Reliability and Predictive Validity of Energy Intake Measures from the 24-Hour Dietary Recalls of Homebound Older Adults

Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls are used frequently to study homebound older adults' eating behaviors. However, the reliability and predictive validity of this method have not been established in this population. The purpose of this study was to examine whether homebound older adults provide reliable and valid measures of total energy intake in 24-hour dietary recalls. Two hundred thirty homebound older adults were interviewed in their homes using a questionnaire to assess eating behaviors and factors that could affect those behaviors. Participants completed three 24-hour dietary recalls at baseline and again at 6-month follow-up. Two subsamples were identified for analyses. For participants who were not hospitalized during the 6-month interval and had their weight measured at both assessments (n=52), sufficient test-retest reliability of energy intake was observed (r=0.59), but energy intake deficiencies relative to estimated energy requirements did not predict actual weight loss (r=0.08). When this sample was supplemented with 91 participants who experienced any adverse event (weight loss of 2.5% or more, hospitalization, institutionalization, or mortality) in the 6-month period (n=143), adverse events were more likely to occur for those with insufficient energy intake (odds ratio 3.49, P=0.009), and in white participants compared to African-American participants (odds ratio 3.13, P=0.016). Adequate test-retest reliability of the 24-hour dietary recall was demonstrated, but additional research with larger samples and longer follow-up intervals is needed to better evaluate the predictive validity of energy intake measures for this population.     

Twenty-four hour dietary recalls by fourth-grade children were not influenced by observations of school meals

ObjectiveTo investigate whether school-meal observations influenced children's 24-hour dietary recalls.Study Design and SettingOver three school years, 555 randomly selected fourth-grade children were interviewed to obtain a 24-hour dietary recall; before being interviewed, 374 children were observed eating two school meals (breakfast, lunch), and 181 children were not observed. Within observation-status groups (observed, unobserved), children were randomized within sex to one of six combinations from two target periods (prior 24 hours, previous day) crossed with three interview times (morning, afternoon, evening).ResultsFor each of the five variables (interview length, meals/snacks, meal components, items, kilocalories), naïve and adjusted equivalence tests rejected that observation-status groups were different, indicating that school-meal observations did not influence children's 24-hour dietary recalls. There was a target-period effect on length (P < 0.0001) (longer for prior-24-hour recalls), a school year effect on length (P = 0.0002) (longer for third year), and a target period–interview time interaction on items (P = 0.0110) and kilocalories (P = 0.0047) (both smaller for previous-day recalls in the afternoon than prior-24-hour recalls in the afternoon and previous-day recalls in the evening), indicating that variables were sufficiently sensitive and psychometrically reliable.ConclusionConclusions about 24-hour dietary recalls by fourth-grade children observed eating school meals in validation studies are generalizable to 24-hour dietary recalls by comparable but unobserved children in nonvalidation studies.     

Season‐related variation in dietary recalls used in a paediatric population

Background: The effect of seasonality in estimating population mean nutrient intake using a single dietary recall has not been fully explored. The present study aimed to evaluate variation in energy and nutrient intake using a single 24‐h recall between two seasons (spring/summer and autumn/winter) in a sample of children and adolescents. Methods: A randomly selected subgroup (n = 623) of a representative sample of 3–18‐year‐old Greek children and adolescents was used in the present analysis. Information on participants’ socio‐demographic characteristics, body weight/height and dietary intake were collected through telephone interviews. Dietary assessment was based on two 24‐h recalls (the first during the spring/summer season and the second 6 months later, during autumn/winter season). Results: Reported daily energy intake in spring/summer was 344 ± 130 kJ (82 ± 31 kcal) higher compared to the one in autumn/winter after adjusting for potential confounders (P = 0.008). However, the contribution of the macronutrients to the total energy intake was not statistically different between the two periods and the same was also true for vitamin C and calcium. The results remained unchanged after excluding low energy reporters. Conclusions: The use of a second 24‐h recall in a different season of the year does not confer additional information with regard to a population assessment of macronutrient contribution to the total energy intake in paediatric samples; its use appears to be justified in the light of a more accurate assessment of energy intake.     

