成人自发性腰椎间盘炎

目的:探讨成人自发性腰椎间盘炎的临床特征及治疗策略。方法:自1997年7月~2003年3月收治成人自发性腰椎间盘炎15例,平均年龄53岁。15例中7例分别合并糖尿病、慢性牙周感染、慢性盆腔炎。全组血沉均升高(48～118mm/h)。MRI检查可见局部信号改变,采用静脉抗生素治疗至少1个月,同时卧床,使用止痛剂。3例行前路病灶清除术(2例因误诊为腰椎肿瘤或结核,1例因椎旁胀肿形成),术后腰痛立即缓解。结果:平均随访26个月,患者腰部疼痛均无复发,X线片显示脊柱稳定。结论:成人自发性腰椎间盘炎疾病潜伏期较长,临床表现非特异,早期诊断较困难,血沉和MRI是较敏感的诊断指标。治疗以早期应用大剂量抗生素,配合制动及对症处理等非手术疗法为主。     

术后椎间盘炎的诊断与治疗

目的　研究术后椎间盘炎的诊断、治疗方法。方法　回顾分析 9例术后腰椎间盘炎的临床表现、实验室检查及影像学表现 ,比较单纯静脉抗感染治疗和早期PLD +静脉抗感染的疗效差异。结果　术后发病时间平均为 7.6± 5 .6天 ;主要临床表现为腰背部剧烈疼痛 ,血沉增快平均为 ( 5 8.6± 18.0 )mm/h ,C反应蛋白增高平均为 ( 68.2± 2 0 .3 ) μg/ml;影像学主要表现为椎间盘水肿 ,椎间隙变窄和邻近椎体破坏。 9例均临床治愈。PLD可迅速缓解腰背痛和缩短住院时间平均达 3 2天。结论　术后再发剧烈腰背痛应考虑椎间盘炎可能 ;C反应蛋白增高、血沉增快和MRI表现是早期诊断椎间盘炎的重要指征 ;PLD可较快缓解临床症状和缩短病程     

Postoperative discitis due to Propionibacterium acnes: a case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND: A rare case of a growing dissecting aneurysm, which was located at the horizontal (A1) segment of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), is reported. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 53-year-old woman experienced left hemiparesis and alien hand syndrome. A computerized tomography scan showed an infarction in the right frontal lobe, and cerebral angiography revealed a false lumen and intimal flap at the A1 segment of the ACA. Magnetic resonance angiography demonstrated that the stenosis progressed 6 months later and improved 1 year later. Cerebral angiography showed a saccular-like aneurysm 2 years later. The surgery was planned for prevention of aneurysmal rupture. The aneurysm, which was cocoon shaped, was exposed surgically and was resected. Histological examination of the aneurysm showed arterial dissection. The postoperative course was uneventful without additional neurological deficits. CONCLUSION: This is the first case report of A1 dissecting aneurysm presenting with an ischemic event in the literature. The sequential change of the configuration was curious to develop aneurysmal dilatation in 2 years. Long-term follow-up is necessary even after disappearance of the arterial dissection.     

原发性腰椎间盘炎的手术治疗

目的评估后路一期病灶清除、椎间植骨并内固定治疗原发性腰椎间盘炎的外科疗效。方法回顾性分析2002年2月～2008年5月收治的15例原发性腰椎间盘炎患者,其中L3,4间隙1例、L4,5间隙6例、L5、S1间隙8例。所有患者临床主要表现腰部剧烈疼痛,无法坐立,均无椎间盘手术病史及脊柱封闭或穿刺史,经非手术治疗无效后行后路病灶清除、植骨并内固定术。结果所有患者术后腰部疼痛症状明显缓解,病理结果均提示炎性改变,未见结核性改变,细菌培养均为无菌生长;1例术后9个月发生内固定断裂,其余14例随访6～48个月,平均28个月,感染均无复发,影像学检查示腰椎体序列良好,植骨节段均已骨陛融合,无内固定物松动、断裂。结论针对原发性腰椎间盘炎早期病灶彻底清除、椎问植骨并坚强内固定的手术方法疗效满意,并可减少抗生素的应用。     

