寄生虫对肠道菌群和宿主免疫功能影响的研究进展

摘要：寄生虫、肠道菌群和宿主三者之间存在错综复杂的相互作用,寄生虫感染宿主后不仅可以通过分泌物或排泄物直接改变宿主的肠道菌群,还可以通过调节宿主的免疫细胞和免疫器官的功能,进一步影响宿主免疫性疾病的发生和发展。本文综述了寄生虫感染对宿主肠道菌群的物种多样性和群落结构的影响,以及寄生虫感染对宿主免疫稳态和免疫性疾病的影响,通过探讨寄生虫感染对宿主肠道菌群的作用机制,以期为调控肠道菌群靶向治疗寄生虫病提供参考。     

人体寄生虫与肠道菌群相互作用的研究进展

人体寄生虫与人和哺乳动物肠道内的共生菌会发生一些重要的相互作用。肠道内寄生虫与肠道菌群的相互作用及产生的潜在影响已有较多报道,然而有些通常并不寄生在肠道内的寄生虫也会对肠道菌群产生影响。本文就人体肠道内和肠道外寄生虫对肠道菌群影响的研究进展作一综述。     

肠道菌群与缺血性卒中相关性的研究进展

《柳叶刀》杂志发表的一项关于全球疾病负担的系统分析表明,卒中于2017年已跃升为中国的首要死因[1]。我国70%的脑卒中为缺血性,为老年人群三大死因之一,也是导致成年人残疾的主要原因,造成沉重的社会负担。肠道菌群被证实与肥胖、糖尿病、高血压病、帕金森病、阿尔兹海默病等多种疾病密切相关[2]。众多研究发现,肠道菌群通过代谢途径和免疫反应作用于人体内环境稳态,影响卒中的发生与发展[3-5]。同样,缺血性卒中的发生引起机体免疫功能降低和肠道内环境改变,导致肠道菌群紊乱,影响卒中预后。因此,肠道菌群对于缺血性卒中的发生、发展及预后具有深远影响。     

医学蠕虫感染宿主的肠道微生物组学研究进展

寄生于哺乳动物和人类肠腔内的医学蠕虫与肠道微生物相互作用、相互调节,改变宿主肠道微环境的稳态与平衡,并影响疾病的发生、发展和预后。本文从肠道微生态、免疫反应及代谢反应等方面就医学蠕虫感染宿主治疗前后肠道微生物的研究进行综述,旨在为肠道菌群在寄生虫病的致病机制研究以及诊断治疗等方面提供新视角和理论依据。     

肠道菌群改善脑卒中后抑郁的研究进展

关于肠道菌群与健康和疾病的相关性研究是现代医学中动态发展的新领域,动物实验和临床研究强调了肠道菌群在探讨脑卒中后抑郁(PSD)发病机制和治疗的重要性。肠道菌群和大脑可能通过免疫系统、内分泌系统、迷走神经和炎症反应等多种途径相互作用,涉及短链脂肪酸等微生物代谢物,通过上述途径影响PSD预后发展。综述肠道菌群在探讨PSD发病中作用机制及调节肠道菌群对改善PSD的研究进展,探讨肠道菌群治疗PSD的可行性。     

吸烟对肠道菌群影响的研究进展

吸烟会导致肠道菌群发生改变。香烟烟雾中的有毒物质可以改变肠道菌群的丰度及多样性,其机制包括改变肠道菌群赖以生存的内环境、调节宿主病理、引起优势菌比例失衡等,导致肠道酸碱失衡、氧化应激及免疫系统破坏,从而引起肠道疾病及全身性疾病。本文主要综述了吸烟及香烟烟雾中的有毒物质对肠道菌群的影响,以期为控烟及相关疾病的防治提供参考依据。     

肠道微生态与胰腺疾病

肠道菌群作为人体最大的微生态系统,与全身各系统疾病相关。肠道菌群结构紊乱、细菌移位、影响宿主代谢及其毒性代谢产物参与胰腺疾病的发生、发展并影响预后,了解肠道菌群与胰腺疾病相关性有助于疾病的治疗。     

