无创正压通气在有创-无创序贯通气中的应用

无创正压通气(NPPV)在急、慢性呼吸衰竭的治疗中有良好疗效.急性呼吸衰竭患者行有创通气后,应用无创通气辅助呼吸进行序贯治疗,可缩短有创通气时间,减少与有创通气相关的并发症.本文将结合我们的经验对此进行综述.     

无创正压通气在有创-无创序贯通气中的应用

无创正压通气(NPPV)在急、慢性呼吸衰竭的治疗中有良好疗效。急性呼吸衰竭患者行有创通气后，应用无创通气辅助呼吸进行序贯治疗，可缩短有创通气时间，减少与有创通气相关的并发症。本文将结合我们的经验对此进行综述。     

无创机械通气治疗慢性呼吸衰竭患者的护理体会

无创正压通气（NPPV）是指无需建立人工气道的正压通气,通常经过鼻／面罩等方法连接患者。和有创机械通气一样,无创机械通气也能通过改善肺通气和肺换气功能降低呼吸功,对呼吸衰竭患者提供有效的呼吸支持。临床研究证明,部分患者应用NPPV可以减少急性呼吸衰竭的气管插管、气管切开及相应的并发症,改善预后。减少慢性呼吸衰竭患者呼吸机的依赖,减少患者的痛苦和医疗费用,提高生活质量。     

无创正压通气在严重急性呼吸综合征呼吸衰竭中的应用

临床实践表明，有23％～32％的严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）患者可能合并急性肺损伤和（或）急性呼吸窘迫综合征的呼吸衰竭，需机械通气辅助呼吸。应用低潮气量的肺通气保护策略进行有创机械通气治疗SARS呼吸衰竭已得到广泛认同。但无创正压通气（NPPV）的应用价值在国际上尚存争议。在SARS暴发早期，中华医学会出版的相关指南中推荐尽早应用NPPV以改善患者的缺氧状态。     

无创正压通气临床研究年度进展2021

无创正压通气（NPPV）是当代重要的呼吸支持手段,广泛应用于各种病因引起的急性、慢性呼吸衰竭及辅助慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的康复运动。本文通过Medline检索并综述2020年10月1日至2021年9月30日期间NPPV相关临床研究的文献。有关高流量氧疗及NPPV在新型冠状病毒肺炎中的应用现状、疗效及安全防护是本年度的研究...     

无创正压通气临床研究年度进展2023

无创正压通气(NPPV)是临床治疗各类呼吸衰竭患者的常用手段, 在急诊、普通病房及ICU等多个治疗场景均有应用。本文通过Medline检索2022年 10月1日至2023年 9月30日期间NPPV相关临床研究的文献进行综述。在NPPV治疗新冠肺炎相关急性呼吸衰竭(ARF)方面, 有研究指出地区经济对呼吸支持策略的选择存在较大影响;轻中度ARDS比重度ARDS患者更适合应用NPPV;NPPV在减低严重呼吸困难者的自发性肺损伤比高流量鼻导管氧疗(HFNC)和普通氧疗获益更大。在非新冠肺炎相关ARF方面, 有研究指出HFNC和NPPV治疗高碳酸性ARF患者的疗效无明显差异;更新版的HACOR评分和ROX评分预测低氧性ARF患者NPPV治疗失败的准确性较高。在NPPV辅助撤机方面, 提出了早期撤机序贯NPPV比传统撤机方法的患者病死率更低、NPPV联合主动湿化比HFNC显著提高撤机失败非常高危患者的撤机成功率、不同人群在撤机后应该选择不同的无创呼吸支持策略的观点。此外, 无创高频振荡通气的应用也在提高CO2清除率方面显现出一定的潜力。     

无创正压通气的操作

经口/鼻面罩行无创正压机械通气(noninvasive positive pressure ventilation,NPPV)早期主要用来治疗睡眠呼吸暂停综合征,近10余年来已广泛用于治疗多种急慢性呼吸衰竭[1-3]。研究证明,NPPV可以减少急性呼吸衰竭患者的插管率,缩短有创通气时间,降低住院费用[4-7]。医务人员应正     

