新生儿无肝素外周双管同步换血疗法的可行性研究

目的 探讨无肝素外周双管同步换血疗法治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的可行性.方法 将60例高胆红素血症符合换血指征的新生儿随机分为无肝素组(32例)和肝素组(28例).无肝素组将作为输出途径的动脉穿刺置管不连接肝素帽、三通活塞管及延长管,直接接10 ml注射器抽血;建立静脉通路以换血,整个换血过程无肝素抗凝.肝素组将作为输出途径的动脉穿刺置管接三通活塞管,三通活塞管另外两端,一端接肝素氯化钠溶液,一端接输液延长管后接10ml注射器抽血,每抽出20 ml动脉血,经三通活塞管注入2 ml肝素氯化钠溶液.结果 无肝素组血总胆红素换出率(51.87±8.74)%,肝素组(48.48±12.55)%,两组比较,差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).换血后两组总胆红素、间接胆红素显著下降(均P＜0.01);两组血常规、血糖、血电解质、生命体征等观察指标比较,差异无显著性意义(均P＞0.05);两组换血后血小板、血糖、血钾与换血前比较,差异有显著性意义(均P＜0.01);肝素组出血并发症发生率14.29%,无肝素组无出血并发症,两组比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).结论 无肝素外周双管同步换血疗法与肝素外周双管同步换血疗法同样安全有效,且可最大限度地避免传统的肝素外周双管同步换血疗法可能带来的出血并发症;但同样可引起血小板减少、血糖升高及血钾降低.     

应用输液泵自动控制外周动静脉同步换血治疗新生儿黄疸的护理

目的 总结应用输液泵自动控制外周动静脉同步换血治疗的护理经验.方法 在多功能生命监护仪监测下,对30例新生儿黄疸患儿采用留置针头连接输液泵自动控制外周动静脉同步换血治疗,并加强术前准备、术中观察和术后护理.结果 患儿平均总胆红素由换血前的(468.36±55.25)μmol/L下降至换血后的(227.78±41.42)μmol/L,无并发症发生.结论 输液泵全自动控制外周动静脉同步换血治疗能迅速降低胆红素,改善患儿预后;精心、细致、周到的护理是治疗成功的保证.     

颞浅动脉与桡动脉穿刺法在换血中的应用比较

目的探讨颞浅动脉、桡动脉两种穿刺法在新生儿高胆红素血症换血中的应用效果.方法将24例需换血的新生儿高胆红素血症患儿随机均分为颞浅动脉组和桡动脉组,桡动脉组穿刺按十字法进行,颞浅动脉组穿刺按一般静脉穿刺方法进行.比较两组一次穿刺成功率、换血前后血液生化指标、SpO2和换血后光疗时间.结果颞浅动脉组一次穿刺成功率显著高于桡动脉组(P<0.05);两组换血前后血清总胆红素、血糖、SpO2及换血后光疗时间比较,差异无显著性意义(均P>0.05).结论选择颞浅动脉与外周静脉进行同步换血安全可靠,且可提高穿刺成功率,减轻患儿痛苦.     

应用输液泵自动控制外周动静脉同步换血治疗新生儿黄疸的护理

目的总结应用输液泵自动控制外周动静脉同步换血治疗的护理经验。方法在多功能生命监护仪监测下,对30例新生儿黄疸惠儿采用留置针头连接输液泵自动控制外周动静脉同步换血治疗,并加强术前准备、术中观察和术后护理。结果患儿平均总胆红素由换血前的（468．36±55．25）μmol／L下降至换血后的（227．78±41．42）μmol／L,无并发症发生。结论输液泵全自动控制外周动静脉同步换血治疗能迅速降低胆红素,改善患儿预后;精心、细致、周到的护理是治疗成功的保证。     

