2017年江苏省疟疾诊断参比实验室样本检测结果分析

目的 分析2017年江苏省疟疾诊断参比实验室样本检测结果,为巩固江苏省疟疾诊断水平提供科学依据。方法 由江苏省疟疾诊断参比实验室收集2017年疟疾网报病例诊断结果和样本;对每份病例样本分别采用镜检、核酸检测复核和疟疾快速诊断试纸条（RDT）检测;比较分析不同地区和不同疟原虫虫种样本检测结果符合情况。结果 2017年江苏省共有疟疾网报病例242例,经复核确定疟疾病例共239例,其中恶性疟163例、间日疟21例、三日疟11例、卵形疟43例、恶性疟和卵形疟原虫混合感染1例。13个设区市疟疾网报病例的诊断符合率均＞80%,总符合率为88.8%;恶性疟原虫、间日疟原虫、三日疟原虫、卵形疟原虫检测符合率分别为98.8%、57.1%、63.6%、81.4%,RDT对4种疟原虫感染检出率分别为95.7%、85.0%、63.6%、79.1%。结论 2017年江苏省疟疾网报病例诊断质量总体较高,对非恶性疟人体疟原虫的虫种鉴别能力有待提高,RDT对非恶性疟人体疟原虫感染检测效果不理想。在当前消除疟疾阶段,应加强和保持各部门的疟疾诊断能力。     

2011-2018年山东省淄博市"三热"病人疟原虫血片质量分析

目的　分析山东省淄博市“三热”病人疟原虫血片质量,为制订和调整该市消除疟疾后监测策略和措施提供科学依据。方法　对2011—2018年淄博市市级镜检站复核的全部“三热”病人疟原虫阴性血片和辖区内全部阳性血片进行复核,对血片制作、染色、清洁度以及复核结果进行分析。结果　2011—2018年淄博市市级镜检站共复核疟原虫阴性血片2 141张,阳性血片39张。阴性血片制片合格率为99.44%,染色合格率为97.62%,清洁度合格率为93.65%,复核一致率为100%,未发现漏检;复核阳性血片39张,血片制片合格率为46.15%,染色合格率为61.54%,清洁度合格率为76.92%,复核一致率为97.44%,其中虫种分型错误1张。淄博市各区（县）血片制作合格率和染色合格率差异均有统计学意义（P值均 ＜ 0.05）,血片清洁度合格率差异无统计学意义（[χ2] = 13.72,P > 0.05）;2011—2018年淄博市各年度血片制作、染色和清洁度合格率差异均有统计学意义（P值均＜ 0.05）。结论　淄博市各区（县）血片质量较高,但市级血片质量有待提高。今后应进一步加强基层疟原虫镜检培训力度和血涂片质量控制,促进血片质量不断提高,以保证疟疾消除后监测阶段疟原虫镜检能力     

2014年常州市“三热”病人疟原虫检测血涂片质量分析

目的 目的 了解常州市 “三热” 病人疟原虫检测血涂片制作质量, 为消除疟疾后的监测提供技术保障。方法 方法 抽取 2014年常州市各市 （区） 不少于3%的已检 “三热” 病人疟原虫检测阴性血涂片和全部阳性血涂片, 市级疟疾镜检站对血涂 片的制作、 染色、 清洁度和镜检结果进行复核, 并对复核结果进行统计分析。结果 结果 共复核阴性血涂片996张, 复核率为 4.52%, 血涂片制作、 染色、 清洁度合格率分别为92.87%、 93.27%和94.48%; 复核阳性血涂片34张, 未发现误检和漏检。7 个市 （区） 血涂片制作、 染色合格率均在90%以上; 除戚墅堰区清洁度合格率为81.36%外, 其他市 （区） 均＞90%。一级、 二 级、 三级医院血涂片制作、 染色、 清洁度合格率均＞90%。血涂片质量缺陷以沉渣、 血膜制作不规范及厚膜脱落为主, 分 别占25.91%、 21.76%和19.17%。结论 结论 常州市各市 （区） 疟原虫血涂片质量较好, 今后要进一步加强培训和指导, 以保证 消除后监测阶段的疟原虫镜检能力。     