The prevention of discitis during discography

Background contextBecause of the severe complications, discitis represents the most feared complication stemming from discography. Varying needle techniques have been used to prevent discitis, and evidence for the use of intravenous (IV) and/or intradiscal antibiotics is conflicting and often lacking. Consequently, no consensus has been formed for disc infection prevention during discography.PurposeThe objectives of this review are to summarize and integrate all the available basic science, animal, and clinical evidence regarding prevention of infection from discography and to develop areas of future research.Study designA comprehensive review of the literature dealing with discitis stemming from discography was conducted.MethodsThe MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases were searched focusing on prospective and retrospective studies and published case reports on the prevention of discitis. A meta-analysis could not be completed because of the scarcity of data and published randomized controlled trials.ResultsOf the seven articles that specifically focused on the prevention of discitis, no randomized or controlled trials were located. Two prospective, nonrandomized trials, three retrospective case series, and two literature reviews have been published, but no consensus has been formed for the prevention of discitis during discography. Fifteen articles focused on penetration, efficacy, and dosage of antibiotics into intervertebral discs for the prevention of discitis. There are 14 additional articles that report incidences of discitis.ConclusionsBased on the available clinical evidence, IV or intradiscal antibiotics during discography have not been conclusively shown to decrease the rate of discitis over sterile technique alone. Animal model research supports prophylactic antibiotic use when used before iatrogenic inoculation of intervertebral discs. Both single- and double-needle techniques when used with stylettes are superior to nonstyletted techniques.     

颈椎痛风性椎间盘炎1例报告

<正>痛风是嘌呤代谢障碍引起的代谢性疾病,多数累及全身肢体末端关节,也可侵犯脊柱,引起椎间盘炎[1]。脊柱痛风多发生在腰椎,其次是颈椎和胸椎[2]。发生在颈椎部位的痛风极为少见,诊断困难,痛风石沉积关节突关节及软骨终板后易引起骨质破坏,容易误诊,临床上应注意与感染及肿瘤相鉴     

继发性腰椎间盘炎的诊治分析

目的探讨继发性腰椎间盘炎的临床特点及外科手术治疗方法。方法分析37例术后腰椎间盘炎患者的临床表现、血沉、C反应蛋白、影像学特点和细菌学培养结果。结果术后严重的疼痛、白细胞增加、血沉加快、C反应蛋白增加是继发性椎间盘炎的主要临床特点。MRI有重要的诊断价值。结论一旦患者术后再次出现剧烈的疼痛并伴有血沉和C反应蛋白的增加就应当考虑术后椎间盘炎的可能,MRI检查能够提供最重要早期诊断椎间盘炎的证据。手术,尤其是内固定术,能够快速地缓解症状、缩短病程,是有效的治疗方法。     

手术和保守治疗腰椎间盘术后椎间盘炎疗效的病例对照研究

目的:比较手术和保守治疗腰椎间盘术后椎间盘炎的疗效。方法:对2004年1月至2009年1月收治的41例腰椎间盘术后椎间盘炎患者进行回顾性分析,其中男17例,女24例;年龄37～68岁,平均53.6岁。其中手术治疗19例(手术组),保守治疗22例(保守组)。记录患者一般情况、临床特征、影像学资料、实验室检查结果、抗生素使用情况、住院时间、后遗症等,并进行比较分析。临床疗效采用VAS(visual analogue scales,VAS)评分系统和Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)进行评定。结果:所有患者均获随访,时间25～40个月,平均31个月。影像学提示植骨融合良好,未出现椎间盘炎复发。与治疗前相比,治疗后1个月、1年及2年VAS评分及ODI指数均有明显改善(P<0.01);组间比较,1个月时手术组VAS及ODI优于保守治疗组(P<0.01),治疗后1年及2年时这2项指标间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:椎间盘术后并发椎间盘炎,需积极治疗,保守治疗和手术治疗均是有效的治疗方法。短期内手术疗效优于保守治疗,但长期随访显示保守治疗也可达到满意疗效。     

腹膜后腹腔镜技术治疗腰椎椎间盘炎的疗效分析

目的探讨腹膜后腹腔镜技术治疗腰椎椎间盘炎的近期疗效及可行性。方法 2012年5月—2015年6月,本院采用腹膜后入路腹腔镜下单纯病灶清除及持续灌洗(无植骨内固定)治疗单节段腰椎椎间盘炎患者10例。记录手术时间、术中出血量、手术相关并发症及病原菌分离结果。随访12~24(19.8±4.9)个月。采用疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)以及影像学方法(包括X线、CT及MRI)评估疗效。结果手术时间(88.3±16.0)min,术中出血量(97.0±38.9)m L。病原菌培养结果显示真菌感染1例、表皮葡萄球菌感染3例、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)感染1例、混合细菌感染1例、阴性4例。随访期间腰痛VAS评分与ODI较术前均有明显改善,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。末次随访时,影像学检查显示病变椎间隙近乎消失,相邻椎体间骨桥形成,其中7例患者出现部分椎体间骨性融合。无感染复发及手术并发症发生。结论对于无明显腰椎不稳及畸形的单节段腰椎椎间盘炎患者,腹膜后腹腔镜技术近期疗效可靠。     