无创正压通气技术的应用

机械通气是抢救呼吸衰竭等危重病患者重要手段之一。临床上根据患者与呼吸机连接方式，将机械通气分成有创和无创两大类。无创通气是指经鼻面覃（简称鼻罩）或口鼻面罩（简称面罩）等无创方式连接患者与呼吸机进行通气；有创通气则指经气管插管或切开等人工气道连接患者与呼吸机所作通气。近年来，无创正压通气（NPPV）技术取得了重大进展，并成为慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重期、急性肺损伤（Au），急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）、急性心源性肺水肿、心胸手术后等所致急性呼吸衰竭的一线呼吸支持手段。     

无创正压通气的临床研究进展

所谓“无创通气”国内外较公认定义指:不经人工气道(气管插管、切开)将机械通气输入肺的所有方法和技术,目前我国正在临床应用研究的NIV主要是指面罩进行的无创正压通气(NPPV)。1 NPPV在有创-无创序贯通气中应用序贯通气通常指急性呼吸衰竭患者行有创通气后,在未达到拔管、撤机     

有创-无创序贯正压机械通气治疗心脏病术后呼吸衰竭2例

经鼻(面)罩无创正压通气(NPPV)具有使用方便、创伤小和呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)少等优点.有创-无创序贯机械通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)等所致严重呼吸衰竭,可显著缩短有创通气时间,减少VAP等人工气道相关并发症,提高患者抢救成功率.我们采用有创-无创序贯通气,成功救治了2例脱机困难的心脏病术后呼吸衰竭患者,现报告如下.     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性呼吸衰竭

无创正压通气已经广泛用于慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的治疗,主要适应证包括呼吸增快、动脉氧分压下降、二氧化碳分压升高和呼吸性酸中毒,颜面部畸形、严重意识障碍、呼吸心跳停止以及血流动力学不稳定是其主要禁忌证。无创正压通气能够减轻呼吸肌负荷、减轻呼吸肌疲劳,具有降低患者病死率和气管插管率的作用。无创正压通气治疗时给予足够的压力支持和治疗时间是取得治疗效果的重要保证。     

Nasal positive pressure ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure. Difficult and time-consuming procedure for nurses

Intubation and mechanical ventilation are well-established techniques in the management of patients with acute respiratory failure; however, there are situations in which these procedures cannot be used safely for various reasons. A recently described noninvasive technique, nasal positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV), has been developed for home ventilation of certain patients with chronic ventilatory insufficiency. We hypothesized that NPPV could be used in selected patients in whom intubation and mechanical ventilation were clearly indicated, but not immediately possible, or even contraindicated. Six patients were treated with NPPV during an episode of acute respiratory failure and enrolled in a prospective study. We found that NPPV was successful in avoiding intubation, but only in the three patients suffering from a restrictive pulmonary disorder, whereas the procedure was unsuccessful in patients with obstructive disorders. Moreover, in every patient, acute NPPV was very time-consuming for the nursing staff: in patients with restrictive disorders, a nurse had to monitor a patient submitted to NPPV during 41 +/- 9 percent of the duration of ventilation and during 91 +/- 9 percent of the NPPV time in patients with obstructive disorders. We conclude that acute NPPV may be attempted in selected patients with acute respiratory failure, predominantly patients with restrictive respiratory disorders, but that this procedure is very time-consuming for nurses.     

Ventilatory muscle support in respiratory failure with nasal positive pressure ventilation

Long-term intermittent mechanical ventilation results in improvements in ventilatory performance and clinical status between ventilation sessions in patients with chronic respiratory failure. The application of intermittent positive pressure ventilation through a nasal mask (NPPV) is a simple, noninvasive method for the provision of chronic intermittent ventilatory support. We investigated the effects of NPPV on inspiratory muscle activity in three normal subjects and nine patients with acute or chronic ventilatory failure due to restrictive (four subjects) or obstructive (five subjects) respiratory disorders. NPPV resulted in reductions of phasic diaphragm electromyogram amplitude to 6.7 +/- 0.7 percent (mean +/- SEM) of values obtained during spontaneous breathing in the normal subjects, 6.4 +/- 3.2 percent in the restrictive group, and 8.3 +/- 5.1 percent in the obstructive group. Simultaneous decreases in activity of accessory respiratory muscles were observed. The reductions in inspiratory muscle activity were confirmed by the finding of positive intrathoracic pressure swings on inspiration in all subjects. With NPPV, oxygen saturation and PCO2 remained stable or improved as compared with values obtained during spontaneous breathing. These results indicate that NPPV can noninvasively provide ventilatory support while reducing inspiratory muscle energy expenditure in acute and chronic respiratory failure of diverse etiology. Long-term assisted ventilation with NPPV may be useful in improving ventilatory performance by resting the inspiratory muscles.     