云南省10州（市）消除疟疾考核评估镜检 和血片复核结果分析

［摘要］　目的 了解通过省级消除疟疾考核评估的云南省10个州（市）检验人员血片制作水平和镜检能力,为消除疟疾监测和疟原虫检测提供依据。方法 在云南省通过省级消除疟疾考核评估的10个州（市）,每个州（市）随机抽取30张阴性血片进行血片涂制质量、染色质量、清洁度和结果判定复核;随机抽取每州（市）及所辖2个县（区）医院和疾病预防控制中心4名检验人员进行疟原虫显微镜检查技能考核,并对考核结果进行统计分析。结果 共复检阴性血片869张,复检符合率为100%,其中血片涂制质量、染色质量和清洁度好和中等级血片分别占96.09%、91.71%和96.89%;镜检技能考核共镜检读片576张,正确率为87.67%,其中间日疟原虫、恶性疟原虫和混合感染血片镜检读片正确率分别为87.76%、87.50%和47.62%,镜检人员对不同疟原虫虫种的检测能力差异有统计学意义（[χ2] = 37.169,P < 0.05）,来自疾病预防控制中心、医院和卫生院的镜检人员对疟原虫的检测能力差异无统计学意义（[χ2] = 2.782,P > 0.05）,来自州（市）级、县（区）级和乡（镇）级机构的检验人员疟原虫镜检能力差异无统计学意义（[χ2] = 0.358,P > 0.05）。结论 云南省10个州（市）疟原虫血片制作和镜检技能考核已达到省级消除疟疾考核评估中的指标要求,但还需进一步提高各级医疗卫生机构检验人员的疟原虫血片制作和镜检技能。     

云南省10州（市）消除疟疾考核评估镜检 和血片复核结果分析

［摘要］　目的 了解通过省级消除疟疾考核评估的云南省10个州（市）检验人员血片制作水平和镜检能力，为消除疟疾监测和疟原虫检测提供依据。方法 在云南省通过省级消除疟疾考核评估的10个州（市），每个州（市）随机抽取30张阴性血片进行血片涂制质量、染色质量、清洁度和结果判定复核；随机抽取每州（市）及所辖2个县（区）医院和疾病预防控制中心4名检验人员进行疟原虫显微镜检查技能考核，并对考核结果进行统计分析。结果 共复检阴性血片869张，复检符合率为100%，其中血片涂制质量、染色质量和清洁度好和中等级血片分别占96.09%、91.71%和96.89%；镜检技能考核共镜检读片576张，正确率为87.67%，其中间日疟原虫、恶性疟原虫和混合感染血片镜检读片正确率分别为87.76%、87.50%和47.62%，镜检人员对不同疟原虫虫种的检测能力差异有统计学意义（[χ2] = 37.169，P < 0.05），来自疾病预防控制中心、医院和卫生院的镜检人员对疟原虫的检测能力差异无统计学意义（[χ2] = 2.782，P > 0.05），来自州（市）级、县（区）级和乡（镇）级机构的检验人员疟原虫镜检能力差异无统计学意义（[χ2] = 0.358，P > 0.05）。结论 云南省10个州（市）疟原虫血片制作和镜检技能考核已达到省级消除疟疾考核评估中的指标要求，但还需进一步提高各级医疗卫生机构检验人员的疟原虫血片制作和镜检技能。     

