UPLC-MS/MS法测定黄杨宁制剂中的环维黄杨星D的含量

摘 要 目的：建立超高效液相色谱 串联质谱法（UPLC MS/MS）快速测定黄杨宁制剂中环维黄杨星D的含量。方法: 采用UPLC MS/MS法。色谱柱为Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm）,流动相为乙腈 含0.1%甲酸的0.01 mol·L-1甲酸氨溶液,梯度洗脱,流速为0.35 ml·min-1,柱温为30℃,进样量为5 μl。离子源为电喷雾（ESI）离子源,正离子模式,工作模式为多反应监测模式（MRM）。结果:环维黄杨星D的线性范围为15.58～1 558.00 ng·ml-1（r=0.999 5）;平均加样回收率为97.7%（RSD=3.8%,n=6）。结论:该方法快速、简便、准确、重复性好,适用于黄杨宁制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC-MS/MS法同时测定百蕊颗粒中紫云英苷和山奈酚的含

摘 要 目的：建立同时测定百蕊颗粒中紫云英苷和山奈酚2种有效成分含量的HPLC MS/MS检测方法。方法: 采用Ultimate XB C18 （100 mm×2.1 mm,5 μm）色谱柱;流动相为0.1%甲酸水溶液（A） 0.1%甲酸乙腈(B),梯度洗脱,流速0.3 ml·min-1;柱温为40℃;采用电喷雾离子源(ESI),以多反应监测方式(MRM)进行定量分析。紫云英苷和山奈酚在负离子模式下定量分析离子对分别为m/z 447.2→m/z 284.0和m/z 285.1→m/z 187.1。结果:紫云英苷和山奈酚的浓度分别在9.86~1 970 ng·ml-1（r=0.999 5）和8.73~437 ng·ml-1（r=0.999 6）范围内均呈良好线性关系;紫云英苷和山奈酚低、中、高平均加样回收率分别为99.23%、99.65%、99.23%和98.24%、99.13%、99.69%,RSD分别为1.84%、1.37%、1.21%和1.38%、0.96%、1.47%（n=6）。结论:本文方法简便可靠,重复性好,可同时测定百蕊颗粒中紫云英苷和山奈酚的含量,适用于百蕊颗粒质量控制。     

GC法同时测定肚痛丸中6 种有效成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立同时测定肚痛丸中6种成分含量的气相色谱方法。方法: 色谱柱为 HP 5柱 (30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm);采取程序升温,载气为氮气,流速为2.0 ml·min-1,进样量为1 μl,分流比为5∶1,进样口温度为280 ℃,检测器（FID）温度为300 ℃。结果:桂皮醛、乙酸龙脑酯、木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、厚朴酚、和厚朴酚分别在32.28~516.40 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、27.06~433.00 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）、25.65~410.40 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、26.10~417.60 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、24.01~384.20 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 0）、18.32~293.10 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 4）范围内呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率分别为99.71%（RSD=0.67%）、99.34%（RSD=1.18%）、100.16%（RSD=0.34%）、100.40%（RSD=0.39%）、99.32%（RSD=1.22%）、99.58%（RSD=0.58%)(n=6）。结论:该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,准确度好,可为控制该制剂的质量提供依据。     

HPLC法测定米诺地尔洗剂含量及温度对含量影响的考察

摘 要 目的：建立高效液相色谱法同时测定化瘀祛斑胶囊中芍药苷、黄芩苷和黄芩素的含量。方法: 色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax SB C18柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相为甲醇 0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 ml·min-1;检测波长为230 nm（0~15 min）,277 nm（15~45 min）;柱温为25℃;进样量为10 μl。结果: 芍药苷、黄芩苷和黄芩素的线性范围分别为1.295～25.890 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）、30.050～601.000 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）、1.874~37.480 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率分别为100.9%,100.3%,99.31%,RSD分别为0.92%,1.30%,0.89%。结论: 该法简便、快捷、结果准确、重复性好、实用性强,可以用于化瘀祛斑胶囊的质量控制。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测膏霜类化妆品中的41种禁用抗感染药物

摘 要 目的：建立同时检测膏霜类化妆品中41种禁用抗感染药物（磺胺类、喹诺酮类、四环素类、氯霉素类、大环内酯类和抗真菌类药物）的高效液相色谱 串联质谱（LC MS/MS）的方法,并用于膏霜类化妆品中非法添加药物的检测。方法: 色谱条件：色谱柱：Waters BEH C18 (2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm);流动相：A为0.1%甲酸水溶液（含2.5 mol ·L-1乙酸铵）,B为甲醇,梯度洗脱;流速：0.3 ml ·min-1;柱温：40 ℃;进样体积：5 μl。质谱条件：电喷雾电离,正离子或负离子模式扫描,多反应监测（MRM）,外标法定量。结果: 41种抗感染药物的浓度在5 ～500 ng ·ml-1范围内,线性关系良好（相关系数r均＞0.99）;平均回收率范围72.3%～112.5%;方法检出限为0.01～0.50 μg ·g-1。结论: 该方法简单快捷、灵敏度高、重复性好,适用于膏霜类化妆品中违禁抗感染药物的同时检测。     

HPLC-MS法同时测定香砂六君丸中原儿茶酸、党参炔苷及白术内酯Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的含量

