医源性输尿管损伤22例诊治分析

目的：探讨医源性输尿管损伤治疗方法和时机,提高手术成功率,减少并发症。方法：医源性输尿管损伤22例。1例肾切除术;3例二期处理;18例一期处理：3例松解结扎;3例输尿管端端吻合;4例均留置D-J管3个月;6例行输尿管膀胱吻合术;1例行Boari瓣输尿管膀胱再植术;1例行输尿管端侧吻合术。结果：随访6-24个月,无一例尿路感染、肾积水加重和肾功下降。结论：医源性输尿管损伤,一期修复效果良好。     

输尿管损伤早期诊断与治疗42例临床分析

目的:探讨输尿管损伤的原因、诊断、治疗和预防措施。方法:42例输尿管损伤患者中39例为医源性所致(双侧损伤2例,单侧37例),3例为外伤所致(均为单侧损伤),给予单纯松解粘连、剪除缝线、输尿管损伤段切除端端吻合、输尿管膀胱再植术、Boari瓣输尿管膀胱再植术、输尿管膀胱再植腰大肌固定术等方法治疗。术后28 d内发现输尿管损伤39例患者37例一期修复输尿管损伤,2例因感染且无明显梗阻,未及时行尿流改道,4个月后一期手术修复输尿管成功;3例手术28 d后发现损伤者,先行经皮微肾镜肾造瘘术,3～12个月亦行一期修复输尿管手术。结果:无1例肾脏切除。42例一期修复输尿管损伤;40例随访6个月～9年,伤侧肾盂、输尿管无积水,肾功能未见异常。结论:输尿管损伤一期修补可达到良好的治疗效果。医源性输尿管损伤可预防,并可早期发现。     

医源性输尿管损伤33例早期诊断和治疗分析

目的：分析医源性输尿管损伤的特点，总结医源性输尿管损伤的诊断和治疗经验。方法：回顾性分析1998-01～2007—01收治的33例医源性输尿管损伤的致伤原因、治疗的时间、方法和效果。结果：33例患者均为女性，妇产科和普通外科致伤分别为32例和1例；损伤方式为缺血性坏死、结扎、缝扎、离断，分别为4例、12例、11例、6例，术中发现6例，术后1～3d发现3例，术后4～28d发现17例，术后〉28d发现6例；术式包括松解结（缝）扎线5例，输尿管端端吻合16例，输尿管膀胱再植术10例，Boari瓣输尿管膀胱再植术1例，随诊6～24个月，26例早期发现者（术后〈28d）中均一期修复输尿管损伤，肾积水均缓解；损伤28d以上诊治者6例，因严重肾积水经肾切除1例，输尿管膀胱再植术4例，Boari瓣输尿管膀胱再植术1例，随访示1例出现肾萎缩，余4例肾积水减轻。结论：对医源性输尿管损伤患者，只要条件许可，损伤后1个月内早期修复能取得良好的效果。     

输尿管损伤的诊断和治疗

目的探讨输尿管损伤原因及其防治方法。方法对近10a 22例输尿管损伤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果1例为外伤所致，21例为医源性损伤。14例行输尿管膀胱再植术，4例行输尿管端端吻合术，1例行膀胱壁瓣输尿管吻合术，3例行双J管保守治疗。所有病例均获得治愈。结论B超静脉尿路造影（IVU）和逆行输尿管造影多能确诊。修复手术的时机应根据患者的具体情况选择早期手术或延期手术。     

医源性输尿管损伤16例原因分析

目的：探讨医源性输尿管损伤的原因、处理和预防。方法：医源性输尿管损伤16例中保守治疗行输尿管逆行插管（双J管）2例,输尿管修补术1例,输尿管端端吻合术3例,输尿管膀胱吻合术7例,肾造口术3例,其中2例后期再次行管状膀胱瓣输尿管吻合术。结果：所有患者肾功能均恢复正常。结论：了解与输尿管有关的解剖位置,细致规范的手术操作是预防医源性输尿管损伤的关键。早期发现正确处理,对减少并防止并发症具有重要意义。     