2012-2014年云南省疟疾实验室诊断质量分析

目的分析云南省的省、县两级实验室疟疾镜检诊断质量及影响因素。方法 2012年8月-2014年10月,云南省各疫情报送单位采集镜检确诊为疟疾的患者血样,制作血涂片和滤纸血送至省级疟疾参比实验室进行镜检和基因检测,并统计分析省、县两级实验室疟疾诊断的符合性。结果 2012年8月-2014年10月云南省的72个县镜检确诊疟疾病例1 400例,其中恶性疟、间日疟和未分型疟疾分别占18.4%(252/1 400)、79.3%(1 105/1 400)和3.1%(43/1 400),未分型疟疾比例最高为2012年的3.5%(9/257)。2012年云南各县与省级疟疾参比实验室疟原虫镜检结果的虫种符合率为70.1%(845/1 216),为2012-2014年期间的最低水平,血片疟原虫阳性符合率为77.6%(943/1 216)。各县的疟原虫镜检结果与省级实验室基因检测的虫种符合率、阳性符合率也是2012年最低,分别为81.3%(150/185)和85.0%(157/185)。省级实验室镜检与基因检测结果的不符合率为8.7%(97/1 120),不符合类型中以镜检阴性而基因检测为恶性疟原虫、间日疟原虫或恶性疟/间日疟原虫混合感染为主,占57.7%(56/97)。各县采集疟疾病例血样的覆盖率最低为2012月11月的46.9%(82/175)。2012-2014年全省血涂片制作质量得分分别为69.8、70.4和78.8(P0.05)。结论 2013年后除个别县外,云南省的县级疟疾实验室诊断各环节的工作质量均显著提高。     

武汉市东西湖区疟原虫镜检能力建设分析

目的对武汉市东西湖区医疗卫生机构疟原虫镜检能力建设情况进行调查分析,为实现消除疟疾目标及今后疟疾防治工作提供科学依据。方法收集2010-2015年东西湖区15家疟原虫镜检站硬件设施情况以及镜检人员基本信息,并进行统计分析;此外,对该阶段全区阴性血片制作、染色、清洁度合格情况进行评价,对阳性血片进行复核。结果 15家疟疾镜检站有镜检人员28人,合格显微镜9台;一、三级医疗卫生机构镜检人员年龄以40~50岁为主,二级医疗卫生机构以20~30岁为主;一、三级医疗卫生机构镜检人员从事镜检工作年限多在15年以上,二级医疗卫生机构则多在10年以下;一级医疗卫生机构镜检人员学历以大专为主(占50.00%),二、三级医疗卫生机构以本科为主。2010-2015年全区共血检8 561例,复核阴性和阳性血片539张,符合率均为100%,血片制作、染色、清洁度平均合格率分别为82.08%、79.92%、83.33%。2015年血片制作合格率(χ~2=26.45,P0.01)、染色合格率(χ~2=16.85,P0.01)、清洁度合格率(χ~2=13.93,P0.01)均高于2010年。结论东西湖区疟原虫镜检能力建设已明显提高,但应进一步推进区内疟原虫镜检站人才梯队建设和硬件投入,坚持基层镜检质控考核工作,以保障疟疾防治工作持续健康发展。     

2017-2019年湖北省疟疾诊断参比实验室病例复核结果分析

目的　分析湖北省疟疾诊断参比实验室对网络报告疟疾病例的复核结果,为进一步提高全省疟疾防控水平提供科学依据。 方法　由湖北省疟疾诊断参比实验室对全省2017—2019年网络报告疟疾病例样本采用镜检和巢式PCR法进行复核,并分析病例和虫种等符合情况。 结果　2017—2019年,湖北省共有网络报告疟疾病例410例;湖北省疟疾诊断参比实验室共复核407例样本,确诊疟疾病例374例,总体疟疾诊断阳性符合率为91.89%（374/407）、虫种符合率为89.04%（333/374）;不同市（州）报告疟疾病例复核阳性符合率为50.00%～100.00%、虫种符合率为66.67%～100.00%,差异均有统计学意义（χ2 = 40.46、42.30,P均 < 0.01）;恶性疟原虫、间日疟原虫、三日疟原虫、卵形疟原虫复核虫种符合率分别为95.80%、100.00%、58.33%和51.92%,差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 76.66,P < 0.01）;镜检法与巢式PCR法检测结果一致率为89.83%（362/403）。结论　湖北省各级医疗卫生机构疟疾诊断质量总体较高,但部分地区诊断能力仍有待提高。     

