116株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的临床分布特点及耐药性分析

目的探讨耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）菌株的分布、耐药性,指导临床合理用药。方法选择2009年9月至2012年9月苍山县人民医院细菌室分离的金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）,采用全自动微生物分析仪ATBExpression进行细菌鉴定和药敏分析。结果2009年9月至2012年9月苍山县人民医院细菌室分离的金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）220株,MRSA为116株,占52．73％。MRsA对临床常用抗生素具多重耐药性,对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素耐药率较高,分别为96．55％、84．48％和70．69％。92株MRSA主要分布于呼吸内科、ICU病房,主要分离自痰、创面分泌物、脓等送检标本中。结论MRSA对大部分抗菌药物仍维持较高的耐药率,定期监测临床标本中分离的MRSA耐药率,合理使用抗菌药物,延缓SA临床株耐药性的增长,控制医院感染的发生。     

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug resistant tuberculosis: Part 1

The first of these articles reviews the epidemiology of MRSA and its clinical importance in a healthcare setting. The methods of controlling the spread of hospital acquired MRSA are discussed with an emphasis on the role of screening staff for MRSA. Relevant papers for the review were identified by a systematic literature search on Medline. The prevalence of MRSA is increasing in the United Kingdom, as is the prevalence of 'epidemic' MRSA strains. Several countries have recently reported cases of Staphylococcus aureus with intermediate-level resistance to vancomycin. The key measures to minimizing hospital-acquired MRSA are stringent infection control programmes and strict antibiotic policies. Staff screening should only be undertaken after a detailed risk assessment of the local situation has been made by the occupational health and infection control teams. Priority should be given to high-risk areas of a hospital where MRSA is endemic.     

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug resistant tuberculosis: Part 2

Drug resistant tuberculosis has been recognized since chemotherapy first became available. However, drug resistance has increased in many countries, and recently strains resistant to both rifampicin and isoniazid (multidrug resistant tuberculosis) have emerged. This review discusses the epidemiology of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB), and the control of MDRTB in healthcare facilities. Relevant papers for this review were identified by a systematic literature search on Medline. MDRTB is already established world-wide, and although the overall problem of resistance remains low in the UK, it is of significant clinical importance due to its high case-fatality, higher transmission risk, and complex treatment. The key elements of MDRTB control are prompt recognition, confirmation and treatment of cases, and the institution of strict infection control procedures to reduce the airborne spread of infection from infectious patients to others. This review emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to management, with liaison between tuberculosis physicians, the microbiology department, infection control team, consultant in communicable disease, and occupational health.     

金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染的临床及耐药性分析

目的探讨金黄色葡萄球菌所致医院感染的危险因素、临床特点及耐药情况,为临床治疗金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染提供指导。方法收集确诊为金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染病例的临床资料,分析发病的危险因素及临床特点,对分离到的菌株进行药物敏感性测定。结果共73例金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染患者,均存在着严重的基础疾病,82.19%的患者接受过侵入性操作,感染部位以肺部最多见;共分离出79株金黄色葡萄球菌,包括耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）66株（83.54%）和甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）13株（16.46%）;金黄色葡萄球菌对多种抗菌药物呈普遍耐药,而MRSA的耐药性明显高于MSSA（P〈0.01）,未发现对耐万古霉素MRSA菌株。结论金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染常发生在有严重基础疾病、接受侵入性操作的患者,肺部感染最常见,MRSA表现为多药高度耐药,但糖肽类药物敏感性高。     

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and horse personnel, 2000-2002

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection was identified in 2 horses treated at a veterinary hospital in 2000, prompting a study of colonization rates of horses and associated persons. Seventy-nine horses and 27 persons colonized or infected with MRSA were identified from October 2000 to November 2002; most isolations occurred in a 3-month period in 2002. Twenty-seven (34%) of the equine isolates were from the veterinary hospital, while 41 (51%) were from 1 thoroughbred farm in Ontario. Seventeen (63%) of 27 human isolates were from the veterinary hospital, and 8 (30%) were from the thoroughbred farm. Thirteen (16%) horses and 1 (4%) person were clinically infected. Ninety-six percent of equine and 93% of human isolates were subtypes of Canadian epidemic MRSA-5, spa type 7 and possessed SCCmecIV. All tested isolates from clinical infections were negative for the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes. Equine MRSA infection may be an important emerging zoonotic and veterinary disease.     

