应用解剖型假体隆乳治疗轻中度乳房下垂

目的探讨应用解剖型假体隆乳术治疗小乳症伴轻中度乳房下垂的方法及效果。方法对15例患小乳症伴乳房轻中度下垂者应用解剖型ST-410假体行乳腺下隆乳术，根据术后患者满意度判断手术治疗效果。结果15例乳房轻中度下垂者通过此方法均获得很大改善，患者均感满意。结论应用解剖型假体行乳腺下隆乳术可明显改善轻中度乳腺下垂。     

内窥镜下双平面隆乳术对小乳症合并乳房下垂的矫治研究

目的:研究内窥镜下双平面隆乳术矫治小乳症合并乳房下垂的效果及安全性。方法:对42例小乳症合并乳房下垂患者在内窥镜下实施双平面隆乳术,对患者随访6个月～1年观察乳房矫正效果。结果:42例患者乳头上提(1.9±0.3)cm;术后乳房未下垂+Ⅰ度下垂比例高于术前(P<0.01);隆乳术总体优良率为92.85%;除了1例BakerⅢ级以外,其余均未发生并发症。结论:内窥镜下双平面隆乳术对小乳症合并乳房下垂矫治效果好,切口隐蔽,乳房形态自然、饱满。     

充注式乳房假体隆乳术的改进与体会

充注式乳房假体隆乳术在我国已较广泛开展，但其手术方式、麻醉方法和术中术后处理等方面，仍有许多可探讨之处。为此，作者对６１例１２１侧小乳症、轻度乳房萎缩、乳房下垂症等行充注式乳房假体隆乳术。术中采用腋顶皱襞切口，胸大肌下间隙置入，封闭式灌注加适量抗生素的生理盐水，放置负压引流术后穿紧身衣。改用肋间神经阻滞麻醉，加静脉内麻醉，效果良好、安全，受术者术后无痛苦记忆，使隆乳术更趋完善。６１例受术者中５５例外形满意、柔软、感觉良好，２例２侧乳头和乳房外侧象限有早期感觉减退，３例乳房假体位置偏高，１例因伴乳房下垂外形欠佳。作者认为，腋顶切口，封闭式灌注加有抗生素的生理盐水，术后引流及改良的麻醉方法，值得推荐。     

经乳晕上切口矫正轻度下垂乳房的隆乳术

目的 一次性完成隆乳并矫正乳房轻度下垂。方法 经乳晕上切口切除半月形皮肤，不切开乳腺置入乳房假体，将乳腺组织上移悬吊固定于胸大肌深筋膜。结果 23例乳房轻度下垂的小乳症患者术后乳房及乳头形态位置良好，乳晕切口瘢痕不明显，乳头感觉及勃起正常，结论 该方法隆乳同时矫正下垂乳房效果可靠稳定，创伤小，止血彻底，瘢痕不明显。     

乳房外上真皮乳腺单蒂瓣巨乳和垂乳缩小整复术

目的　探讨乳房缩小美容术保持乳头乳晕血运感觉的方法。方法　采用宋氏巨乳缩小术方法设计切口,以乳头乳晕上方及外侧真皮乳腺单蒂供应乳头乳晕血运和神经支配,完成乳腺整形。１９９６ 年１ 月～１９９８ 年１２ 月对１８ 例３０ 侧巨乳和１２ 例２２ 侧垂乳进行手术。结果　新乳房外形满意,乳头乳晕血运感觉保留好。结论　该法切口瘢痕小、乳头乳晕血运感觉良好,适合于不同轻重程度的巨乳垂乳,可作为乳房肥大或松垂的重要手术方法     

外侧上蒂式旋转乳房缩小成形术

目的:对女性巨乳症患者,采用一种矫正新术式,以达到乳房外形更加谐调完美的效果。方法:从1989年至2004年对26例52只女性巨乳症者,应用外侧上蒂式旋转乳房缩小成形术治疗。结果:术后随访26例患者6月至2年,乳房肥大下垂得到理想矫正,乳头勃起功能正常,未出现乳头乳晕感觉异常,切口瘢痕隐蔽不明显,整体外形美观。结论:通过该术式治疗实践,该法简单灵活、安全可靠、术后功能和形态满意。     

结合肿胀吸脂术的中央蒂乳房缩小术

目的 探讨一种新的乳房缩小术。方法 对9例乳腺肥大患者采用肿胀吸脂技术去除皮下脂肪，经环绕乳晕的内，外两个环形切口形成真皮帽，楔形切除乳腺后用“真皮帽”固定塑形。结果 术后乳房外形良好，天乳头乳晕坏死，切口皮肤皱褶于3个月内逐渐自然消失。结论 结合肿胀吸脂术的中央蒂乳房缩小术对于乳房中度肥大是一个简单，安全，有效的乳房缩小方法。     