2014~2015年度无创正压通气进展

无创正压通气(NPPV)在 COPD 急性加重(AECOPD)、急性心源性肺水肿(ACPE)、多种病因导致呼吸衰竭患者、需撤机患儿和婴幼儿中的应用呈稳步增长,而有创通气(IMV)使用有所下降,在“合适的患者”中应用 NPPV 作为一线治疗可获益,在有指征时,应及早应用。Meta 分析提示,对于 ALI/ARDS 患者,应用 NPPV 可降低气管插管率,对于急诊患者的院前治疗,支持早期应用 NPPV。部分研究结果支持在伴有慢性高碳酸血症的呼吸衰竭患者中应用较高强度的 NPPV 治疗,可降低病死率,能改善总体生存率、运动能力和生活质量评分。     

Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in Acute Respiratory Failure of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) has reemerged as an effective strategy for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). During acute respiratory failure, dynamic hyperinflation, intrinsic PEEP, and increased airway resistance result in a mechanical workload that exceeds inspiratory muscle capacity. NPPV provides augmentation of alveolar ventilation and respiratory muscle rest. Observational, cohort, and, more recently, randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the ability of NPPV to decrease the need for endotracheal intubation and decrease complications and mortality. NPPV performs better in COPD patients without significant comorbid illness. It should be initiated during COPD exacerbations if arterial pH is less than 7.35 or if the patient is severely distressed. Pressure support ventilation (10–20 cmH₂O) via face mask is likely the optimal technique and, when successful, results in rapid clinical improvement. Accepted for publication: 17 October 1996     

Noninvasive ventilation in the pediatric intensive care unit for children with acute respiratory failure

Noninvasive ventilation, a novel treatment to increase alveolar ventilation, is accomplished with either subatmospheric or positive pressure administered via an external interface. In adults with acute respiratory failure, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is superior to standard therapy in preventing intubation and reducing mortality. The role of NPPV in pediatric-age patients with acute respiratory distress is not as well established. Early case reports showed that NPPV treatment does acutely improve both the clinical manifestations of respiratory distress and respiratory gas exchange in children with respiratory distress. However, it is not clear whether NPPV in this setting can prevent vs. delay endotracheal intubation. Other uses of NPPV in the pediatric intensive care unit include the treatment of upper airway obstruction, atelectasis, and exacerbations of neuromuscular disorders, and to facilitate weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation. Successful use of NPPV in young infants with respiratory distress is impeded by the lack of suitable size interfaces, and the response characteristics of commercially available bilevel ventilators. Despite these challenges, NPPV is a promising alternate to standard therapies in the treatment of acute respiratory distress in the pediatric-age patient.     

Noninvasive ventilation and obstructive lung diseases.

The key role of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is well documented in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) since it may avoid endotrachal intubation in >50% of cases when used as the initial treatment. However, currently only minimal data is available to assess usefulness of NPPV in COPD patients on a long-term basis. Even if such studies are difficult to manage, there is clearly a need for prospective studies comparing long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) and NPPV in the most severe COPD in a large amount of patients and on a real long-term basis of several years. Two randomized prospective studies are being completed in Europe and the first preliminary results show that NPPV is associated with a reduction of hospitalization for chronic respiratory failure decompensation. The main beneficial effect of long-term mechanical ventilation in COPD patients with chronic respiratory failure implies a correction of nocturnal hypoventilation that could persist beyond the ventilation period because of a temporary improvement in carbon dioxide sensitivity that is often blunted in these patients. A synthesis from the literature suggest to consider NPPV for severe COPD patients who present with chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia and develop an unstable respiratory condition. Instability may be appreciated on a clinical basis and confirmed by a progressive worsening of arterial blood gas tensions, leading to frequent cardiorespiratory decompensations with ominous ARF episodes. NPPV should also be considered after an ARF episode successfully treated by noninvasive ventilation but with the impossibility to wean the patient from the ventilator. Thus, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation could be proposed as a preventive treatment in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with unstable respiratory condition associated with fluctuating hypercapnia before, during and after an acute respiratory failure episode, avoiding the need for a tracheotomy. Adjunction of noninvasive ventilation to exercise rehabilitation is under evaluation.     

