健康成人能量代谢的预测研究

研究我国健康成人基础能量消耗（BEE）的预测公式，并与Harris－Benedict（简称HB）公式及Owen公式比较。另外，对静息能量消耗（PEE）测试时间与食物特殊动力作用（SDA）大小及其持续时间的关系进行探讨。选择不同年龄、多个出生地、多种职业人群的健康志愿者165名（男86名，女79名），于早晨、空腹，平静仰卧或安坐30分钟后用CCM代谢车的标准法测量BEE。此外，103名志愿者（男43名，女60名），于禁食2小时以上不同时间测量REE。实测BEE平均值男1387±263kal／d、女1107±163kal／d，均显著低于HBEE和OBEE预测值（P＜001），并得出预测公式★BEE（男）＝696＋13.6W－6A；★BEE（女）＝714＋6.8W。禁食2小时以上不同时间REE测量结果示禁食2～4小时内测得的比较稳定。通过REE与SDA关系的分析，说明禁食2～4小时计算SDA较为合理，SDA男152％、女105％。本研究证实★BEE预测公式适合我国健康成人，临床补给营养时乘以疾病矫正系数即可。REE测量时间应限定在禁食2—4小时内，此期亦为SDA持续时间，SDA值男15．2％、女10．5％。如有代谢车设备，用REE值乘以1．2～1．5即可计算病人的能量需求。     

加速度计对成人日常体力活动测量效度的研究

目的　对加速度计(CSA)测量成年人日常体力活动的效度进行验证并提出根据 CSA数据预测能量消耗的方程。方法　选取 72 名北京市居民,年龄(43.6±4.0)岁,男性 33 名,女性 39名,作为调查对象,佩带7天CSA,在同一期间采用双标水方法(DLW) 测量能量消耗,包括平均每天总能量消耗(TEE)、平均每天体力活动能量消耗(AEE)和体力活动水平(PAL)作为验证标准。结果通过CSA测量的平均每天活动计数(AC)与TEE、AEE和PAL之间均呈显著相关,偏相关系数 r 分别为0.31、0.30、0.26(P<0.05)。逐步多元回归分析表明,影响TEE的因素包括去脂体重或体重指数、AC(R2=0.52~0.70),影响AEE的因素包括AC、性别和去脂体重(R2=0.25~0.32)。结论　CSA能准确测量中国成年人日常体力活动模式,AC可以解释TEE和AEE的变异。     

The Impact of Food Intake and Exercise on Energy Expenditure

Food intake and physical exercise affect two components of energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF). Classic studies of overfeeding and underfeeding clearly showed that caloric deficit and surfeit conditions alter RMR. Recent work on short-term overfeeding of monozygotic twins provides new evidence that genetic factors influence individual sensitivity to changes in RMR and TEF when caloric excess is present. Exercise affects energy expenditure during nonactive times; acute bouts of vigorous exercise may result in increased RMR, and this effect appears most pronounced in the first 12 h after exercise. Acute exercise may potentiate the thermic effects of food when they are taken together, and high levels of exercise training may increase RMR. Thus, physical exercise appears to play an important role in the regulation of energy balance by way of its direct energy cost and its influence on RMR and TEF.     

Feasibility,Acceptability, and Preliminary Validity of Self-Report Dietary Assessment in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis: Comparison with Doubly Labeled Water Measured Total Energy Expenditure

Background: Diet is a modifiable behavior of interest in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, measures of diet in persons with MS have not been vetted for feasibility, acceptability, and validity. Methods: This cross-sectional study examined the Automated Self-Administered 24-H (ASA24) Dietary Assessment Tool in 30 persons with MS and 15 healthy control (HC) participants. Participants were prompted to complete six ASA24 recalls and undergo a standard doubly labeled water (DLW) protocol. Acceptability of ASA24 was assessed using an online questionnaire. Total energy expenditure (TEE) from DLW was compared with ASA24-reported energy intake for assessing validity. Results: All participants completed four or more ASA24 recalls, indicating feasibility of ASA24. Regarding acceptability, the hardest part of completing the ASA24 was remembering everything eaten the previous day. Pearson correlation coefficients between DLW TEE and ASA24 kcal/day were not significant among HC (r = 0.40; p = 0.14) or MS (r = 0.26; p = 0.16) participants. The absolute mean error between DLW TEE and ASA24 among HC participants was 694.96 ± 506.25 mean kcal/day and among MS participants was 585.37 ± 529.02 mean kcal/day; this represents a mean difference of 30 and 25%, respectively. Conclusion: This study established the feasibility and acceptability of ASA24 in persons with MS and provides a foundation regarding the need for further validation research examining appropriate outcomes for supporting dietary interventions.     