一期后路病灶清除椎间融合内固定治疗重症腰椎间盘炎

目的:探讨一期病灶清除椎间植骨融合内固定治疗重症腰椎间盘炎的效果。方法:2005年12月～2010年12月对经保守治疗无效的5例原发、11例继发椎间盘炎患者采用经后路椎间病灶清除、椎间钛质cage支撑、同种异体骨植骨融合、椎弓根内固定手术治疗。采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评估患者术前及术后第1、7、14天及末次随访时的疼痛程度。通过监测患者手术前后血沉(ESR)及C-反应蛋白(CRP)的变化来评估病情的转归。通过术后X线片来评估脊柱的稳定性和植骨融合情况。结果:患者术后即感腰腿痛明显缓解,床上能自行翻身,术前腰腿痛VAS评分为8.25±2.21分,术后VAS评分第1天为4.36±2.43分,第7天为2.59±2.13分,第14天为2.38±1.13分,末次随访时为1.88±1.21分。所有患者的VAS评分术后明显低于术前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后第7、14天及末次随访时VAS评分明显低于术后第1天,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后第7、14天及末次随访时VAS评分间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。4例患者术后出现血沉升高,3d后逐渐下降,所有病例CRP术后均明显下降,2～4周时ESR和CRP恢复正常(ESR<15mm/h,CRP<8mg/L)。所有患者术后切口无感染。随诊6～24个月,平均13个月,所有患者腰腿痛消失,病变椎间隙在6～12个月均达骨性融合。结论:后路病灶清除椎间融合内固定治疗重症腰椎间盘炎能迅速缓解腰腿痛,重建脊柱稳定性,是治疗重症椎间盘炎的有效手段之一。     

Preventing and treating discitis: cephazolin penetration in ovine lumbar intervertebral disc

Infection can occur after any spinal procedure that violates the disc and although it is not common, the potential consequences are serious. Treatment of discitis is not always successful and the key to management is prevention. Intradiscal prophylaxis with antibiotic is routinely used in spinal surgery, but there is a limited understanding of how well antibiotics can enter the avascular disc after intravenous injection. An in vivo ovine study to optimise prophylactic and parenteral treatment of discitis is described to assess the effectiveness of cephazolin in preventing and treating infection. The concentration of cephazolin was measured in disc tissue from normal and degenerate sheep discs to determine if cephazolin can enter the disc and if disc degeneration affects antibiotic uptake. Fourteen sheep were deliberately inoculated with bacteria to induce discitis. Eight sheep (“prophylaxis” group) were given either a 0, 1, 2 or 3 g dose of prophylactic cephazolin before inoculation while the remaining sheep (“treatment” group) were treated with cephazolin commencing 7 days after inoculation for 21 days at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day. Histopathology and radiography were used to assess the effect of the different treatments. Cephazolin was given 30 min prior to sacrifice and the intradiscal concentration was measured by biochemistry. In the “prophylaxis” group all doses of antibiotic provided some protection against infection, although it was not dose dependent. In the “treatment” group discitis was confirmed radiologically and histologically in all animals from 2 weeks onwards. Biochemical assay confirmed that antibiotic is distributed throughout the disc but was present in higher concentration in the anulus fibrosus than the nucleus pulposus. This study demonstrated that whilst the incidence of iatrogenic discitis can be reduced by antibiotic prophylaxis, it could not be abolished in all incidences with a broad-spectrum antibiotic such as cephazolin. Furthermore, antibiotics were ineffective at preventing endplate destruction once an intradiscal inoculum was established.Declaration: The experiments comply with the current laws of Australia including ethics approval for the use of animals in research. Ethical approval was obtained for all animal studies from the Animal Ethics Committee, Veterinary Research Division of the Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science.     

Pyogenic cervical epidural abscess and discitis following stellate ganglion block

We report a case of epidural abscess and pyogenic cervical discitis, following a stellate ganglion block performed for pain relief. The patient presented with quadriplegia 12 days following the stellate ganglion block. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis of an epidural abscess. The patient recovered full limb function after surgical drainage. This is the first report of cervical epidural abscess as a direct complication of this procedure.     

