替米沙坦片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究国产和进口替米沙坦片在健康人体的药代动力学并评价2制剂的生物等效性。方法20名健康志愿者单次、交叉口服替米沙坦片80mg后,用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定血浆替米沙坦浓度。用3P97药代动力学软件计算药代动力学参数。结果2种替米沙坦片在健康志愿者体内的药-时曲线均符合二室模型,2种制剂的主要药代动力学参数:Cmax分别为(944.71±376.08),(852.72±333.78)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(0.98±0.60),(1.28±0.65)h;t1/2β分别为(28.78±13.88),(25.83±9.25)h;AUC0-t分别为(4.14±2.44),(3.83±1.97)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(4.64±2.84),(4.17±2.22)mg·h·L-1。国产对进口制剂的平均相对生物利用度F0-t为(99.64±23.93)%,F0-∞为(97.97±26.20)%。结论国产和进口替米沙坦片剂为生物等效制剂。     

替米沙坦3种制剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较国产替米沙坦片及胶囊与进口替米沙坦片的相对生物利用度。方法:24名健康男性受试者采用3种制剂3周期随机交叉试验设计。反相高效液相色谱法测定单剂量口服80mg国产替米沙坦片、替米沙坦胶囊、进口替米沙坦片后的替米沙坦血药浓度。3P87程序计算药动学参数,AUC,cmax对数转换后进行方差分析并计算90%可信区间。结果:国产替米沙坦片、替米沙坦胶囊、进口替米沙坦片的主要药动学参数分别为:cmax(703±s209),(703±196),(707±202)μg·L-1;tmax(0.88±0.15),(0.91±0.18),(0.85±0.13)h;AUC0～84(17863±7223),(17995±7207),(17950±7616)μg·h·L-1;AUC0～∞(20587±7309),(20732±7129),(20960±7420)μg·h·L-1;MRT(35±5),(35±5),(36±6)h;t1/2:(25±4),(25±4),(26±5)h。结论:国产替米沙坦片、替米沙坦胶囊、进口替米沙坦片具有生物等效性。     

进口与国产尼扎替丁制剂在中国健康人体的生物等效性

目的　研究进口与国产尼扎替丁在健康人体的药代动力学,并评价2种制剂的生物等效性。方法　用双交叉试验设计, 20名健康志愿者口服国产尼扎替丁片剂和进口胶囊剂,服药后0~8. 5h内间隔取血,用HPLC法测定血药浓度。计算主要药代动力学参数,并以胶囊剂为参比制剂,计算尼扎替丁片剂的相对生物利用度,判断其生物等效性。结果　国产片剂和进口胶囊剂的体内药代动力学参数分别为:tmax为(1. 49±0. 48), (1. 38±0. 58)h;Cmax为(2319±511), (2408±572)ng·mL-1;MRT为(3. 08±0. 44), (2. 97±0. 46)h;t1 /2为(1. 55±0. 33), (1. 51±0. 21)h; AUC0-t为(6625±964), (6725±1078)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞为(6836±973), (6928±1114)ng·h·mL-1。尼扎替丁片剂的相对生物利用度F0-8. 5h为(99. 67±13. 93)%。结论　2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产酒石酸唑吡坦片剂人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究国产酒石酸唑吡坦片剂和进口酒石酸唑吡坦片剂的人体生物等效性。方法:采用高效液相荧光检测法,测定18例男性健康受试者单剂量口服10 mg国产和进口酒石酸唑吡坦片剂的唑吡坦血浆浓度。采用3p97程序对主要的药动学参数Cmax,AUC0-12h,Tmax进行统计分析。结果:国产和进口酒石酸唑吡坦片剂的Cmax、分别为(113．73±11．40)和(116．58±16．13)ng·mL-1,Tmax分别为(1．01±0．25)和(1．03±0．24)h,t1/2 ke分别为(3．02±0．29)和(2．92±0．42)h,AUC0-12 h分别为(413．81±61．64)和(434．0±62．20)ng·h·mL-1。2种制剂的Cmax,AUC0-12h和Tmax无显著性差异。国产酒石酸唑吡坦片剂相对生物利用度为(95．50±7．50)％。结论:国产和进口酒石酸唑吡坦片剂两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

齐多夫定胶囊在健康人体的药代动力学及生物等效性

目的评价国产和进口齐多夫定胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性。方法 20名健康受试者口服齐多夫定胶囊300 mg,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中齐 多夫定的浓度。结果 国产和进口齐多夫定胶囊的达峰时间tmax分别为(0．66 ±0．20)和(0．64±0．24)h;达峰浓度Cmax为(1990．15±737．48)和(2014．14± 691．80)ng·mL-1;AUC0-7分别为(2166．02±569．31)和(2218．53±696．20)ng ·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(2218．51±575．51)和(2272．68±695．26)ng·h· mL-1;t1/2分别为(1．58+0．46)和(1．57+0．43)h。国产齐多夫定胶囊相对生 物利用度为(99．74±20．82)％。结论国产与进口齐多夫定胶囊具有生物等 效性。     

国产替米沙坦片的人体生物等效性

目的　评价单剂量口服国产与进口替米沙坦片的人体药动学特性和生物等效性。方法　采用随机、交叉试验设计,2 0名男性健康志愿者单剂量口服80mg替米沙坦片,用HPLC -荧光检测法测定了体内替米沙坦的血药浓度。结果　口服国产和进口替米沙坦片的主要药动学参数分别为:T1/ 2 (2 0 9±6 5 4 )、(19 8±5 6 6 )h ;cmax(313 2±10 6 3)、(310 7±91 6 ) μg·L-1;tmax(0 98±0 35 )、(1 0 1±0 4 0 )h ;AUC0→48(14 98 0±5 72 2 )、(14 6 1 7±5 37 1) μg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞(1718 9±6 6 2 8)、(16 4 8 5±5 77 4 ) μg·h·L-1。经方差分析,国产与进口替米沙坦片主要药动学参数比较均无统计学意义。国产替米沙坦片的相对生物利用度为(10 2 8±13 4 ) % ,经双单侧t检验,2种制剂生物等效。结论　国产与进口替米沙坦片生物等效     