Assessment of Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure of Male Adolescent Academy-Level Soccer Players during a Competitive Week

This study investigated the energy intake and expenditure of professional adolescent academy-level soccer players during a competitive week. Over a seven day period that included four training days, two rest days and a match day, energy intake (self-reported weighed food diary and 24-h recall) and expenditure (tri-axial accelerometry) were recorded in 10 male players from a professional English Premier League club. The mean macronutrient composition of the dietary intake was 318 ± 24 g·day⁻¹ (5.6 ± 0.4 g·kg⁻¹ BM) carbohydrate, 86 ± 10 g·day⁻¹ (1.5 ± 0.2 g·kg⁻¹ BM) protein and 70 ± 7 g·day⁻¹ (1.2 ± 0.1 g·kg⁻¹ BM) fats, representing 55% ± 3%, 16% ± 1%, and 29% ± 2% of mean daily energy intake respectively. A mean daily energy deficit of −1302 ± 1662 kJ (p = 0.035) was observed between energy intake (9395 ± 1344 kJ) and energy expenditure (10679 ± 1026 kJ). Match days (−2278 ± 2307 kJ, p = 0.012) and heavy training days (−2114 ± 2257 kJ, p = 0.016) elicited the greatest deficits between intake and expenditure. In conclusion, the mean daily energy intake of professional adolescent academy-level soccer players was lower than the energy expended during a competitive week. The magnitudes of these deficits were greatest on match and heavy training days. These findings may have both short and long term implications on the performance and physical development of adolescent soccer players.     

Energy balance in cystic fibrosis when stable and during a respiratory exacerbation

Background & aims: Undernutrition is common in young adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and implies an imbalance between energy intake and total energy expenditure (TEE). The aim of this study was to measure energy intake and TEE expenditure in a group of patients when they were clinically stable at home and during an exacerbation of respiratory symptoms when they were in hospital receiving intravenous antibiotics.Methods: Eleven patients aged between 15 and 40 years with moderate respiratory disease, mean FEV₁ 51.4% predicted took part. An exacerbation was defined as>15% decrease in FEV₁, an increase in sputum production and a decision to treat in hospital with intravenous antibiotics. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured using indirect calorimetry and energy intake by 3 day food diaries. TEE expenditure was measured using 24 h heart rate and doubly isotopically labelled water.Results: REE was higher at the beginning of an exacerbation than the end, P<0.05. There was no significant difference in TEE during the stable period compared to the exacerbation 10.53(2.39) MJ/day compared to 8.77(1.59) MJ/day using doubly isotopically labelled water. There was no difference in energy intake during the exacerbation compared to the stable period, 11.19(2.31) MJ/day compared to11.77(2.30) MJ/day.Conclusions: There was no difference in TEE and energy intake when patients were unwell in hospital compared to when they were stable at home despite an increase in REE.     

我国某些工种工人热量摄入和能量消耗的调查研究

本文对我国南北方17个工厂,94个工种,1000多名男女工人调查分析表明,工人的热量摄入与能量消耗基本上处于平衡状态。但有82％的厂矿工人热量摄入量达不到卫生学要求。某些工种,重作业工人蛋白质摄入量偏低。维生素A和B_2的摄入明显不足,分别只达到需要量的10％和50％。特别是矿山井下小照度弱光作业和纺织、卷烟等视力紧张性工种工人应补充维生素A和B_2,以保护工人的视力与健康,提高劳动效率。     

Estimating free-living human energy expenditure: Practical aspects of the doubly labeled water method and its applications

The accuracy and noninvasive nature of the doubly labeled water (DLW) method makes it ideal for the study of human energy metabolism in free-living conditions. However, the DLW method is not always practical in many developing and Asian countries because of the high costs of isotopes and equipment for isotope analysis as well as the expertise required for analysis. This review provides information about the theoretical background and practical aspects of the DLW method, including optimal dose, basic protocols of two- and multiple-point approaches, experimental procedures, and isotopic analysis. We also introduce applications of DLW data, such as determining the equations of estimated energy requirement and validation studies of energy intake.     