Computerized portion-size estimation compared to multiple 24-hour dietary recalls for measurement of fat, fruit, and vegetable intake in overweight adults

Validated self-report methods of dietary assessment exist and might be improved in terms of both accuracy and cost-efficiency with computer technology. The objectives of this preliminary study were to develop an initial version of an interactive CD-ROM program to estimate fruit, vegetable, and fat intake, and to compare it to multiple 24-hour dietary recalls (averaged over 3 days). In 2009, overweight male and female adults (n=205) from Lane County, OR, completed computerized and paper versions of fruit, vegetable, and fat screening instruments, and multiple 24-hour dietary recalls. Summary scores from the 10-item National Cancer Institute Fruit and Vegetable Scan and the 18-item Block Fat Screener were compared to multiple 24-hour dietary recall−derived fruit/vegetable and fat intake estimates (criterion measures). Measurement models were used to derive deattenuated correlations with multiple 24-hour dietary recalls of paper and CD-ROM administrations of Fruit and Vegetable Scan fruit intake, vegetable intake, and fruit and vegetable intake, and Block Fat Screener fat intake. The computerized assessment and paper surveys were related to multiple 24-hour dietary recall−derived fruit/vegetable and fat intake. Deattenuated correlation coefficients ranged from 0.50 to 0.73 (all P≤0.0001). The CD-ROM−derived estimate of fruit intake was more closely associated with 24-hour dietary recall (r=0.73) than the paper-derived estimate (r=0.54; P<0.05), but the other comparisons did not differ significantly. Findings from this preliminary study with overweight adults indicate the need for additional enhancements to the CD-ROM assessment and more extensive validation studies.     

The Accuracy of Portion Size Reporting on Self-Administered Online 24-Hour Dietary Recalls Among Women With Low Incomes

BackgroundAccurately estimating portion sizes remains a challenge in dietary assessment. Digital images used in online 24-hour dietary recalls may be conducive to accuracy.ObjectiveThe current analyses were conducted to examine the accuracy of portion size estimation by women with low incomes who completed 24-hour dietary recalls using the online Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24) in the Food and Eating Assessment Study II.DesignTrue dietary intake was observed for 3 meals on 1 day through a controlled feeding study conducted from May through July 2016. The following day, participants completed an unannounced 24-hour dietary recall using ASA24, independently or with assistance in a small-group setting.Participants/settingParticipants included 302 women aged 18 to 82 years living in the Washington, DC, area who met the income thresholds for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.Main outcome measuresThe accuracy of portion size estimation was assessed by comparing the weight truly consumed (observed) and the weight reported for predetermined categories of foods and beverages.Statistical analyses performedThe differences between observed and reported portions were examined and linear regression tested differences by recall condition. Analyses were conducted by condition and repeated with stratification by racial/ethnic identity, education, and body mass index.ResultsOn average across foods and beverages, reported portion sizes were 7.4 g (95% CI, 4.3-10.5) and 6.4 g (95% CI, 2.8-10.0) higher than observed portion sizes in the independent and assisted conditions, respectively. Portion sizes were overestimated for small pieces and shaped foods in both conditions, as well as for amorphous/soft foods in the assisted condition and underestimated for single-unit foods in both conditions. Misestimation was fairly consistent by participants’ race/ethnicity, education, and body mass index, to varying magnitudes.ConclusionsWomen with low incomes overestimated the amounts of foods and beverages consumed across several categories using online 24-hour dietary recalls with digital images to support portion size estimation. Assistance with ASA24 had little impact on accuracy.     