摘 要 目的：采用高效液相色谱 质谱（HPLC-MS）法同时测定香砂六君丸中原儿茶酸、党参炔苷及白术内酯Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的含量。 方法: 色谱条件中色谱柱：Agilent Zorbax SB C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：0.1%甲酸 水溶液为流动相A,乙腈 0.1%甲酸为流动相B,梯度洗脱;流速：0.5 ml·min-1。质谱检测模式为负离子模式;单离子检测扫描（SIM）,雾化器压力为241.32 kPa,干燥气温度为360 ℃,毛细管电压为3 000 V,四极杆温度为100 ℃,干燥气流速为9.0 L·min-1。 结果: 原儿茶酸、党参炔苷、白术内酯Ⅰ、白术内酯Ⅱ、白术内酯Ⅲ分别在0.30~15.00,0.60~30.00,8.80~442.00,8.70~435.00,2.04～102.00 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好（r>0.999 0）,平均加样回收率分别为99.16%,98.47%,99.91%,99.74%,99.18%,RSD分别为2.21%,2.80%,1.05%,1.09%,1.57%(n=6)。 结论: HPLC-MS法可同时测定香砂六君丸中原儿茶酸、党参炔苷及白术内酯Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ含量,该方法具有较好的稳定性及重复性,并可为香砂六君丸质量评价提供参考。     

HPLC法同时测定鼻炎愈合剂中阿魏酸、绿原酸和蒙花苷含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法测定鼻炎愈合剂中阿魏酸、绿原酸和蒙花苷含量。方法: 以Agilent ZORBAX SB C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）为色谱柱,流动相为乙腈 0.1%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,柱温30℃,检测波长326 nm。结果: 绿原酸、阿魏酸、蒙花苷分别在3.039 7~30.396 8 μg·ml-1 (r=0.999 7),3.999 9~39.999 4 μg·ml-1 (r=0.999 9),5.820 7~58.207 2 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 9)范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系,其平均加样回收率分别为98.92%,100.81%,99.89%,RSD分别为1.00%,1.02%,0.99%（n=6）。结论: 该方法操作简便、准确、重现性好,可用于鼻炎愈合剂的质量控制。     

HPLC-ELSD法同时测定咳灵胶囊中的苦杏仁苷、桃叶珊瑚苷、哈帕苷、贝母辛、贝母素甲和贝母素乙

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC ELSD同时测定咳灵胶囊中的苦杏仁苷、桃叶珊瑚苷、哈帕苷、贝母辛、贝母素甲和贝母素乙含量的方法。 方法: 采用Ultimate XB C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),蒸发光散射检测器（漂移管温度105 ℃,氮气流速2.0 L·min-1）;以乙腈 甲醇（1〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗1）与0.4%醋酸溶液为流动相,进行梯度洗脱,流速：0.7 ml·min-1,柱温：35 ℃。 结果: 苦杏仁苷、桃叶珊瑚苷、哈帕苷、贝母辛、贝母素甲和贝母素乙的线性范围分别为13.56～271.20 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 2)、8.48～169.60 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 9)、4.89～97.80 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 7)、2.66～53.20 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 4)、1.82～36.40 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 8) 、2.04～40.80 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 6);平均加样回收率（RSD）分别为97.90%（1.20%）,99.21%（1.62%）,97.68%（0.75%）,98.36%（1.38%）,99.70%（0.79%）,97.95%（1.56%）（n=6）。结论: 本文建立的方法结果准确,重复性好,样品处理简便,可作为咳灵胶囊的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法同时测定根管消毒糊剂中3种成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立高效液相色谱法（HPLC）同时测定根管消毒糊剂中多西环素、甲氧苄啶和醋酸地塞米松的含量。 方法: 色谱柱为Wonda Cract C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为甲醇 0.005 mol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠缓冲溶液（内含0.1%三乙胺）（梯度洗脱）,流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长240 nm,柱温25℃,进样量20 μl。 结果: 多西环素、甲氧苄啶和醋酸地塞米松的质量浓度分别在61 ~ 1 214 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）、57 ~ 1 137 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）和2~9 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率及相应RSD分别为99.5%（RSD=1.21%）、100.4%（RSD=1.23%）和100.1%（RSD=1.20%）（n=9）。 结论: 该方法准确度好,精密度高,可用于多西环素、甲氧苄啶和醋酸地塞米松的同时测定。     

HPLC-CAD法测定人工牛黄及其制剂小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中胆酸和猪去氧胆酸的含量

摘 要 目的：建立高效液相色谱 电喷雾检测法测定人工牛黄及其制剂小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中胆酸和猪去氧胆酸的含量。 方法: 采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Kromasil C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为甲醇 1%冰醋酸水溶液（体积比70∶30）,流速为1.0 ml·min-1;检测器为电喷雾检测器,雾化器温度为40 ℃,采集频率为10 Hz,滤光片为10 s,进样量为20 μl。 结果: 胆酸、猪去氧胆酸的线性范围分别为6.38~114.80 μg·ml-1、6.64~119.50 μg·ml-1（r＞0.999 2）。平均回收率为99.7%,99.8%,RSD分别为1.92%,1.95%（n=9）。结论: 本方法简便、准确、可靠,适用人工牛黄及其制剂小儿氨酚黄那敏颗粒中胆酸和猪去氧胆酸的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.