术后椎间盘炎的血沉与C反应蛋白分析比较

目的: 探讨腰椎术后椎间隙感染的ESR和CRP特征性改变及早期诊断价值。方法: 回顾 25例行椎板减压髓核摘除术并发椎间隙感染的患者以及前瞻性研究 50例同种手术无感染的患者, 分别于术前、术后 2d、1、2周以及 4周进行ESR和CRP分析对比。结果: 所有患者术后均出现不同程度的ESR和CRP增快, 与术前相比有显著性差异 (P<0. 01), 感染组与非感染组同期比较没有统计学差异 (P>0. 05); 同期CRP与ESR相比, 峰值出现更早, 持续时间更短。结论: 两组ESR和CRP虽没有统计学差异, 但仍是早期诊断椎间盘感染的一种简单、有效和经济的术后常规筛选检查指标, 而且动态监测时间越长, 升高越快, 诊断价值越大。     

后路病灶清除椎间植骨椎弓根内固定治疗术后重症椎间盘炎

目的：探讨腰椎间盘突出症术后并发重症腰椎间盘炎的治疗方法.方法：2002年2月～2005年10月采用经后路椎间病灶清除、椎间颗粒状骨植骨融合、椎弓根内固定治疗腰椎间盘突出术后并发重症腰椎间盘炎9例.结果：术后当天腰背肌痉挛性疼痛立即缓解,随诊8～29个月,平均19个月,所有患者腰腿痛消失,椎间隙均达骨性融合.结论：经后路椎间病灶清除,椎间颗粒状植骨、椎弓根内固定治疗术后重症椎间盘炎能清除感染源及炎性介质,迅速解除腰腿痛,缩短疗程,早期活动,椎间融合率高,重建了脊柱稳定性.     

原发性腰椎间隙感染的诊断和治疗

目的:探讨原发性腰椎间隙感染的诊断及治疗.方法:2004年8月～2008年12月收治10例原发性腰椎间隙感染患者,男6例,女4例,年龄26～79岁,平均52岁.轻度腰痛3例,腰痛伴下肢放射痛2例,仅有腰部剧痛5例,体温37.8℃～41.0℃,平均38.3℃.有糖尿病史4例,发病前前列腺有创检查2例、尿路感染2例.血白细胞计数正常6例,增高4例;均有血沉(ESR)和C-反应蛋白(CRP)增高;术前血液和尿液细菌培养阳性各1例,分别为金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希杆菌.病变节段L2/3和L3/4 1例,LA/5 5例,L5/S1 4例.CT检查发现相邻椎体边缘不规则骨质破坏9例(其中1例L5椎弓根破坏),MRI T1像示病变椎间盘呈不均匀低信号影、MRI T2像为均匀的高信号影9例,椎间盘信号异常伴椎管内占位1例.5例诊断为原发性腰椎间隙感染,予绝对卧床和抗生素治疗,其中3例年轻患者保守治疗有效而未行手术,2例保守治疗无效而行手术治疗;3例诊为结核,2例诊为肿瘤,均行手术;7例手术患者术后均行病理检查及抗生素治疗.结果:7例术后病理检查均提示感染.随访8～24个月,平均18个月.3例保守治疗1周后腰痛缓解,6周后ESR和CRP恢复正常,治愈后12个月随访时腰椎X线片检查提示病变节段无脊柱不稳.7例手术治疗患者术后2～5d腰痛减轻,2周左右消失,2～3周后体温、ESR和CRP恢复正常;植骨均骨性融合,平均融合时间为3-4个月(3～5个月),无内固定松动和断裂.1例术后6个月邻近椎间隙出现感染,其余均在术后5个月恢复正常生活和工作.结论:原发性腰椎间隙感染临床症状缺乏特异性,早期易误诊.对年轻患者,可行保守治疗.对保守治疗效果不佳或症状较重者,手术治疗是安全有效的治疗方法.     

Pyogenic liver abscess complicating biliary stricture due to chronic pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: Chronic pancreatitis uncommonly causes common bile duct stricture, and common bile duct stricture rarely leads to pyogenic liver abscess. METHODS: We describe a 51-year-old man who developed a pyogenic liver abscess after the development of a common bile duct stricture due to chronic pancreatitis. RESULTS: The patient required open drainage of the liver abscess and decompressive choledochoduodenostomy. His infection was persistent and he required percutaneous and subsequent open drainage of a second hepatic abscess. The patient died of refractory sepsis and multi-organ failure. CONCLUSIONS: The relevant English literature concerning pyogenic liver abscesses, specifically in the setting of common bile duct stricture due to chronic pancreatitis, is reviewed and discussed.     

The diagnosis and management of discitis and spinal infection

Discitis and spinal infections are both common presentations within the field of spinal surgery, but the diagnosis and management can be challenging. When identified and treated early, the patient outcomes are very good and often do not require surgical intervention. Conversely, delayed presentations with neurological compromise are a surgical emergency requiring aggressive treatment to prevent irreversible spinal cord and spinal deformity. A multidisciplinary approach involving surgeons and microbiologists prevent the need for surgical intervention. In this review article, we highlight the key aspects of diagnosing and treating discitis and spinal infections based on the current literature and evidence base.