Reproducibility and relative validity of a food frequency questionnaire to assess intake of dietary flavonol and flavone in Chinese university campus population

Epidemiologic studies have shown that populations that consume more fruits and vegetables have lower incidences of some diseases. These health effects have largely been attributed to flavonoid intake and bioavailability. However, no published data on the estimated flavonol and flavone intake of Chinese adults are currently available. Considering reports that food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) have been shown to provide good measurements of energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes, we hypothesized that FFQ may be used to estimate intake of dietary flavonol and flavone. The two 7-day 24-hour dietary recalls (24-HDRs) and plasma levels were used as reference criteria. A total of 128 subjects each completed two 7-day 24-HDR and 2 FFQs, and 92 subjects donated 2 plasma samples. Pearson correlation coefficients and the agreement of quartile categorization between the FFQ and each reference instrument were conducted. Pearson correlation coefficients between 2 FFQs were 0.62 for flavonol and 0.65 for flavone and ranged from 0.48 (quercetin) to 0.63 (luteolin) (all P < .05). Pearson correlation coefficients between FFQ and 24-HDR were 0.62 for flavonol and 0.68 for flavone and ranged from 0.36 (quercetin) to 0.63 (luteolin) (all P < .05). Between the FFQ and plasma samples, Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.52 for flavonol and 0.41 for flavone and ranged from 0.32 (quercetin) to 0.44 (kaempferol) (all P < .05). The complete and partial agreement by quartiles ranged from 70% to 89%. The findings indicate that administering FFQ is a reliable and accurate method of assessing dietary intake of flavonol and flavone.     

Comparison of the 24 h Dietary Recall of Two Consecutive Days,Two Non-Consecutive Days,Three Consecutive Days,and Three Non-Consecutive Days for Estimating Dietary Intake of Chinese Adult

The specific forms of 24 h dietary recall used by national nutrition surveys differ, such as two non-consecutive days and three consecutive days. However, it is unclear which form of 24 h dietary recall is more accurate in the Chinese population. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of 24 h recalls on two consecutive days (C2), three consecutive days (C3), two non-consecutive days (NC2), and three non-consecutive days (NC3) in estimating Chinese adult dietary intake. A total of 595 participants completed more than twenty-three 24 h recalls. The average of all completed 24 h recalls of each subject was defined as the individual’s true dietary intake. The dietary intake in the four scenarios of 24 h recalls was calculated using the within-person mean (WPM) method and National Cancer Institute (NCI) method and compared with the true values. Equivalent testing was used to evaluate whether scenarios NC2 and C3 were equivalent. Bias and mean bias were used as a measure of precision and accuracy, respectively. For the WPM method, the precision between the four scenarios was similar. For mean, the accuracy between the four scenarios was similar, yielding estimates that were close to the true intakes. However, for percentiles, the accuracy in descending order was scenario NC3, C3, NC2, and C2. Furthermore, the difference between two and three days was greater than that between consecutive and non-consecutive days. In most case, the distribution of dietary intakes calculated from scenarios NC2 and C3 was equivalent with equivalence margins of 5% (p < 0.05). Usually, the NCI method was significantly more accurate than the WPM method. We concluded that three non-consecutive 24 h recalls relative to three consecutive days increases accuracy. Two non-consecutive days can be substituted to some extent for three consecutive days. The new form of 24 h recall needs to be used with caution when applied practically in the China nutrition surveys. Furthermore, using the NCI method to calculate dietary intake from 24 h recall may be a way to reduce costs and increase accuracy.     

Parent–Child Associations in Selected Food Group and Nutrient Intakes among Overweight and Obese Adolescents

Few studies have compared parent–child dietary intake among adolescents who are overweight or obese. The purpose of our study was to determine the relationship between parent–teen intake of selected dietary components among this sample. Baseline data from 165 parent and adolescent (aged 11 to 16 years) pairs who presented for a lifestyle behavior modification intervention were collected between 2010 and 2012. Parent and adolescent dietary intake (servings of fruits and vegetables [F/V]; grams of sugar; and percent energy from total fat, saturated fat, dessert/treats, sugar-sweetened beverages, and snacks) was assessed using web-based 24-hour dietary recalls. Multivariable linear and negative binomial regression models identified associations between parent and child dietary intake adjusting for relevant covariates. A large proportion of adolescents and parents did not meet dietary recommendations for F/V, total fat, and saturated fat. Parent–adolescent intake of F/V, total fat, saturated fat, sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, and snacks were positively associated (r=0.19 to 0.37). No relationship was observed for dessert/treats. In multivariate models, significant interaction effects suggest that the parent–child association in diet was weaker for fat intake among parents with higher educational attainment (b=–.31; P<0.05) and for snacking among adolescent boys (b=–.30; P<.05). Parent intake of several dietary components important for good health, and related to obesity, was associated with adolescent intake. Helping parents improve their diet may promote improvements in their adolescent's diet and is a potential target for interventions designed to increase healthy eating among adolescents.     