Predictors of Sustained Reduction in Energy and Fat Intake in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study Intensive Lifestyle Intervention

BackgroundFew lifestyle intervention studies examine long-term sustainability of dietary changes.ObjectiveTo describe sustainability of dietary changes over 9 years in the Diabetes Prevention Program and its outcomes study, the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study, among participants receiving the intensive lifestyle intervention.DesignOne thousand seventy-nine participants were enrolled in the intensive lifestyle intervention arm of the Diabetes Prevention Program; 910 continued participation in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Fat and energy intake derived from food frequency questionnaires at baseline and post-randomization Years 1 and 9 were examined. Parsimonious models determined whether baseline characteristics and intensive lifestyle intervention session participation predicted sustainability.ResultsSelf-reported energy intake was reduced from a median of 1,876 kcal/day (interquartile range [IQR]=1,452 to 2,549 kcal/day) at baseline to 1,520 kcal/day (IQR=1,192 to 1,986 kcal/day) at Year 1, and 1,560 kcal/day (IQR=1,223 to 2,026 kcal/day) at Year 9. Dietary fat was reduced from a median of 70.4 g (IQR=49.3 to 102.5 g) to 45 g (IQR=32.2 to 63.8 g) at Year 1 and increased to 61.0 g (IQR=44.6 to 82.7 g) at Year 9. Percent energy from fat was reduced from a median of 34.4% (IQR=29.6% to 38.5%) to 27.1% (IQR=23.1% to 31.5%) at Year 1 but increased to 35.3% (IQR=29.7% to 40.2%) at Year 9. Lower baseline energy intake and Year 1 dietary reduction predicted lower energy and fat gram intake at Year 9. Higher leisure physical activity predicted lower fat gram intake but not energy intake.ConclusionsIntensive lifestyle intervention can result in reductions in total energy intake for up to 9 years. Initial success in achieving reductions in fat and energy intake and success in attaining activity goals appear to predict long-term success at maintaining changes.     

Water Intake in Pregnant Women in China, 2018: The Report of a Survey

Background: Adequate water intake in pregnant women plays an important role in their health and in fetal growth and development. However, there is insufficient applicable data to guide and evaluate the water intake of pregnant women in China. Based on a nationwide sample of pregnant women, we mainly aimed to investigate the daily total water intake (TWI) and the contribution of different beverages and food sources to the TWI, to assess the percentage of participants who comply with the adequate intake (AI) value of water set by the Chinese Nutrition Society (CNS) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and to analyze the contribution of different water sources to the daily total energy intake (TEI). Methods: A multi-stage sampling method was used to recruit pregnant women from 11 provinces and two municipalities in China. A 4-day online diary with a food atlas was used to assess water and dietary intake. Finally, 653 pregnant women were included in the analysis. The Mann–Whitney U test and the independent-sample t-test were used to compare the differences between related variables in different age groups or different gestational periods, and partial correlation was used to explore the correlation between water and energy intake. Results: The median daily TWI of pregnant women was 2190 mL, of which water from beverages and foods accounted for 52.9% and 47.1%, respectively. Approximately 80.5% of the water from beverages was mainly from plain water (r = 0.973), while in the part of the water from foods, dishes (32.4%) were the main contributors (r = 0.663). Only 16.4% and 43.8% of the total population met the TWI recommendation set by the CNS and EFSA, respectively. Among these, the contribution of the water from beverages was higher than that of the water from food. For those whose TWI did not reach the recommended level, the contribution of the water from beverages was almost equal to that of food. The median daily TEI of pregnant women was 1589 kcal, of which beverages accounted for 9.7%. Milk and milk derivatives (71.3%) were the main contributors to energy from beverages, accounting for 71.3% (r = 0.444). Although sugar-sweetened drinks only accounted for 10.1% of the energy from beverages, they were highly correlated with energy from beverages (r = 0.836). Through grouping analysis, age and gestational period had no significant effect on the above main results. Conclusions: This was the beginning of a nationwide study on the TWI of pregnant women in China, and the results provide evidence of the need for interventions to improve water intake among pregnant women and the revision of reference values for AI of TWI in pregnant women in China.     