无创正压通气在体外循环术后急性呼吸衰竭患者中的应用

目的:临床回顾性研究无创正压通气(NPPV)在体外循环术后出现急性呼吸衰竭患者中应用的安全性和有效性。方法:回顾2010-01至08我院在全麻体外循环下行心脏手术的患者(年龄>16岁)450例,术后全部顺利拔管,其中24例拔管后出现急性呼吸衰竭给予NPPV治疗,为NPPV组;拔管后未出现急性呼吸衰竭的患者426例为对照组。比较NPPV治疗前、治疗后1 h的氧分压/吸入气体氧含量(PaO2/FiO2)、心率、呼吸次数和动脉血酸碱度(pH),并用患者围手术期的临床特征作为参数来分析NPPV失败的预测因素。结果:NPPV治疗平均(12.33±11.97)h,NPPV治疗后1 h与治疗前比较,PaO2/FiO2明显升高,呼吸次数、心率明显减低(P均<0.01),差异均有统计学意义。所有患者均无NPPV相关并发症。NPPV失败的相关危险因素包括:NPPV治疗后1 h的PaO2/FiO2<200(P=0.043)、第一次机械通气时间(P=0.039)和肺炎(P<0.0001),其中肺炎是NPPV失败的独立相关危险因素(比值比16.000;95%可信区间1.996～128.289)。结论:体外循环术后患者拔管后出现急性呼吸衰竭,NPPV可以有效改善肺部氧合,减低再次气管插管的需要,但要根据病因选择病例。     

无创正压通气治疗Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭失败预测因素分析

目的探讨无创正压通气(NPPV)治疗Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭失败的预测因素。方法前瞻性收集首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院呼吸重症监护病房2004年1月至2009年12月应用NPPV治疗Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的临床资料,根据NPPV成功与否将患者分为成功组与失败组,比较两组患者的基础资料,在NPPV前、NPPV2 h后及NPPV24 h后的主要生命体征和血气分析等的变化以及不良反应的发生情况,分析失败原因并寻找失败的危险因素。结果共89例患者入选,其中16例患者NPPV失败。失败组NPPV前白细胞计数和中性粒细胞比例(N)显著高于成功组(P<0.05),血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白(ALB)、前白蛋白显著低于成功组(P<0.05)。与NPPV前比较,成功组pH、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)及心率(HR)在NPPV2 h后和NPPV24 h后均有显著改善(P<0.05);失败组pH和HR无明显变化(P>0.05),PaCO2在NPPV24 h后有显著改善(P<0.05)。但与成功组比,改善幅度缩小。排痰障碍致呼衰加重是NPPV失败的主要原因,失败组中有11例患者均因此给予气管插管。多因素分析发现,NPPV前N≥0.90、NPPV前ALB<28 g/L以及出现不良反应为排痰障碍为NPPV失败的高危因素。结论 NPPV可作为无绝对禁忌证的Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的首选呼吸支持方式。对于肺部感染较重、出现排痰障碍或营养状况较差患者,NPPV失败的危险性较高;对于在短时间应用NPPV后pH、PaCO2、血流动力学状况无明显改善或改善幅度较小患者,或Hb水平较低患者,NPPV失败的可能性也较大。     

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with respiratory failure due to severe acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: Patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) who require mechanical ventilation have high morbidity and mortality rates. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) delivered through a mask has become increasingly popular for the treatment of acute respiratory failure (ARF) and may limit some mechanical ventilation complications. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this retrospective, observational study was to evaluate our clinical experience with the use of NPPV in AP patients with ARF. METHODS: From 1997 to 2003, we documented clinical data, gas exchange and outcome of the 62 AP patients admitted to our intensive care unit. Patients who benefited from NPPV (success) were compared with those who failed (intubated). RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients were intubated at admission and 5 did not develop ARF. Of the 28 patients treated with NPPV, 15 were not intubated (54%). Both groups had a similar PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio (142 +/- 21 vs. 133 +/- 20; p = 0.127) and severity of illness (Ranson and Balthazar scores). Presence of atelectasis, bilateral alveolar infiltrates and abdominal distension were associated with failure of NPPV. Oxygenation improved and respiratory rate decreased significantly only in the success group. Additionally, the length of stay at the intensive care unit was significantly lower in the success group. CONCLUSION: NPPV is feasible and safe to treat ARF in selected patients with AP who require ventilatory support.