国产与进口替米沙坦片的人体生物等效性

目的 :评价国产和进口替米沙坦片剂的生物等效性。方法 :采用随机交叉试验 ,HPLC荧光法测定 2 0名中国健康男性受试者口服替米沙坦的血药浓度。药动学参数用 3P97程序进行计算。结果 :国产与进口替米沙坦片的主要药动学参数 :AUC0→t分别为 (2 381 2 0± 10 98 5 1)、(2 333 36± 114 5 75 ) μg·h·L-1;AUC0→∞ 为 (2 4 86 4 4± 1135 70 )、(2 4 4 0 35± 1190 37) μg·h·L-1;cmax为 (5 71 99± 36 8 2 7)、(5 30 97± 2 5 6 38) μg·L-1;tmax为 (1 15± 0 6 8)、(1 2 0± 1 6 0 )h ;T1/ 2 为 (19 0 8± 2 91)、(18 99±2 92 )h。国产替米沙坦片的相对生物利用度是 (10 4 2 9± 2 1 17) % (n =2 0 )。国产和进口替米沙坦片主要药动学参数经统计学(ANOVA)处理均无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;AUC0→t、cmax经对数转换后的双单侧t检验示无显著性差异。结论 :国产和进口替米沙坦片具有生物等效性     

国产与进口二甲双胍片剂人体生物等效性

目的 :评价国产和进口盐酸二甲双胍片剂的生物等效性。方法 :采用随机交叉试验方法 ,用HPLC法对国产和进口盐酸二甲双胍片在 2 0名中国健康男性受试者中的血药浓度进行了测定。药动学参数用 3P97程序进行模型拟合。结果 :国产与进口盐酸二甲双胍片的AUC0→t,AUC0→∞ ,cmax,tmax,T1/ 2 分别是 :(10 189± 2 743) ,(10 436± 30 0 4)h·ng·mL-1;(112 6 9± 30 77) ,(11486± 32 38)h·ng·mL-1;(16 5 0± 493) ,(16 2 4± 46 9)ng·mL-1;2 2 5 (1 5～ 3 0 ) ,2 0 (1 5～ 3 0 )h ;(4 34± 1 2 3) ,(4 70±1 0 8)h。国产盐酸二甲双胍片的相对生物利用度是 98 4 2 %。国产和进口盐酸二甲双胍片的主要药动学参数经统计学 (SPSS10 0软件的ANOVA)处理均无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。AUC对数转换后的双单侧t检验结果表明无显著差别。结论 :国产和进口盐酸二甲双胍片具有生物等效性。     

利培酮片人体生物等效性研究

目的：考察2种利培酮片在健康受试者空腹和餐后状态下的药代动力学参数,进行生物等效性评价。方法：采用开放、随机、两周期、交叉试验设计,空腹和餐后各48例受试者交叉服用受试制剂或参比制剂,LC-MS/MS检测血浆中的利培酮和帕利哌酮的浓度。结果：在空腹状态下,受试制剂和参比制剂利培酮的Cmax为（7.06±3.42）和（6.77±2.81）ng·mL-1,AUC0-t为（44.5±46.9）和（41.5±42.1）ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞为（45.4±47.9）和（42.4±43.2）ng·h·mL-1;帕利哌酮的Cmax为（4.20±1.59）和（4.13±1.51）ng·mL-1,AUC0-t为（117±29）和（116±30）ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞为（125±32）和（124±33）ng·h·mL-1。在餐后状态下,受试制剂和参比制剂利培酮的Cmax为（6.30±3.06）和（6.47±3.03）ng·mL-1,AUC0-t为（44.6±32.6）和（44.3±35.1）ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞为（45.5±32.8）和（45.0±35.5）ng·h·mL-1;帕利哌酮的Cmax为（4.24±2.08）和（4.20±2.14）ng·mL-1,AUC0-t为（121±36）和（118±34）ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞为（132±38）和（128±38）ng·h·mL-1。结论：空腹和餐后状态下,利培酮和帕利哌酮的90%CI均在80%~125%,2种利培酮片具有生物等效性。     

乙酰螺旋霉素对黄芩苷血药浓度的影响

目的:研究口服乙酰螺旋霉素对黄芩有效成分黄芩苷血药浓度的影响。方法:用HPLC-ECD方法测定乙酰螺旋霉素(333 mg·kg-1,ig,bid,3 d)和黄芩苷(34 mg·kg-1,ig,一次给药)合并给药组与黄芩苷(34 mg·kg-1, ig,一次给药)单独给药组大鼠的血浆黄芩苷浓度,比较二者的药动学参数。结果:乙酰螺旋霉素和黄芩苷合并给药组大鼠黄芩苷血浆浓度的Cmax=(785．84±401．23)ng·mL-1,AUC0-24h=(11 564．27±5 585．65)ng·h·mL-1;黄芩苷单独给药组大鼠黄芩苷血浆浓度的Cmax=(2 645．62±601．42)ng·mL-1,AUC0-24h=(28 952．90±5 731．42) ng·h·mL-1,两组药动学参数存在显著性差异(P<0．05)。结论:口服乙酰螺旋霉素严重影响黄芩苷的血药浓度,提醒临床医生和患者应合理用药。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.