.01);血清 CRE 水平显著升高(P<0.001);血清 SOD、CAT、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)水平显著降低(P<0.05、0.01、0.001),丙二醛(MDA)水平显著升高(P<0.01);模型组小鼠肾脏细胞排列错乱、可见明显的炎症细胞浸润,伴随肾小管空泡变性和肾小管扩张;模型组小鼠肾脏 TUNEL 阳性表达显著增多(P<0.001);且肾脏天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶 3(Caspase-3)和 Bcl-2 的表达显著下降(P<0.01、0.001),而 cleaved-Caspase3、BAX 蛋白的表达显著上升(P<0.01、0.001)。与模型组比较,原儿茶醛低、高剂量组小鼠肾脏指数均显著增加(P<0.05);原儿茶醛高剂量组小鼠血清中的 CRE 水平明显降低(P<0.001);原儿茶醛低、高剂量组小鼠血清中 SOD、CAT、GSH-Px 水平显著上升(P<0.05、0.01、0.001),MDA 水平显著下降(P<0.05);原儿茶醛低、高剂量组肾脏组织细胞排列比较规整,炎症细胞浸润及肾小管空泡变性和肾小管扩张等病理改变少见;原儿茶醛低、高剂量组肾脏 TUNEL 阳性表达有所下降 (P<0.01、0.001),Caspase-3 和 Bcl-2 蛋白表达显著上升 (P<0.05、0.01、0.001),cleaved-Caspase-3 和 BAX 蛋白表达显著下降(P<0.01、0.001),呈剂量相关性。结论 原儿茶醛可预防 CTX所致急性肾损伤,其机制可能与抗细胞凋亡有关。  相似文献   

5.
目的 研究五味子乙素联合泼尼松对膜性肾病大鼠的作用及对其对PI3K/Akt信号通路的影响。方法 取15只SD大鼠作为对照组,60只大鼠采用阳离子化牛血清白蛋白(C-BSA)建立膜性肾病模型,造模完成后的大鼠随机分为模型组、泼尼松(2 mg/kg)组、五味子乙素(30 mg/kg)组、五味子乙素(30 mg/kg) +泼尼松(2 mg/kg)组。连续给药28 d后,分别测定各组大鼠24 h尿蛋白量、血清总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、尿素氮(BUN)及肌酐(Scr)水平,苏木精-伊红染色法进行组织病理学检查,Western blotting法检测大鼠肾脏p-Akt、Akt、PI3K-P85、PI3K-P110蛋白表达水平。结果 与模型组比较,泼尼松组、五味子乙素组、五味子乙素+泼尼松组大鼠24 h尿蛋白量和血清TC、TG、MDA、BUN及Scr水平均显著降低(P<0.05),SOD水平显著升高(P<0.05),组织病理学明显改善,肾脏p-Akt、Akt、PI3K-P85、PI3K-P110蛋白表达水平均显著降低(P<0.05),且五味子乙素+泼尼松组各项指标均优于单给药组。结论 五味子乙素联合泼尼松对大鼠膜性肾病发挥显著改善作用,作用优于单给药,其机制可能与调节PI3K/Akt信号通路有关。  相似文献   

6.
目的 研究中药枸杞对X线辐射所致大鼠肾脏氧化损伤的影响。方法 将50只♂ SD大鼠随机分为空白组,模型组,枸杞低、中、高剂量组(0.63,1.26,2.52 g·kg-1),每组10只。枸杞组分别按剂量给予枸杞水煎液灌胃,空白组、模型组给予等量蒸馏水灌胃,每24 h灌胃1次。连续灌胃5 d后,对空白组外各组大鼠以4 Gy剂量的X线进行腰背部辐射,结束后对各组大鼠进行灌胃处理,每日灌胃前,检测各组大鼠的体质量、饮食量、精神状态,并评估各组大鼠生存质量。继续灌胃5 d后采血,检测各组大鼠肾脏指数及肾功能,肾脏氧化损伤及病理损伤,肾脏氧化损伤反应蛋白核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)、凋亡蛋白caspase3、caspase9的表达。结果 与空白组比较,模型组大鼠生存质量、肾脏指数、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和磷脂过氧化氢谷胱过氧化物酶(GPX)含量明显降低(P<0.05),血尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Scr)和丙二醛(MDA)含量、病理损伤评分、Nrf2、caspase3、caspase9的表达量明显升高(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,枸杞低、中、高剂量组大鼠生存质量、肾脏指数、SOD和GPX含量均有不同程度的升高,BUN、Scr和MDA含量、病理损伤评分、Nrf2、caspase3、caspase9的表达均有所降低,其中高剂量组最明显(P<0.05)。结论 枸杞能减轻X线辐射对SD大鼠所致的肾脏损伤,其机制可能是通过提高肾脏组织对自由基的清除能力,从而减轻X线对肾脏组织造成的氧化损伤和细胞凋亡。  相似文献   

7.
目的 探讨萝卜硫素对新生大鼠心肌细胞缺血再灌注损伤(ischemia-reperfusion injury,IRI)的保护效应,并对其作用机制进行初步研究。方法 体外培养新生大鼠心肌细胞于缺氧24 h复氧1 h构建IRI细胞模型,观察细胞损伤情况;并将低、中、高剂量萝卜硫素(10,20,40 μg·ml-1)及JAK2抑制剂(SAR302503)分别加入培养基中,与细胞共同处理24 h后,再置于上述缺氧复氧环境中培养,然后采用CCK8试剂盒检测萝卜硫素对心肌细胞增殖的影响,相关试剂盒检测萝卜硫素对细胞上清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量的影响,免疫印迹检测萝卜硫素对细胞中JAK2/STAT3信号通路相关蛋白表达水平的影响。结果 与正常对照组相比,IRI组细胞相对存活率显著降低(P<0.05),LDH及MDA含量显著升高(P<0.05),而SOD活力则显著降低(P<0.05),并且JAK2和STAT3磷酸化水平显著升高(P<0.05);相对于IRI组而言,细胞经过不同浓度萝卜硫素及SAR302503处理后,细胞相对存活率显著升高(P<0.05),LDH及MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),SOD活力则显著升高(P<0.05),并且JAK2和STAT3磷酸化水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论 萝卜硫素对缺血再灌注诱导的心肌细胞损伤具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路活化有关。  相似文献   