Detailed analysis of binges in obese women with binge eating disorder: Comparisons using multiple methods of data collection

OBJECTIVE: This study compares multiple methods of assessing food intake in obese women with binge eating disorder (BED). METHOD: Twelve women meeting BED criteria completed six random 24-hour dietary recalls, engaged in a laboratory binge eating episode, and completed the EDE interview. RESULTS: There was not a significant difference in total or macronutrient intake when binge eating episodes were assessed via the recall and laboratory methods. However, within-individual correlations were low for the size of different binge eating episodes collected by the two methods. Significantly more calories were consumed during objective than during subjective binges, and significant differences in macronutrient composition were observed. Meal patterning data collected by the EDE and the recalls were comparable. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest only moderate agreement between the methods that were examined. Future investigations with larger sample sizes are needed to examine the relationship among these different methods of assessing food intake.     

Dietary restraint and disinhibition do not affect accuracy of 24-hour recall in a multiethnic population

Some psychological predictors of eating behaviors have been shown to affect usefulness of methods for dietary assessment. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the association of dietary restraint and disinhibition with dietary recall accuracy for total energy, fat, carbohydrate, and protein. In a cross-sectional study, data were obtained from 79 male and 71 female non-Hispanic whites and African-American volunteers. Participants selected and consumed all foods for a 1-day period under observation and actual intake was determined. The following day, each participant completed a telephone 24-hour recall using the US Department of Agriculture Multiple-Pass method to obtain recalled intake. The Eating Inventory, which measures dietary restraint and disinhibition, was administered prior to eating any food in the study. Repeated measures analyses of variance were used to determine if dietary restraint or disinhibition were independent predictors of recall accuracy. The mean (+/-standard deviation) age and body mass index of the participants was 43+/-12 years and 29+/-5.5 (calculated as kg/m2), respectively. On average, men overreported intake of energy by 265 kcal and women by 250 kcal; both groups also overreported intake of protein, carbohydrate, and fat. When controlling for body mass index, sex, and race, restraint was a significant independent predictor of energy intake (P=0.004) and negatively correlated with energy intake (r=-0.23, P<0.001). Unlike intake of carbohydrate or protein, fat intake was significantly and negatively associated with dietary restraint (P<0.001; r=-0.3). Dietary restraint did not affect accuracy of recall of intake of energy, fat, carbohydrate, or protein, but was significantly associated with intake of energy and fat. Disinhibition was not related to intake or accuracy. Dietetics professionals should consider dietary restraint a possible reason for a lower than expected estimate of energy intake when using 24-hour recalls.     

Dietary assessment instruments for preschool children: reliability of parental responses to the 24-hour recall and a food frequency questionnaire

Nutrient intakes of preschool-age children were assessed with a 24-hour dietary recall and a 3-month food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Parents of 55 preschoolers (mean age = 4.25 +/- 0.59 years) completed the recall and FFQ on two occasions 1 week apart. The recalls and FFQs were analyzed for energy, cholesterol, protein, total carbohydrate, calcium, sodium, potassium, and saturated, polyunsaturated, and monounsaturated fats; each nutrient was expressed as raw value, value per kg body weight, and value per 1,000 kcal. Test-retest reliability estimates for the 24-hour recall indicated significant variability in reported total energy intake, but stable reports of intake were observed for one or all units of expression for polyunsaturated fats, cholesterol, protein, total carbohydrate, calcium, and potassium. The FFQ showed significant positive test-retest reliability estimates for all nutrients for all units of expression. Comparison of the recall and FFQ data showed similar percentages of intakes of energy from fat, carbohydrate, and protein and significant correlations for reported intakes of cholesterol, protein, calcium, and potassium. Comparison of the recall and FFQ data with recall data from a comparable cohort showed lower reported intakes for our sample, with the exception of protein, carbohydrate, calcium, and potassium. If validation studies are successful, the FFQ may be useful in epidemiological studies of preschoolers' intakes over extended periods. The recall may prove to be a useful tool in the assessment of day-to-day variations in macronutrient intakes.     