Perceptions of Gown and Glove Use to Prevent Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Transmission in Nursing Homes

Objectives

To explore current use and perceptions of glove and gown use in nursing homes.

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的感染和治疗

作者分析了２４３例全身和局部的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（ＭＲＳＡ）感染情况。结果表明，本组ＭＲＳＡ占同期金黄色葡萄球菌感染的８０．５％。其中血液中分离的ＭＲＳＡ比例可高达９５．２％。多数ＭＲＳＡ对常用的第一、三代头孢类抗生素和某些新型喳诺酮类抗菌药物耐药，仅对万古霉素敏感。全身性ＭＲＳＡ感染仍以万古霉素最为有效。溶葡萄球菌酶作为外用药能有效地控制局部ＭＲＳＡ感染。     

运用根源分析法调查导管相关性血流感染暴发事件

目的 分析一起导管相关性血流感染暴发事件的根本原因,并以此为依据,有效减少血流感染暴发事件的发生,方法 采用根源分析法(RCA)对该起血流感染暴发事件进行分析并持续改进.结果 在确认近端原因后,对其进行了随机病例对照研究(RCT),患者免疫力低下的OR值为0.12,95％CI为1.59～4.77,未选择氯己定进行皮肤消毒的OR值为0.94,95％CI为6.78～12.31,留置时间＞7 d的OR值为1.23,95％CI为3.76～10.52,使用肝素进行封管的OR值为2.33,95％CI为5.17～9.29;封管液的污染是导致此次暴发的根本原因.结论 实施联动措施能有效减少导管相关性血流感染的发生;使用RCA能有效减少医疗不良事件发生,特别能减少医院感染暴发事件.     

重症监护病房耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的预防与控制

目的 调查分析医院重症监护病房(ICU)患者耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)交叉感染的原因,并探讨预防控制对策.方法 对2008年6月25日-8月1日ICU感染MRSA的两例患者进行病原学检查及环境卫生学监测.结果 从ICU医务人员手、床头桌、负压吸引器开关旋钮、墙壁供氧装置开关旋钮、吸痰用生理盐水等均检出MRSA,分离率分别为37.5%、20.0%、54.5%、37.5%、87.5%.结论 ICU患者易感染MRSA,该细菌耐药性强,治疗困难,可通过合理用药,严格无菌操作、加强消毒隔离措施可预防及控制交叉感染.     

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST30-SCCmec IVc clone as the major cause of community-acquired invasive infections in Argentina

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections have become a major concern worldwide. We conducted a prospective multicenter study of invasive CA-MRSA to evaluate clinical features and genotype of strains causing invasive infections in Argentina. A total of 55 patients with invasive CA-MRSA infections were included. Most patients (60%) had bloodstream infections, 42% required admission to intensive care unit and 16% died. No CA-MRSA isolates were multiresistant (resistant ⩾3 classes of antibiotics). All isolates carried Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes and staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCCmec) type IV. The majority CA-MRSA strains belonged to ST30 and had identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns, qualifying as a clonal dissemination of a highly transmissible strain. The main clone recovered from patients with CA-MRSA invasive infections was genotyped as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type C-ST30, SCCmec type IVc-spa type 019, PVL positive. It has become predominant and replaced the previously described CA-MRSA clone (PFGE type A, ST5, SCCmec type IV, spa type 311).     