子宫肿瘤手术中膀胱和输尿管损伤14例

目的:分析子宫肿瘤手术中膀胱和输尿管损伤的原因,探讨预防措施和处理方法。方法:回顾性分析1999年1月至2002年12月759例因子宫肿瘤行手术治疗患者的临床及随访资料。结果:759例患者中608例因子宫良性肿瘤接受经阴道全子宫切除术,151例因子宫恶性肿瘤行经腹广泛性全子宫切除术治疗,共发生膀胱或输尿管损伤14例,损伤发生率为1.8%。其中输尿管损伤10例,膀胱损伤4例。分别为广泛性全子宫切除术输尿管损伤9例,膀胱损伤1例;经阴道全子宫切除术输尿管损伤1例,膀胱损伤3例。10例输尿管损伤均发生在输尿管下段,损伤方式为切断或部分撕裂9例,缝线结扎1例。6例损伤在术中发现,即行输尿管修补或输尿管膀胱吻合术。4例在术后3～16d因出现化学性腹膜炎、阴道流水等表现后确诊,分别在术后7、14、14及21d时再次手术行膀胱输尿管吻合或留置双J管术。1例在术后1周出现腹痛及腹腔积液增多,经膀胱镜留置双侧输尿管导管后保守治疗。随访资料表明10例患者均发生不同程度的近、远期并发症。4例膀胱损伤发生在膀胱后部或底部,均在术中发现并修补,预后良好。结论:子宫肿瘤手术中损伤输尿管下段多见,膀胱损伤主要发生在后壁,术中及时发现损伤并...     

严重医源性输尿管损伤的诊治分析

目的:探讨严重医源性输尿管损伤发生原因及诊治方法.方法:回顾性分析2002-2010年我院诊治的43例严重医源性榆尿管损伤患者的临床资料.结果:43例患者中妇产科手术损伤34例,泌尿外科6例,普外科3例.37例行输尿管镜下放置双J管术,23例(62.2%)获得治愈,其中有4例先后行了2次输尿管镜下放置双J管术后获得治愈.7例行输尿管端端吻合术、5例行输尿管膀胱再植术、6例行输尿管膀胱瓣吻合术及1例回肠代输尿管术均获得治愈.1例行患肾切除术.随访3～33个月(平均10.2个月).无明显并发症出现.结论:熟悉局部解剖、细致规范手术是预防严重医源性输尿管损伤的关键:根据严重医源性输尿管损伤的部位、时间和类型,分别采用输尿管镜下放置双J管、输尿管端端吻合、输尿管膀胱再植、输尿管膀胱瓣吻合、回肠代输尿管等方法处理,疗效满意.     

医源性输尿管损伤32例诊断与早期修复分析

目的：分析医源性输尿管损伤的特点,总结诊断和治疗经验。方法：回顾性分析32例医源性输尿管损伤患者致伤原因、治疗的时间、方法和效果。结果：29例早期发现（术后〈1个月）并修复者,随访示肾积水均缓解;损伤1个月以上诊治者3例,2例随访示肾积水减轻,1例行肾切除。结论：及早发现医源性输尿管损伤并对其进行早期修复,能取得良好的效果。     

医源性输尿管损伤25例诊治分析

目的:分析医源性输尿管损伤的特点,探讨医源性输尿管损伤的早期诊断和最佳治疗方法.方法:对1993-2008年问25例医源性输尿管损伤患者的致伤原因、治疗方法及治疗效果进行回顾性研究.结果:25例医源性输尿管损伤中,妇产科21例(84%),普外科4例(16%).25例患者中,23例手术获成功,2例发生尿瘘需行引流术.21例随访6个月～10年,静脉尿路造影和B超检查,输尿管通畅无狭窄,无肾积水.结论:医源性输尿管损伤的部位、时间和类型决定治疗方案,如患者一般情况较好,均应争取尽早手术修复.     

腹盆腔手术时的泌尿系损伤

下腹及盆腔手术中常因某种原因损伤输尿管、膀胱、尿道等泌尿系脏器,这些医源性损伤因术中注意不够,或未及时发现,造成严重手术并发症,给患者增加痛苦及治疗困难。我院1960年以来共收治此类患者12例,兹报告如下。临床资料男4例,女8例,年龄29～51岁,平均40岁。直肠癌根治手术4例,输尿管损伤3例,尿道损伤1例;子宫切除损伤输尿管4例,附件切除损伤输尿管2例。盆腔肿瘤切除损伤输尿管1例,疝手术损伤膀胱1例。总共损伤输尿管10例次,膀胱及尿道各1例。单侧损伤11例,双侧1例。左输尿管6例,右侧3例。双侧1例。左:右为2:1。损伤原因发现时间及处理方法见表。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.