Healthy Eating Index-2015 Scores Among Adults Based on Observed vs Recalled Dietary Intake

BackgroundThe construct and predictive validity of the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) have been demonstrated, but how error in reported dietary intake may affect scores is unclear.ObjectiveThese analyses examined concordance between HEI-2015 scores based on observed vs reported intake among adults.DesignData were from two feeding studies (Food and Eating Assessment STudy, or FEAST, I and II) in which true intake was observed for three meals on 1 day. The following day, participants completed an unannounced 24-hour dietary recall.Participants/settingFEAST I (2012) included 81 men and women, aged 20 to 70 years, living in the Washington, DC, area. FEAST II (2016) included 302 women, aged 18 years or older, with low household incomes and living in the Washington, DC, area. In FEAST I, recalls were completed independently using the Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24-2011) or interviewer-administered using the Automated Multiple-Pass Method. In FEAST II, recalls were completed using ASA24-2016, independently or in a small group setting with assistance.Main outcome measuresHEI-2015 scores were calculated using the population ratio method.Statistical analyses performedT-tests determined whether differences between scores based on observed and reported intake were different from zero. FEAST I data were stratified by sex, and in FEAST II, analyses were repeated by education and body mass index (BMI).ResultsDifferences in total HEI-2015 scores between observed and reported intake ranged from −1.3 to 5.8 points among those completing ASA24 independently in both studies, compared with −2.5 points in the small group setting. For interviewer-administered recalls, the differences were −1.1 for men and 2.3 for women. In FEAST II, total HEI-2015 scores derived from observed intake were lower than scores derived from reported intake among those who had completed high school or less (−3.2, SE 1.1, P<0.01) and those with BMI ≥ 30 (−2.8, SE 1.1, P = 0.01).ConclusionsHEI-2015 scores based on 24-hour dietary recall data are generally well estimated.     

Dietary Intake and Severe Early Childhood Caries in Low-Income,Young Children

Evidence suggests that risk for early childhood caries (ECCs), the most common chronic infectious disease in childhood, is increased by specific eating behaviors. To identify whether consumption of added sugars, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and 100% fruit juice, as well as eating frequency, are associated with severe ECCs, cross-sectional data collected from a sample of low-income, racially diverse children aged 2 to 6 years were used. Four hundred fifty-four children with severe ECCs and 429 caries-free children were recruited in 2004-2008 from three pediatric dental clinics in Columbus, OH; Cincinnati, OH; and Washington, DC. Dietary data were obtained from one parent-completed 24-hour recall and an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess associations between severe ECCs and dietary variables. On average, children with severe ECCs consumed 3.2-4.8 fl oz more SSBs (24-hour recall=1.80 vs 1.17; P< 0.001; FFQ=0.82 vs 0.39; P<0.001) and reported significantly more daily eating occasions (5.26 vs 4.72; P<0.0001) than caries-free children. After controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, maternal education, recruitment site, and family size, children with the highest SSB intake were 2.0 to 4.6 times more likely to have severe ECCs compared with those with the lowest intake, depending on dietary assessment method (24-hour recall odds ratio 2.02, 95% CI 1.33 to 3.06; FFQ odds ratio 4.63, 95% CI 2.86 to 7.49). The relationship between eating frequency and severe ECC status was no longer significant in multivariate analyses. Specific dietary guidance for parents of young children, particularly regarding SSB consumption, could help reduce severe ECC prevalence.     