表皮葡萄球菌ica操纵子与聚氯乙烯材料表面细菌生物膜形成的关系

目的分析医源性表皮葡萄球菌生物膜基因型,探讨医源性表皮葡萄球菌ica操纵子与聚氯乙烯(PVC)材料表面细菌生物膜形成的关系。方法应用PCR法、DNA凝胶成像及基因测序技术检测医源性表皮葡萄球菌的生物膜形成相关基因,采用半定量测定方法测定PVC材料表面表皮葡萄球菌的细菌生物膜形成能力。结果医源性表皮葡萄球菌16S rRNA阳性率为100.0%;icaADB、atlE、fbe阳性基因型菌株占57.1%;icaADB阴性,atlE、fbe阳性基因型菌株占37.5%;ica操纵子阳性表皮葡萄球菌在PVC材料表面的细菌生物膜形成能力较ica操纵子阴性明显增强,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论医源性表皮葡萄球菌可以分为ica操纵子阴性和ica操纵子阳性两类细菌,ica操纵子可以增加PVC材料表面细菌生物膜的形成能力,这可能是区分共生性和侵袭性表皮葡萄球菌的遗传基础。     

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in veterinary doctors and students, the Netherlands

The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the Netherlands, at 1.0%, is among the lowest in Europe. In 2004, a relationship between pig farming and a high risk for MRSA carriage was found. To investigate if those in professional contact with livestock are at higher risk for MRSA carriage, we screened 80 veterinary students and 99 veterinarians and questioned them about animal contacts and known MRSA risk factors. Of these, 27 students who did not have livestock contact were excluded from further analysis. We found 7 carriers of MRSA, a prevalence of 4.6%, which is similar to that found in patients who had previously been treated at foreign hospitals. A correlation of MRSA carriage with a specific animal group could not be established. To preserve the low prevalence of MRSA in the Netherlands, persons involved in the care of livestock should be isolated and screened on admission to the hospital.     

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus incidence and outcome in patients with neck of femur fractures

Since the 1980s, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been identified as a significant infectious agent with an increasing incidence within both hospitals and the community. The aim of this study was to measure the incidence of MRSA colonization in patients admitted with a neck of femur fracture requiring implant surgery and to assess the outcome of these cases. We also sought to identify any risk factors associated with MRSA colonization, and to assess the need for any prophylactic treatment to prevent postoperative MRSA infection. Nasal, perineal and (where present) wound site swabs were taken on a sequential series of patients admitted with a neck of femur fracture who required a surgical implant. The presence of MRSA isolates from these swabs and the presence of a significant postoperative infection in both the colonized and non-colonized patients were recorded. A total of 66 patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 63 had surgical treatment for their fracture. A total of four patients were found to be colonized with MRSA. Of the study group, 27 patients had been admitted to hospital in the previous year, three of whom were found to be colonized with MRSA. Four of the patients were noted to have a postoperative infection-all of these cases were in the non-colonized group. The incidence of MRSA colonized patients in this series was 6%-a figure broadly consistent with previous studies. This does not appear to justify the routine screening of all neck of femur fracture admissions, though the results do suggest that a selective policy of screening only those who patients who had been admitted to hospital within the last year may be profitable. Our study does not appear to show any correlation between MRSA colonization and postoperative infection however. This is consistent with previous studies and does not support the adoption of an aggressive strategy for detection or eradication of MRSA prior to neck of femur fracture surgery.     

金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染的临床和基因遗传聚类分析

目的为控制医院金黄色葡萄球菌感染,揭示其病原体特性及流行病学规律。方法对２８例金黄色葡萄球菌感染患者的临床资料和病原菌的药敏试验和ＰＲＡＤ基因聚类进行分析。结果医院感染患者ＭＲＡＳ占６０．７１％,ＭＳＳＡ３９．２８％,病原体对青霉素耐药率达８６．１％,对常用一二代头孢菌素和喹诺酮药物的敏感率低于４０％。噬菌体Ⅲ型构成比占６０．７％,ＰＲＡＤ聚类分型产生３个聚类群。结论对感染患者进行临床和细菌病原学特征分析,可提供病原菌传播与生存的本质资料     

金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染的分布与耐药性分析

目的 调查金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)的临床分布及耐药性,为临床诊断及治疗提供可靠依据.方法 采用回顾性调查的方法对120株SAU的耐药性进行分析.结果 临床送检的痰液(咽拭子)、脓液(分泌物)标本分离的SAU占全部的87.5％,其中呼吸道标本分离出的菌株数最多,占49.2％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的分离率为46.7％;MRSA对抗菌药物的耐药率均高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA);MRSA 对青霉素、苯唑西林、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛、头孢曲松的耐药率均为100.0％,而MSSA除对青霉素的耐药率为93.8％外,对其他4种抗菌药物的耐药率均＜4.0％;SAU对万古霉素的敏感度为100.0％.结论 加强细菌耐药性的监测与控制,是预防医院感染的有效措施.     