颞浅动脉与桡动脉穿刺法在换血中的应用比较

目的探讨颞浅动脉、桡动脉两种穿刺法在新生儿高胆红素血症换血中的应用效果。方法将24例需换血的新生儿高胆红素血症惠儿随机均分为颞浅动脉组和桡动脉组，桡动脉组穿刺按十字法进行，颞浅动脉组穿刺按一般静脉穿刺方法进行。比较两组一次穿刺成功率、换血前后血液生化指标、SpO2和换血后光疗时间。结果颞浅动脉组一次穿刺成功率显著高于桡动脉组（P〈0．05）；两组换血前后血清总胆红素、血糖、SpOz及换血后光疗时间比较，差异无显著性意义（均P〉0．05）。结论选择颞浅动脉与外周静脉进行同步换血安全可靠，且可提高穿刺成功率，减轻患儿痛苦。     

双周围静脉同步换血治疗儿科重症疾病20例

采用双周围静脉同步换血(输入和输出同步进行)治疗10例新生儿高胆红素血症,6例新生儿败血症,4例急性中毒患儿。结果换血后10例新生儿高胆红素血症患儿,总胆红素由(381.30±23.92)mmol/L降至(180.01±23.89)mmol/L,间接胆红素由(359.43±23.36)mmol/L降至(152.65士21.66)mmol/L,治疗前后比较,差异有显著性意义(t=18.830、20.534,均P<0.01);6例败血症患儿病情好转;4例急性中毒患儿症状减轻。提示该疗法是清除患儿体内毒物和毒素的有效方法,且操作方便、安全性高。认为做好术前准备、术中密切观察生命体征、保证输入与输出血量的平衡是该疗法的关键。     

早期监测干预对新生儿ABO溶血病的影响

目的:探讨早期监测、早期干预对新生儿ABO溶血病的影响.方法:选取母婴血型不合并经早期干预新生儿92例为干预组;与同期在本院出生未经早期监测、早期干预,出现病理性黄疸确诊为母婴血型不合ABO溶血病新生儿92例作为对照组.比较两组高胆红素血症发病率、黄疸程度与换血率、胆红素脑病发生率、住院期间总胆红素峰值等.结果:干预组发生高胆红素血症8例,中重度黄疸4例,未用换血疗法,未发生胆红素脑病,胆红素平均峰值188 7±44.8μmol/L;而对照组发生高胆红素血症34例,中重度黄疸28例,6例用换血疗法,未发生胆红素脑病,胆红素平均峰值386.5±83.6μmol/L,早期综合干预预防作用显著(P＜0.05).结论:早期综合干预治疗,可有效控制新生儿ABO溶血病的溶血过程,降低血清胆红素水平,预防高胆红素血症的发生,减轻新生儿黄疸的程度,避免换血治疗.     

2例新生儿高胆红素血症换血疗法的护理

２例新生儿高胆红素血症换血疗法的护理中山市人民医院儿科谢汝娟，孙燕英，方乔新生儿高胆红素血症有效的治疗方法是换血，我科１９９４年采用外周动、静脉换血治疗新生儿高胆红素血症２例，均获痊愈。介绍如下：１病例简介例１：女，出生后３６ｈ，体重１．３ｋｇ。出生...     

一次性头皮针在新生儿同步换血中的应用

目的提高新生儿同步换血的效果.方法将34例同步换血新生儿按入院先后分为观察组(18例)和对照组(16例).观察组使用一次性7号普通头皮针于股动脉建立动脉通道作为换血的输出途径,对照组予留置针进行动脉或股动脉穿刺置管(首选桡动脉,次选肱动脉,后选股动脉)为输出途径.结果两组换血后总胆红素水平显著低于换血前(均P<0.01),换血后两组总胆红素水平比较,差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);观察组建立动脉通道一次成功率显著高于对照组(P<0.01),换血平均时间显著短于对照组(P<0.01).结论采用一次性头皮针建立股动脉通道作为输出途径,是一种高效、低耗、痛苦少、易操作的新生儿换血方法.     

婴儿重症百日咳改良换血疗法的护理

目的 探讨改良换血疗法治疗婴儿重症百日咳的临床护理经验。 方法 对6例重症百日咳患儿采取改良换血疗法进行治疗。换血期间严格无菌操作，做好并发症的监测与护理。 结果 6例患儿接受换血治疗后，外周血白细胞计数下降。5例痊愈出院，1例因并发多器官功能衰竭而死亡。 结论 改良换血疗法用于重症婴儿百日咳可有快速降低外周血中白细胞，且患儿换血过程中血容量控制稳定。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.