Added Sugar Intake among Pregnant Women in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2012

Background

Despite associations of dietary added sugar with excess weight gain and chronic disease risk, intake among most Americans exceeds the recommended limits (<10% total energy). Maternal diet plays an important role in pregnancy-related outcomes, but little is known about the extent of added sugar intake during pregnancy.

Effect of Green Coffee Consumption on Resting Energy Expenditure,Blood Pressure,and Body Temperature in Healthy Women: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACT

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effects of green coffee consumption on resting energy expenditures (REEs), blood pressure, and body temperature of individuals.

Method: The study was conducted with 24 women. The REE values of the individuals were measured with the COSMED Fitmate PRO. After the first REE measurements, individuals were given 1 cup of green coffee that was prepared to contain 6 mg caffeine per kg of lean body mass. After coffee consumption, REE measurements were made at 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. Blood pressure (mm Hg) and body temperature values (°C) were measured simultaneously with REE measurement.

Results: There was a positive correlation between the caffeine amounts given with green coffee and 30-minute (p < 0.05), 60-minute (p = 0.06), and 120-minute (p < 0.05) REE (kcal/d) values. There was also a positive correlation between the total chlorogenic acid taken with green coffee and 30-minute (p < 0.05), 60-minute (p = 0.06), and 120-minute (p < 0.05) REE (kcal/d) values. The intracellular and extracellular fluid amounts liter(l) before and after consumption of green coffee by individuals were 18.7 ± 1.57 versus 18.6 ± 1.44 (p < 0.05) and 11.4 ± 1.01 versus 11.2 ± 0.97 (p < 0.05), respectively. The body temperature (°C) changes observed in the individuals whose usual dietary caffeine intake was less than or equal to the 50th percentile after green coffee consumption were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Similarly, the diastolic blood pressure changes observed in the individuals whose usual dietary caffeine intake was less than or equal to the 50th percentile after green coffee consumption was almost statistically significant (p = 0.06).

Conclusions: The results of this study showed that 6 mg caffeine/kg (lean body mass) intake among women changed body temperature and blood pressure values and liquid balance depending on the usual dietary coffee intake. In addition, chlorogenic acid is also correlated with REE values besides green coffee caffeine.

Key teaching points

? There are several findings, and chlorogenic acid may have antihypertensive effects.

? There is a significant correlation between green coffee chlorogenic acid amount and REE.

? Intracellular and extracellular liquid amounts decrease following green coffee consumption (215–280 mg caffeine), and these changes are observed in individuals whose usual dietary caffeine intake is relatively both low and high.

? The body temperature values of individuals whose usual dietary caffeine intake was in the 50th percentile or greater (relatively high) increased after green coffee consumption.

A Mobile Phone Based Method to Assess Energy and Food Intake in Young Children: A Validation Study against the Doubly Labelled Water Method and 24 h Dietary Recalls

Mobile phones are becoming important instruments for assessing diet and energy intake. We developed the Tool for Energy Balance in Children (TECH), which uses a mobile phone to assess energy and food intake in pre-school children. The aims of this study were: (a) to compare energy intake (EI) using TECH with total energy expenditure (TEE) measured via doubly labelled water (DLW); and (b) to compare intakes of fruits, vegetables, fruit juice, sweetened beverages, candy, ice cream, and bakery products using TECH with intakes acquired by 24 h dietary recalls. Participants were 39 healthy, Swedish children (5.5 ± 0.5 years) within the ongoing Mobile-based Intervention Intended to Stop Obesity in Preschoolers (MINISTOP) obesity prevention trial. Energy and food intakes were assessed during four days using TECH and 24 h telephone dietary recalls. Mean EI (TECH) was not statistically different from TEE (DLW) (5820 ± 820 kJ/24 h and 6040 ± 680kJ/24 h, respectively). No significant differences in the average food intakes using TECH and 24 h dietary recalls were found. All food intakes were correlated between TECH and the 24 h dietary recalls (ρ = 0.665–0.896, p < 0.001). In conclusion, TECH accurately estimated the average intakes of energy and selected foods and thus has the potential to be a useful tool for dietary studies in pre-school children, for example obesity prevention trials.     