8.
目的 比较研究红芪多糖与黄芪多糖的抗衰老作用,为充分发挥红芪的药用价值及临床红芪、黄芪的替代使用提供理论和实验依据。方法 将50只清洁级Wistar 大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、红芪组、黄芪组及维生素E组,每组10只。空白组不做任何处理,其余各组连续注射D-半乳糖6周造成衰老模型,并分别灌胃生理盐水、红芪多糖、黄芪多糖及维生素E溶液,每日1次,持续6周。ELISA检测各组大鼠大脑SOD和MDA含量及GSH-Px和MAO活性,免疫组织化学法和Western blot法分别检测大鼠脑组织凋亡蛋白Bax和Bcl-2的表达水平。结果 与模型组相比,红芪组与黄芪组MDA含量及GSH-Px活性相比,均显著降低(P<0.01),伴SOD含量与MAO活性明显增加(P<0.01)。红芪组与黄芪组比较,SOD、MDA、GSH-Px指标无明显差异,但黄芪组MAO活性明显高于红芪组(P<0.01);免疫组化法及Western blot法结果均显示,模型组蛋白Bax表达水平明显高于空白组(P<0.01);相比模型组,红芪组和黄芪组蛋白Bax表达均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),且Bcl-2蛋白表达明显增加(P<0.01),红芪组与黄芪组比较,蛋白Bax和Bcl-2表达无明显差异。结论 红芪多糖与黄芪多糖对大鼠抗衰老方面有相似作用,其抗衰老机制可能与其抵抗氧化应激,抑制细胞凋亡相关。  相似文献   

9.
目的 研究樟芝多糖保护小鼠急性肝损伤的机制。方法 通过D-氨基半乳糖构建急性肝损伤小鼠,C57BL/6小鼠分为对照组、模型组、樟芝多糖高剂量组、樟芝多糖低剂量组,樟芝多糖高、低剂量组每日分别给予50,25 mg·kg-1的樟芝多糖2次,对照组和模型组给予等体积的生理盐水。给药7 d后紫外比色法测试盒检测大鼠肝组织中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)水平;TBA法试剂盒检测肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)的水平;ELISA试剂盒检测肝组织中白介素-6(IL-6)的表达;Western-Blot检测肝脏组织中NLRP-3、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、pro-caspase-1和caspase-1的表达;HE染色观察小鼠肝脏病理;RT-qPCR检测肝脏组织中Bcl-2、Bax、caspase-3、caspase-1的mRNA表达。结果 与模型组相比,樟芝多糖可以明显改善急性肝损小鼠的肝脏病理,降低ALT、AST的表达以及MDA和IL-6的表达(P<0.01),肝脏组织中NLRP-3、IL-1β以及pro-caspase-1和caspase-1的表达相比模型组显著降低(P<0.05),Bax、caspase-3、caspase-1的mRNA表达相比模型组显著降低(P<0.01),Bcl-2显著升高(P<0.01)。结论 樟芝多糖对于小鼠急性肝损伤有着很好的保护作用,其作用机制与炎性小体NLRP-3及其相关炎症因子的抑制有关。  相似文献   

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目的 探讨川芎嗪通过抑制NF-κB信号途径减轻膜性肾病大鼠的炎性反应和肾损伤的作用和机制。方法 Wistar大鼠分为对照组、模型组和川芎嗪低、高剂量(60、120 mg/kg)组,称量各组大鼠的体质量和肾脏质量,计算肾脏系数;双缩脲法测定各组大鼠24 h尿蛋白水平;全自动生化分析仪检测各组大鼠血清肌酐、尿素氮(BUN)、脂联素、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)水平;HE染色观察各组大鼠肾组织病理变化;实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)法检测各组大鼠肾组织中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-1β和巨噬细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)mRNA的表达;ELISA法检测各组大鼠血清中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的表达;免疫组织化学法检测各组大鼠肾组织中p-NF-κB的表达;Western blotting检测各组大鼠肾组织中p-NF-κB蛋白的表达。结果 与模型组比较,川芎嗪低、高剂量组大鼠的肾质量及肾脏系数均显著降低(P<0.05、0.01),尿蛋白和血清肌酐、BUN、脂联素、TC、TG水平显著下调(P<0.05、0.01),肾组织病理损伤明显减轻,肾小球基底膜增厚和肾小球萎缩减轻,肾组织中TNF-α、IL-1β、MCP-1 mRNA的表达水平显著下降(P<0.05、0.01),血清中MDA水平显著下调,SOD水平显著上调(P<0.05、0.01),肾组织p-NF-κB的表达水平显著下调(P<0.05、0.01)。结论 川芎嗪对大鼠膜性肾病有较好的治疗效果,调节炎性因子的表达、改善肾脏组织形态,其机制与NF-κB通路有关。  相似文献   

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Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.
Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.
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This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.  相似文献   

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Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.  相似文献   

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Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.  相似文献   

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In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.  相似文献   

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