心肠对话:肠道菌群在心血管疾病中的作用

心血管疾病(CVD)是对人类健康构成极大威胁的一类疾病,其发生、发展往往受遗传与环境的多种因素影响。肠道菌群是人体内数目最大的菌群库,影响宿主的生理代谢,近年来肠道菌群与宿主间的相互作用逐渐受到重视。肠道微生物群在人类健康和疾病中发挥着重要作用,许多研究证实了肠道菌群及其代谢产物可从血脂异常、2型糖尿病、高血压、动脉粥样硬化、心力衰竭等多个方面影响CVD。因此,以肠道菌群作为CVD治疗靶点的方案值得探索。本文将对肠道菌群在CVD发病机制中的作用及通过调节肠道菌群治疗CVD的方法进行系统综述。     

肠道菌群代谢物在心血管疾病中的作用

肠道菌群在人体疾病的发生发展中具有重要作用。肠道菌群代谢宿主摄入饮食形成的代谢产物,穿透肠上皮屏障或以其他方式进入体循环,进而激活一系列信号通路影响宿主生理过程。肠道菌群代谢物多种多样,各种代谢物如何进入体循环影响心血管系统及其在心血管疾病中发挥作用的分子机制,目前已有大量研究报道。本文就几种常见肠道菌群代谢物在高血压、动脉粥样硬化及心力衰竭等心血管疾病中的作用和分子机制进行综述,为心血管疾病的治疗提供新的方向。     

肠道菌群与胰腺癌的相关研究进展

近年来, 人体内肠道菌群变化与胰腺癌发病的关系研究越来越受到重视。尽管肠道菌群与胰腺癌的作用机制和相互作用仍在不断探索中, 但直接和间接的影响已经被提出, 并且通过使用一些特征性肠道细菌群作为胰腺癌的预测和预后生物标志物, 正在打开新的治疗视野。本文概述了肠道菌群及其代谢物对胰腺癌发生、发展和治疗的影响, 以期为肠道菌群作为胰腺癌的诊断和预后标志物提供新思路。     

Microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. Irritable bowel syndrome

The intestinal microbiota interacts with several aspects of gastrointestinal function that may affect the expression or progression of disease. For example, a role for bacterial metabolism of bile acids and food has been linked to colorectal cancer development. Studies have also shown a potential role of the intestinal microbiota in the modulation of inflammation in the intestine and joints. Normal gut physiology is molded by the interaction between the intestinal microbiota and the host's gastrointestinal tissues, including motility, absorption and secretion, and intestinal permeability. Early studies in axenic mice demonstrated gross morphological abnormalities and gut motor dysfunction related to the absence of a normal microflora, raising the possibility that shifts in commensal bacterial populations could play a role in the development of altered motility states including functional disorders of the gut. This chapter concentrates on the experimental evidence for a role of intestinal microbiota and the potential therapeutic value of probiotics in functional diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome.     

Alterations of the gut microbiome and metabolome in alcoholic liver disease

Alcohol consumption is one of the leading causes of liver diseases and liver-related death worldwide. The gut is a habitat for billions of microorganisms which promotes metabolism and digestion in their symbiotic relationship with the host. Alterations of gut microbiome by alcohol consumption are referred to bacterial overgrowth, release of bacteria-derived products, and/or changed microbiota equilibrium. Alcohol consumption also perturbs the function of gastrointestinal mucosa and elicits a pathophysiological condition. These adverse effects caused by alcohol may ultimately result in a broad change of gastrointestinal luminal metabolites such as bile acids, short chain fatty acids, and branched chain amino acids. Gut microbiota alterations, metabolic changes produced in a dysbiotic intestinal environment, and the host factors are all critical contributors to the development and progression of alcoholic liver disease. This review summarizes recent findings of how alcohol-induced alterations of gut microbiota and metabolome, and discusses the mecha-nistic link between gastrointestinal dyshomeostasis and alcoholic liver injury.     