Validation of energy intake by dietary recall against different methods to assess energy expenditure

OBJECTIVES: To compare the validity of dietary recalls and physical activity recalls and investigate some factors influencing this validity. To provide an example showing how procedures based on recalls of physical activity can assess the validity of dietary recalls and identify subjects constantly underreporting their energy intake (EI). DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Thirty-seven women were studied using three 24-h dietary recalls, two kinds of physical activity recalls, indirect calorimetry and the doubly labelled water method. RESULTS: The EI obtained using dietary recalls were biased with respect to body mass index (BMI) and attitudes towards body weight and dieting, whereas results obtained using a physical activity recall were not. Eighteen women produced underreports (UR), i.e. their average EI was below 76% of total energy expenditure (TEE), whereas 24 women reported an EI that was lower than TEE on all three recall days, i.e. constantly underreporting subjects. A physical activity recall identified 13 URs and 20 of the constantly underreporting subjects. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to estimates of EI, TEE assessed using physical activity recalls was not biased with respect to BMI or attitudes towards body weight and dieting. Recalls of physical activity represent potentially useful procedures for identifying URs and constantly underreporting subjects but are not accurate enough for individuals.     

Comparison of the effectiveness of a telephone 24-hour dietary recall method vs an in-person method among urban African-American women

OBJECTIVE: To examine the comparative accuracy of telephone and in-person 24-hour dietary recall methods. SUBJECTS: One hundred eighty-five African-American females, aged 40 years and older, recruited from Sunday church services in Baltimore City, Md. METHODS: Participants were trained to estimate portion size with plastic food models and a 2-dimensional food recall booklet. Dietary intake was then assessed with 2 in-person 24-hour dietary recalls and 1 telephone 24-hour dietary recall, all using a computer-assisted, multiple pass approach. Results from the 2 in-person recalls were averaged and compared with the results from the telephone recall. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Cross-tabulation, paired t test, Pearson's correlation, chance-corrected agreement, and stepwise linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the telephone and in-person methods for any nutrient. Agreement between methods was moderate for all major dietary components, with corrected correlations between methods ranging from 0.26 to 0.97 (P<.001), and kappas ranging from 0.155 to 0.372 (P<.01). Levels of low-energy reporting were high (88% telephone, 91% in-person), though there were no significant differences between methods. CONCLUSIONS: The telephone 24-hour dietary recall method appears to be comparable to the standard in-person method among older African-American women. Portion-size training in person may make subsequent telephone dietary recalls acceptable in this population.     

Interindividual and intraindividual variation in repeated measures of 24-hour dietary recall in the elderly

While several studies have examined the validity of the 24-hour recall as a method for assessment of dietary intake in older people, none has examined the components of variability of dietary data obtained from the 24-hour recalls of older adults. The ability to detect differences in group means, and estimates of correlation and regression coefficients, are all reduced when intraindividual (within-subject) variability in a measure is large in comparison to interindividual (between-subject) variability. The present study considered the components of variance of four 24-hour diet recalls taken bimonthly, for 220 adults whose mean age was 72 years. Two components of variability were estimated for 23 nutritional variables: an interindividual (between-subjects) variance component and an intraindividual (within-subjects) variance component. The ratio of intraindividual to interindividual variance differed substantially as a function of the nutritional parameter being assessed. Methods are presented for determining the number of dietary recalls needed to keep the attenuation of correlation and regression coefficients within a specified level. Power calculations for the test of equal means in two independent groups are also presented.     

Consumption of Dried Fruits Is Associated with Greater Intakes of Underconsumed Nutrients,Higher Total Energy Intakes,and Better Diet Quality in US Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2016

