miRNA-26a下调COX-2的表达对乳腺癌细胞增殖和侵袭的影响

目的 探讨miR-26a在乳腺癌组织和细胞中表达量的改变及其对人乳腺癌细胞增殖和侵袭的影响。方法 采用实时荧光定量PCR（Real-time PCR）法检测20例患者乳腺癌组织及对应的癌旁组织、人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、BT474及健康者乳腺细胞MCF-10A中miR-26a的表达,用Western bolt法检测COX-2的表达。MCF-7及BT474细胞分别转染miR-NC和miR-26a,采用Western blot法检测转染后细胞中COX-2的表达水平,同时采用CCK-8和克隆形成实验检测转染后细胞的增殖和侵袭情况。结果 miR-26a在乳腺癌组织中的表达明显低于癌旁组织（t=20.33, P=0.001）,在MCF-7和BT474细胞中的表达明显低于MCF-10A细胞（Dunnett t test I-J=-0.031, P=0.001）。COX-2在乳腺癌组织和细胞中的表达明显高于癌旁组织（t=18.01, P=0.002）和健康者乳腺细胞（Dunnett t test I-J=-0.028, P=0.000）。转染miR-26a后,乳腺癌细胞内COX-2的表达量显著下调。CCK-8和克隆形成实验结果显示,过表达miR-26a能明显抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖（F=6.032, P=0.013）和侵袭（Dunnett t test I-J=-0.21, P=0.037）。结论 过表达miR-26a可以通过下调乳腺癌细胞中COX-2的表达,抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖和侵袭。     

miRNA-210对人乳腺癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响

目的： 探讨miRNA-210（miR-210）在人乳腺癌组织中的表达及其对人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响。 方法： 收集2011年10月至2012年6月期间昆明医科大学第一附属医院20例乳腺癌患者组织标本,real-time PCR检测乳腺癌组织和癌旁组织以及乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231和正常乳腺细胞MCF-10a中miR-210的表达。采用LipofectamineTM 2000将miR-210 inhibitor转染至MDA-MB-231细胞中,通过荧光显微镜检测miR-210的转染效率,MTT和软琼脂克隆形成实验检测MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞周期和凋亡,Transwell法检测细胞的迁移、侵袭能力。 结果： miR-210在乳腺癌组织和MDA-MB-231细胞中的表达水平均显著高于癌旁组织和正常乳腺细胞（P<0.01）。miR-210 inhibitor成功转染MDA-MB-231细胞,转染效率为（88.29±2.98）%,转染miR-210 inhibitor后MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖和克隆形成能力明显减弱（P<0.05）,被阻滞于G0/G1期的细胞数明显增多\[（64.23±3.12）% vs （55.53±0.96）%,P<0.01\],凋亡细胞比例也显著增加\[（31.90±3.05）% vs （15.98±0.63）%,P<0.01\],细胞的迁移\[（291.00±43.12） vs （1137.38±83.49）个,P<001\]、侵袭\[（131.63±32.01） vs （647.88±31.20）个,P<0.01\]均受到明显抑制。 结论： miR-210在乳腺癌组织和细胞中过表达,转染miR-210 inhibitor后乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力明显减弱。     

miR-204对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

目的 探讨miR-204在人乳腺癌组织及MCF-7细胞中的表达水平及其对乳腺癌细胞增殖及凋亡的影响。方法 提取癌症和肿瘤基因组图谱（the cancer genome atlas,TCGA）数据库中浸润性乳腺癌的miR-204相关数据进行汇总,转染miR-204过表达病毒,筛选稳定转染细胞株并通过RT-qPCR检测转染率,MTT法检测过表达miR-204后乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的增殖情况,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况。 结果 miR-204在浸润性乳腺癌组织中的表达水平较癌旁组织明显下调（P＜0.001）,且与淋巴结转移和远处转移相关（P＜0.05）。过表达miR-204能够抑制乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的增殖能力（P＜0.05）;miR-204上调后,细胞凋亡率达到（34.7±1.9）%,细胞凋亡能力明显增强（P＜0.001）。结论 miR-204可抑制乳腺癌细胞增殖并介导细胞凋亡。     

miRNA-34a抑制乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、MDA-MB-231的增殖与侵袭