Change in gut microbiota for eczema: Implications for novel therapeutic strategies

Eczema is one of the most common inflammatory diseases, often constituting a lifelong burden for afflicted individuals. The complex interaction of host genetic and multiple environmental factors contribute to its pathogenesis. A relationship between maladjustment of gut microbiota and eczema has been brought into the light of day in most previous studies. In eczema preclinical models, specific intestinal microbial species have been demonstrated to prohibit or dwindle immune responsiveness, indicating that these strains among commensal gut bacteria may exert either a morbific or phylactic function in eczema progression. As such, oral probiotics can serve as a medicinal approach for eczema therapy. Given that relative scientific work is still at the early stage, only limited data are available in the field. New sequencing techniques have been fortunately performed to gain access to an extended research on the relationship between gut bacterial flora and human diseases. In the current review, we identified the role of intestinal microbiota in the development of eczema and how specific bacterial strains adjust the immune responsiveness in the midst of disease progression. Probiotics as an applicable treatment for eczema were evaluated in other threads as well.     

The role of gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity

Keeping a delicate balance in the immune system by eliminating invading pathogens, while still maintaining self-tolerance to avoid autoimmunity, is critical for the body's health. The gut microbiota that resides in the gastrointestinal tract provides essential health benefits to its host, particularly by regulating immune homeostasis. Moreover, it has recently become obvious that alterations of these gut microbial communities can cause immune dysregulation, leading to autoimmune disorders. Here we review the advances in our understanding of how the gut microbiota regulates innate and adaptive immune homeostasis, which in turn can affect the development of not only intestinal but also systemic autoimmune diseases. Exploring the interaction of gut microbes and the host immune system will not only allow us to understand the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases but will also provide us new foundations for the design of novel immuno- or microbe-based therapies.     

The role of the gut and microbes in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis

The intestinal microbiota is firmly implicated not only in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) but increasingly also in the development of inflammation at extraintestinal tissue sites. Significant clinical, genetic, immunological, and microbiological overlap exists between IBD and spondyloarthritis (SpA), which indicates that pathophysiological mechanisms are shared between these diseases and may center on the intestinal microbiota. Recently, culture-independent techniques have enabled the microbiota in health and disease to be described in increasing detail. Moreover, functional studies have identified myriad host effector and regulatory pathways that shape or are shaped by this microbial community. We consider the complex relationship between SpA pathogenesis and gut microbes, with a discussion of how manipulation of the gut microbiota itself may be a promising future target for SpA therapy.     

肠道微生物群组与肠道免疫的关系

人类肠道是一个生态系统,存在大量的微生物。肠道微生物群与肠道天然免疫及获得性免疫之间存在动态的相互作用,影响着肠道免疫系统的形成和功能。当这种相互作用中的一步或多步失效时,自身免疫性疾病和炎症性疾病就会发生。回顾肠道微生物群组与肠道免疫功能的关系,有助于提高微生物对免疫系统失调相关的肠道疾病治疗应用的认识。     

Dysbiosis in gastrointestinal disorders

The recent development of advanced sequencing techniques has revealed the complexity and diverse functions of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, alterations in the composition or balance of the intestinal microbiota, or dysbiosis, are associated with many gastrointestinal diseases. The looming question is whether dysbiosis is a cause or effect of these diseases. In this review, we will evaluate the contribution of intestinal microbiota in obesity, fatty liver, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome. Promising results from microbiota or metabolite transfer experiments in animals suggest the microbiota may be sufficient to reproduce disease features in the appropriate host in certain disorders. Less compelling causal associations may reflect complex, multi-factorial disease pathogenesis, in which dysbiosis is a necessary condition. Understanding the contributions of the microbiota in GI diseases should offer novel insight into disease pathophysiology and deliver new treatment strategies such as therapeutic manipulation of the microbiota.