医院感染金黄色葡萄球菌的流行与耐药机制

目的对医院感染金黄色葡萄球菌进行基因分型,研究流行菌株的传播及其耐药的分子机制,以控制医院感染的发生。方法对分离的21株金黄色葡萄球菌进行RAPD分型,并进行mecA、gyrA、grlA基因分析,研究其耐药机制。结果21株金黄色葡萄球菌根据RAPD带型可分为3型,其中Ⅰ型12株,是医院感染的主要流行株;在临床分离的17株金黄色葡萄球菌中14株对甲氧西林和喹诺酮类均耐药;在耐药株中除1株(13064)外,其余菌株均检测出mecA基因;14株耐药株中均存在gyrA和(或)grlA突变;gyrA突变点为gyrA 84位TCA→TTA,gylA突变点为grlA80位TCC→TTC。结论RAPD基因分型技术简便快捷,可为医院感染金黄色葡萄球菌准确分型,是分子流行病学研究的有效方法;医院医院感染的金黄色葡萄球菌流行株主要为Ⅰ型,有可能经飞沫传播;17株临床分离株中14株存在多重耐药,并有相应的基因变异。     

Predicting clinical outcomes in patients with negative peripheral and positive central blood culture with coagulase negative Staphylococcus species

Objectives: Clinical outcomes in patients with negative peripheral and positive central blood culture with coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) based on different treatment approach such as intravenous antibiotics, removal of CVC, combined approach or just observation are not known.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of patients with negative peripheral and paired positive central blood culture with CoNS admitted at our affiliated hospital between 2008 to 2013. We compared clinical outcomes such as bacteremia, catheter related blood stream infection (CRBSI), mortality and Intensive care unit (ICU) admission over the next 90 days between the 4 groups based on the treatment approach: (1) No treatment received, 2) catheter removed, no antibiotics administered, 3) antibiotics administered, catheter not removed and 4) antibiotics administered, catheter removed). Logistic regression was used to assess the association between treatment approach and outcomes after adjusting for confounding variables.

Results: 181 patients were included in the study and followed for 90 days after their initial positive blood cultures. 25 patients (14%) had bacteremia, 4 patients (2%) had CRBSI, 40 patients (22%) died and 10 patients (6%) had an ICU admission in the next 90 days. None of the outcomes differed statistically between the 4 groups.

Conclusion: Our study is the first to report no difference in the clinical outcomes in patients with negative peripheral and positive central blood culture with CoNS when compared based on treatment approach. Our study provides initial evidence that treating patients with an isolated central blood culture with CoNS does not change short term clinical outcomes.     

金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)医院感染的临床分布及耐药特性.方法 回顾性调查2009年1月-2010年12月从各类临床标本中分离获得的168株SAU,统计其在各类标本和病区的分布特点,并用K-B法测定常用抗菌药物的敏感性.结果 SAU以痰、尿液和血液标本检出数最多,构成比分别达24.4％、21.4％和18.5％;科室分布以ICU、呼吸内科、肾内科和中医科最多,构成比分别达20.2％、16.1％、14.9％和14.3％;168株SAU中有117株为MRSA,占69.6％,SAU的耐药性普遍较高,除对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺全部敏感外,对青霉素类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类和磺胺类药物的耐药率均＞60.0％.结论 SAU的耐药率呈上升趋势,且MRSA检出率日趋严重,已对临床抗菌药物的选择构成极大的困难,必须加强对高危病区和高危人群的监测,做好预防和消毒隔离,防止SAU,特别是MRSA的流行播散.