经乳晕上切口矫正轻度下垂乳房的隆乳术

目的　一次性完成隆乳并矫正乳房轻度下垂。方法　经乳晕上切口切除半月形皮肤 ,不切开乳腺置入乳房假体 ,将乳腺组织上移悬吊固定于胸大肌深筋膜。结果　 2 3例乳房轻度下垂的小乳症患者术后乳房及乳头形态位置良好 ,乳晕切口瘢痕不明显 ,乳头感觉及勃起正常。结论　该方法隆乳同时矫正下垂乳房效果可靠稳定 ,创伤小 ,止血彻底 ,瘢痕不明显。     

经乳晕上切口矫正轻度下垂乳房的隆乳术

目的一次性完成隆乳并矫正乳房轻度下垂.方法经乳晕上切口切除半月形皮肤,不切开乳腺置入乳房假体,将乳腺组织上移悬吊固定于胸大肌深筋膜.结果 23例乳房轻度下垂的小乳症患者术后乳房及乳头形态位置良好,乳晕切口瘢痕不明显,乳头感觉及勃起正常.结论该方法隆乳同时矫正下垂乳房效果可靠稳定,创伤小,止血彻底,瘢痕不明显.     

男性乳房发育症的肿胀双环单蒂缩乳术

目的 探讨男性乳房发育症肿胀双环单蒂缩乳整形术式。方法 5年来采用肿胀局麻技术、乳房双环形切口、乳头乳晕外上真皮乳腺单蒂、乳房缩小术治疗男性乳房发育症，共42例80侧乳房。方法 每侧乳房切除100－500g组织，无乳头、乳晕坏死等并发症。随访3－48个月，除乳晕切口处有轻度瘢痕增生、边缘不整齐外，余无异常，效果较为满意。结论 肿胀局麻技术下乳房双环形切口、乳头、乳晕外上真皮乳腺单蒂、乳房缩小术治疗男性乳房发育症，操作简便，安全，损伤轻，出血少，恢复快。     

The use of a combined technique in reduction mammaplasty (inferior pyramidal and superior glandular techniques)

The management of mammary hypertrophy is a developing process. The common surgical options for reduction mammaplasty include amputation with free nipple graft as well as the bipedicled, inferior pedicle and vertical pedicle techniques. All techniques are used widely. Disadvantages of these procedures include nipple areola necrosis, insensitivity, hypopigmentation, and poor breast projection. Even with the standard modifications of the original techniques, the resultant breast and nipple may be wide and flat. The purpose of this study was to assess whether combined inferior pyramidal pedicle and superior glandular pedicle reduction mammaplasty can optimize nipple and breast projection. Attention will focus on the viability and sensation of the nipple areola complex. Nine patients with mammary hypertrophy were studied. The change in nipple position ranged from 7 to 13 cm. The amount of tissue removed from each breast ranged from 500 to 1150 g. Nipple/areola sensation was retained in all cases with the exception of one breast. Nipple/areola necrosis or hypopigmentation were not observed. Optimal central breast projection was maintained in all patients, and postoperative evaluation was carried out at 12 and 22 months. The patient satisfaction was very high.     

The devil's incision mammoplasty

Combination of an oblique ellipse with a halfmoon incision around the lower half of the areola is presented by the author to treat breast hypotrophy and moderate ptosis without resorting to implant of foreign material. The crescent combined with an oblique ellipse forms a little devil's figure. A deepidermized dermafat flap, with blood supply coming from the areolar area, increases the apparent volume of the breast. This technique is best used in cases of moderate ptosis in which no change in the position of the nipple is necessary. When there is hypertrophy, excess mammary tissue can be removed simultaneously with the cutaneous ellipse.     

Breast Asymmetries: A Brief Review and Our Experience

The authors describe their personal experience with the management of mammary asymmetries. A review of their database from January 1998 to January 2005 identified 177 patients with idiopathic breast asymmetries. All these cases had been classified previously into six groups. Bilateral asymmetric hypertrophy and unilateral hypertrophy were treated with reduction mammaplasty. Unilateral hypertrophy with amastia or hypoplasia of the contralateral side was managed with reduction and augmentation mammaplasty. Unilateral amastia or hypoplasia (Poland’s syndrome) was treated with a single monopedicle transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap, and asymmetric bilateral hypoplasia was managed with augmentation mammaplasty. Unilateral mammary ptosis was treated with mastopexy and augmentation mammaplasty. The proposed classification, derived from the authors’ experience in this field, gives an idea of how they usually treat these patients. It is useful for a first evaluation, but after that, every treatment must always be individualized on a patient-by-patient basis.     