2014年郴州市不明原因发热病人疟原虫血片制作质量分析

目的 目的 规范郴州市不明原因发热病人疟原虫血片制作质量, 为消除疟疾提供技术保障。方法 方法 按 《消除疟疾技 术方案 （2011年版）》 要求, 在2014年每月抽取郴州市各县 （市、 区） 不明原因发热病人疟原虫镜检血片, 其中阴性血片抽 取不少于3%, 阳性血片全部抽取, 疟疾镜检专家对抽取血片的制作、 染色、 清洁度和血检结果进行复核, 并采用描述性流 行病学方法对血片复核数据进行统计分析。结果 结果 2014年, 全市共复核血片231张, 复核率为6.91%, 血片制作合格率为 80.52%, 血片染色合格率为84.42%, 血片清洁度合格率为86.58%, 未发现误检和漏检。血片制作合格率、 染色合格率和 清洁度合格率最高的是桂阳县和临武县 （均为100.00%）, 血片制作合格率和清洁度合格率最低的是宜章县 （分别为 52.94%、 70.59%）, 血片染色合格率最低是永兴县 （63.64%）; 桂阳县与宜章县血片制作合格率和清洁度合格率差异有统 计学意义 （ χ2 制作 = 18.60,χ2 清洁度 = 9.73, P均< 0.01）, 桂阳县与永兴县血片染色合格率差异有统计学意义 （χ2 = 11.43, P < 0.01）。结论 结论 通过抽查复核血片质量, 及时发现血片质量问题, 可促进血片质量提升, 有助于消除疟疾目标的实现。     

2017-2019年上海市各区疟疾实验室检测能力分析

目的上海市疾病预防控制中心(简称上海市疾控)对各区疾控送检的疟疾病例血样进行复核,并对复核结果进行分析,为进一步提升各区疾控疟疾诊断水平提供依据。方法 2017—2019年上海市疾控通过镜检和疟原虫核酸检测(巢式PCR)分别对各区疾控疟疾实验室送检的血涂片和血样进行复核。以市疾控结果为标准,分析各区疾控疟疾实验室镜检和疟原虫核酸检测的符合率,以及核酸检测敏感性和特异性。并于2019年对各区疾控进行了一次疟原虫核酸检测盲样考核。结果 2017—2019年区疾控共送检疟疾复核病例样品232份,其中完整的样品225份(同时具备血涂片和血样),完整率99.1%(225/227)。225份完整的样品中,金山区占44.0%(99/225),静安区占15.6%(35/225),浦东新区占7.6%(17/225),虹口区占6.7%(15/225),青浦区和崇明区较少,分别为0份和1份,其余各区送样量均占比6.0%以下。225份样品中,区疾控与市疾控的镜检总符合率、阳性符合率和阴性符合率分别为96.0%(216/225)、 98.8%(170/172)和86.8%(46/53),疟原虫核酸检测的符合率为88.8%(103/116)。区疾控疟疾核酸检测采用实时荧光PCR (qPCR)法,敏感性为76.6%(85/111),与市疾控巢式PCR法87.4%(97/111)的敏感性差异有统计学意义(P 0.05);市区两级疾控的两种核酸检测方法的特异性均为100%。上述2种检测方法对225份样品进行综合评价,区疾控的符合率为96.9%(218/225);误判率3.1%(7/225),其中定性错误5份,定种错误2份。2019年,市疾控对区疾控进行的疟疾核酸盲样考核的总正确率为97.5%(78/80),其中恶性疟原虫样品的正确率为94.1%(32/34),与间日疟、卵形疟、三日疟原虫和阴性样品的正确率差异均无统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论 2017—2019年上海市各区疾控疟疾实验室的镜检能力较强,但疟原虫核酸检测的敏感性尚待提高。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.