BackgroundDried fruits are shelf-stable alternatives to fresh fruit that avert common barriers to consuming fruit. Consumption of dried fruits may facilitate greater fruit consumption and contribute to better diet quality and nutrient intakes.ObjectiveOur aims were to assess differences in diet quality and cardiometabolic health between dried fruit consumers and nonconsumers, and evaluate differences in nutrient intakes on days when dried fruits were consumed vs not consumed.DesignThis is a cross-sectional analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2016.Participants/settingMean dried fruit intakes were estimated in adults 20 years and older (n = 25,590) who completed a dietary recall. Dried fruit consumers (one-quarter cup-equivalent/day or more) were defined in respondents with 2 complete dietary recalls (n = 22,311). Within-person differences in nutrient intakes were assessed in respondents who consumed dried fruit on 1 of 2 dietary recalls (n = 1,233).Main outcome measuresCardiometabolic risk factors, diet quality scored using the Healthy Eating Index 2015, and nutrient intakes were assessed.Statistical analysesDiet quality and cardiometabolic health were compared in consumers vs nonconsumers using multivariate linear regression, adjusted for demographic and lifestyle factors. Within-person differences in nutrient intakes on days when dried fruits were consumed vs not were assessed using multivariate linear regression.ResultsMean ± standard error dried fruit intake was 0.04 ± 0.001 cup-equivalents and represented 3.7% of total fruit consumed. Consumers (7.2% of adults) had higher quality diets than nonconsumers (mean ± standard error Healthy Eating Index 2015 score = 60.6 ± 0.5 vs 52.6 ± 0.3; P < 0.001) and lower mean body mass index, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure (P < 0.01). Total carbohydrate, dietary fiber, potassium, and polyunsaturated fat intakes were greater on days when dried fruits were consumed vs not consumed (P < 0.001). Total calorie intakes were also greater (208-215 kcal; P ≤ 0.002) when dried fruits were consumed.ConclusionsDried fruit consumption is associated with higher diet quality and greater intakes of underconsumed nutrients. However, dried fruits do not appear to displace other calorie sources on days when consumed.     

Comparing Methods from the National Cancer Institute vs Multiple Source Method for Estimating Usual Intake of Nutrients in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latino Youth

BackgroundThe Multiple Source Method (MSM) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method estimate usual dietary intake from short-term dietary assessment instruments, such as 24-hour recalls. Their performance varies according to sample size and nutrients distribution. A comparison of these methods among a multiethnic youth population, for which nutrient composition and dietary variability may differ from adults, is a gap in the literature.ObjectiveTo compare the performance of the NCI method relative to MSM in estimating usual dietary intakes in Hispanic/Latino adolescents.DesignData derived from the cross-sectional population-based Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latino Youth, an ancillary study of offspring of participants in the adult Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latino Youth cohort. Dietary data were obtained by two 24-hour recalls.Participants/settingOne thousand four hundred fifty-three Hispanic/Latino youth (aged 8 to 16 years) living in four urban US communities (Bronx, NY; Chicago, IL; Miami, FL; and San Diego, CA) during 2012 through 2014.Main outcome measuresThe NCI method and the MSM were applied to estimate usual intake of total energy, macronutrients, minerals and vitamins, added sugar, and caffeine.Statistical analysesMean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values, coefficient of variation, variance ratio, and differences between NCI and MSM methods and the 2-day mean were estimated in several percentiles of the distribution, as well as concordance correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plot analysis.ResultsThe distributions of all nutrients studied were very similar between NCI and MSM. The correlation between NCI and MSM was >0.80 for all nutrients (P<0.001), except dietary cholesterol, vitamin C, and n-3 fatty acids. In individual estimations, NCI method predicted higher estimates and lower variance than the MSM. The lowest level of agreement was observed in the values at the tails of the distribution, and for nutrients with high variance ratio.ConclusionsOverall, both MSM and NCI method provided acceptable estimates of the usual intake distribution using 24-hour recall, and they better represented the usual intake compared with 2-day mean, correcting for intraindividual variability.     

24小时个人膳食询问法在中国营养调查中的应用

利用１９９１年中国健康与营养调查中家庭膳食称重法和２４ｈ个人膳食询问法结果的准确性，通过对８省的３５６３户中１３６０６名居民进行连续３天的２４ｈ个人膳食询问和家庭称重调查结果比较表明：在用全家称重法所得的食用油和其他调味品修正２４ｈ个人膳食询问结果后，两种方法平均每标准人日热能摄入仅相差０．３１ＭＪ，相对误差只有１％，蛋白质相对误差较大为５％，脂肪为３％。协方差分析比较除掉混杂因子的影响之后的标准人均每日几种营养素的摄入量，差别最大的是家中有客人的组，脂肪摄入明显较高。本研究说明，用全家称重法调查所得食用油的消耗量，对２４ｈ个人询问结果进行修正，调整了两种方法的差异，从而得到较准确的个人膳食及营养素的摄入水平估计。