两种乳晕切口在隆乳术中的应用探讨

目的：比较两种经乳晕不同切口行乳房假体隆乳术的效果。方法：2007年1月～2008年1月期间,28例女性就医者接受经乳晕路径假体隆乳术。随机分为两组,其中A组11例采用乳晕缘下半环切口入路,B组17例采用绕乳头基底部纵行乳晕切口入路。并对两种手术方法及术后6～12个月的随访进行了总结。结果：绕乳头基底部乳晕切口易于假体置入,手术操作灵活方便,保留乳房外形效果更好,术后乳晕部的剥离范围内感觉障碍较轻微,乳头感觉良好,切口瘢痕更加隐蔽。所有就医者于术后接受随访均感满意。结论：和常规经乳晕缘切口相比,绕乳头基底部纵行乳晕切口入路有较多的优点,在美学方面有明显优势,此方法值得在临床上推广应用。     

Nipple reduction �C An adjunct to augmentation mammaplasty

Nipple hypertrophy is an occasional deformity in Asians and a rare one in Caucasians. Lately, it has been showing up more often in plastic surgeons’ offices across North America and elsewhere, owing to the influx of Asian immigration worldwide, as well as to the rising interest in esthetic surgery among Asian communities.A simplified technique for nipple reduction is described herein. It is very easy to execute, delivers accurate results and is extremely safe. It tackles both the excessive ‘projection’ and the less frequent excessive ‘width’ of the nipple. It may be used separately or incorporated as an adjunct to mammary augmentation or mastopexy. Excellent esthetic results are obtained, while both the nipple innervation and its lactiferous ducts are preserved. The patient’s and surgeon’s satisfaction is high.     

Safety and efficacy of contra-lateral breast reduction for women with mammary hypertrophy undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer

Women with mammary hypertrophy undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer suffer disability because of disproportionate asymmetry. The case notes of all women with mammary hypertrophy undergoing mastectomy and immediate contra-lateral reduction mammaplasty for primary breast cancer from February 2001 to December 2008 were reviewed. Thirty-three women were identified of whom twenty-seven underwent inferior pedicle reduction mammaplasty and six inferior dermoglandular pedicle reduction with free nipple graft. The duration of surgery ranged from 75 to 146 (median 110) minutes. Between 475 and 2350 (median 1090) grams of breast tissue was excised from the contra-lateral breast. No immediate or delayed complications were observed and there were no delays in commencing adjuvant therapy. Immediate contra-lateral breast reduction in women with mammary hypertrophy undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer is safe and effective means of reducing the physical, psychological and cosmetic problems associated with unilateral mammary hypertrophy following mastectomy.     

Viability and sensation of the nipple-areolar complex after reduction mammaplasty

Reduction mammaplasty with nipple-areolar transposition on a medial pedicle was designed as an alternative to amputation and free nipple graft for women with severe mammary hypertrophy. The purpose of this study was to review the viability and sensory outcome of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) in 72 women (133 breasts) after medial pedicle and inferior pedicle reduction mammaplasty between 1996 and 2000. The medial pedicle was used for 41 women (79 breasts) with moderate to severe mammary hypertrophy. An inferior pedicle was used for 31 women (54 breasts) with mild to moderate mammary hypertrophy. Mean follow-up for all patients was 25 months. Total sensation of the NAC was obtained in 68 of 79 breasts (86%) after medial pedicle reduction mammaplasty and in 50 of 54 breasts (92%) after inferior pedicle reduction mammaplasty. Total viability of the NAC occurred in 74 of 79 breasts (94%) after medial pedicle reduction mammaplasty and in 53 of 54 breasts (98%) after inferior pedicle reduction mammaplasty. Quantitative sensory testing of the NAC using the pressure-specified sensory device demonstrated that static and moving sensory thresholds of the NAC are lowest in the inferior pedicle group followed by the control group and the medial pedicle group. It can be concluded from this study that the medial and inferior pedicle techniques are capable of supporting vascularity and innervation to the NAC. The medial pedicle technique for severe mammary hypertrophy is a good alternative to free nipple grafting. The amount of breast tissue removed does not correlate with sensory outcome for both inferior and medial pedicle techniques. The pressure-specified sensory device is an excellent means of assessing sensory outcome.     

乳腺基底部纤维组织松解矫正原发性乳头内陷

目的探索一种避免乳腺管损伤,矫正原发性乳头内陷的新术式。方法通过对乳晕切口胸大肌前假体置入隆乳术的患者,术后乳头内陷自动治愈的观察所得启示,笔者采用了在乳腺基底部松解挛缩牵拉乳头的纤维结缔组织的方法矫正原发性乳头内陷。手术操作部位远离乳腺管集中的部位,避免了乳腺管损伤,使乳头内陷矫正后保留其乳管功能。结果本组患者8例15侧,均为原发性乳头内陷且未生育的女性。术后乳头外形美观,感觉与勃起功能正常,随访5例已生育的受术者,均能正常哺乳。结论采用乳腺基底部纤维组织松解矫正原发性乳头内陷,手术操作简单、安全,效果明显,并保留其乳腺管功能,降低了乳头内陷矫正手术的复发率。