肝硬化患者呼出CO2回收率和能量消耗的研究

目的探讨肝硬化患者呼气中CO2回收率和能量消耗的变化情况.方法以13C-碳酸氢钠(NaH13CO3)为示踪剂,采用首剂量结合静脉恒速滴注法及气体同位素比值质谱技术,分别对11例正常人和14例肝硬化患者呼气中13CO2丰度进行测定,计算13CO2回收率和能量消耗.结果正常人和肝硬化患者呼气中13CO2回收率,分别为(80.7±0.26)%和(78.3±0.84)%,有显著性差异(P＜0.05);根据CO2产生率计算静止状态下能量消耗,分别为(30.2±2.4)Kcal*kg-1*d-1和(28.4±3.5)Kcal*kg-1*d-1,无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论所测定结果可作为制订肝硬化病人营养治疗方案提供理论依据.     

Feasibility and Acceptability of Dietary Intake Assessment Via 24-Hour Recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire among Women with Low Socioeconomic Status

Background

Comprehensive evaluation of dietary interventions depends on effective and efficient measurement to quantify behavior change. To date, little is known regarding which self-reported measure of dietary intake is most feasible and acceptable for use in evaluation of the effectiveness of diet intervention studies among underserved populations.

Effects of Timing of Whey Protein Intake on Appetite and Energy Intake in Healthy Older Men

Background

Protein-rich supplements are used widely to prevent and manage malnutrition in older adults. We previously showed that 30 g whey protein ingestion, 3 hours before a buffet meal, suppressed energy intake in young, but not in older men. Information about the impact of the timing of ingestion of protein drinks on the suppression of energy intake in older adults is lacking.

Gestational Weight and Dietary Intake During Pregnancy: Perspectives of African American Women

Objectives This investigation explored the participants’ perspective on weight, nutrition, and dietary habits during pregnancy. The data of interest were culled from a larger ethnographic research study designed to gather information and ideas about the socio-cultural, psychological, and behavioral influences on maternal health during pregnancy (N = 63). Methods My study focused on the six participants (including three teenagers) who delivered low birth weight and/or preterm babies and 13 participants aged ≤18 years (teenagers) who delivered normal weight babies. Data were analyzed utilizing qualitative methodology. Results Four of the participants who delivered low birth/weight preterm infants reported weight related concerns during pregnancy. These included: weight loss, lack of weight gain, and exceeding their expected weight gain. Frequently, the nutrition knowledge was based on miseducation, misconceptions, and/or ‘a grain of truth’ i.e. folk beliefs. Support group members had an influential role on participants’ dietary habits during pregnancy. Conclusion The next step appears to be more qualitative work, with health care providers, the Women Infants and Children Program (WIC) nutrition counselors, clinical dietetic professionals, and women who already have children, to explore strategies for improving diet quality as well as address the issue of inadequate and excessive weight gain during pregnancy.     

Nutrient Intake and Factors Influencing Eating Behaviors in Older Migrant Women Living in the United Kingdom

This study examines nutrient intake and factors influencing eating behaviors in a sample of 76 migrant older women (≥ 60 years) living in the UK. Nutrient intake was assessed using a 24-hr recall enhanced by an in-depth probing dietary interview. Median energy intake was significantly lower than the UK RNIs (5,125.4 v. 7,301.1 kJ/d, p < .001). Main nutrients of concern were retinol, vitamin D, magnesium, potassium, copper, selenium, and monounsaturated fatty acids. Semistructured interviews were conducted with a subsample (n = 46) and analyzed using thematic analysis. Although women were knowledgeable about what constitutes a healthy diet, factors such as the presence and awareness of obesity and noncommunicable diseases, changes to household roles, and dietary restrictions related to religious beliefs were identified key influences on participants’ dietary intake. Strategies targeting this population need to promote not only a healthy energy balance, but also dietary adequacy to optimize nutrient intake.