目的:研究miRNA-34a(miR-34a)对乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、MDA-MB-231的生物调控作用。方法:采用定量PCR检测人乳腺上皮细胞MCF-10A,乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7、T47D、MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-453、Hs578T中miR-34a的表达水平。通过miR-34a mimics分别上调MCF-7、MDA-MB-231细胞中miR-34a的表达水平,MTT和Transwell检测肿瘤细胞增殖能力、侵袭力等生物学行为的变化。结果:乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、T47D、MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-453、Hs578T中miR-34a处于低表达水平。通过miR-34a mimics上调MCF-7、MDA-MB-231细胞中miR-34a的表达后,细胞的增殖能力被miR-34a抑制（P＜0.05）,miR-34a对细胞侵袭有显著抑制作用（P＜0.05）。结论:miR－34a在乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、T47D、MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-453及Hs578T中低表达,miR-34a抑制乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、MDA-MB-231的细胞增殖和侵袭能力。     

lncBRM对乳腺癌细胞生长的影响及作用机制

目的  探讨Brahma相关长链非编码RNA （long non-coding RNA for association with Brahma,lncBRM）对人乳腺癌细胞系（MCF-7、MDA-MB-453）生长、迁移和侵袭的影响及可能的作用机制。方法 采用RT-PCR实验检测lncBRM在不同乳腺癌细胞（MCF-7、 ZR-75-30、BT474、MDA-MB-231和MDA-MB-453）和正常人乳腺上皮细胞株MCF 10A中的表达;利用siRNA在MCF-7、MDA-MB-453细胞中敲低lncBRM,分别转染si-lncBRM质粒（si-lncBRM组）和空载质粒（si-Ctrl组）,采用CCK-8实验检测细胞增殖情况,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况,Transwell小室实验检测细胞侵袭和迁移能力,采用Western blot检测迁移相关蛋白E-cadherin和N-cadherin的表达水平,并采用miRDB数据库预测lncBRM靶点。结果 lncBRM在不同乳腺癌细胞中的表达水平均高于正常人乳腺上皮细胞株MCF 10A （P<0.01）。si-Ctrl组比较,敲低lncBRM可抑制MCF-7、MDA-MB-453细胞增殖能力（P<0.05）,提高细胞凋亡率（P<0.01）,细胞侵袭和迁移细胞数目较少（均P<0.01）;同时E-cadherin表达明显上调,而N-cadherin表达下调（均P<0.01）。miRDB数据库预测发现lncBRM和68个miRNAs存在结合位点,敲低lncBRM导致评分最高的前5个miRNA中的4个（miR-4646-5p、miR-204-3p、miR-204-5p和miR-6832-3p）表达上调。结论 lncBRM可能通过调控miRNAs的表达而抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移并诱导其凋亡。     

miR-100抑制乳腺癌细胞迁移的作用和机制

目的:探究miR-100对乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231迁移能力的调节与机制.方法:Real time-PCR检测人正常乳腺上皮细胞MCF-10A和乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231中miR-100的基础表达水平.应用脂质体法将 miR-100 mimic及阴性对照分别转染乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231,通过real time-PCR检测转染后miR-100的表达水平,细胞划痕实验检测过表达miR-100对MDA-MB-231细胞迁移能力的影响,Western blot方法检测slug、snail和E-cadherin等EMT蛋白表达水平的变化.结果:miR-100在乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231中的表达明显低于人正常乳腺上皮细胞MCF-10A.转染miR-100 mimic的乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231的miR-100表达水平明显增高,细胞划痕实验显示过表达miR-100的MDA-MB-231细胞划痕愈合速度明显减慢.过表达miR-100的MDA-MB-231细胞E-cadherin蛋白表达水平明显增加,而slug和snail蛋白表达水平明显降低.结论:miR-100抑制乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231的迁移能力与其上调E-cadherin,下调slug、snail蛋白表达,抑制EMT有关.     

miR-206对三阴性乳腺癌细胞的增殖抑制作用及初步机制研究

目的 探讨miR-206对三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231增殖的影响及其作用机制。方法 转染miR-206 mimic和miR-NC至乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231中,应用实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）技术检测miR-206相对表达水平;应用MTT法、克隆形成实验检测miR-206对MDA-MB-231细胞增殖能力的影响;流式细胞术检测miR-206对细胞周期的影响;Western blotting进一步验证miR-206对周期相关蛋白CyclinD2的影响。结果 qRT-PCR检测结果显示,miR-206 mimic转染至MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞48h后miR-206的相对表达水平为10.2±1.5。MTT法检测结果显示,miR-206 mimic转染至MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞6、24、48、72、96h后的增殖抑制率分别为（0±0.01）％、（0.12±0.03）％、（0.21±0.08）％、（0.28±0.11）％ 和（0.39±0.16）％;克隆形成实验结果显示,miR-206 mimic和miR-NC转染至MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞2周后的克隆数目分别为106±35和843±143,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。流式细胞术检测结果显示,miR-206 mimic转染至MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞48h后,明显地阻滞细胞周期于G1期;Western blotting检测显示miR-206表达下调了细胞周期蛋白CyclinD2的表达。结论 miR-206明显抑制了三阴性乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231的增殖,其机制可能与下调细胞周期蛋白CyclinD2的表达有关,这将成为乳腺癌临床治疗一个新的靶点。     

微小RNA-148a抑制乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231迁移的作用机制

目的:研究微小RNA-148a(miR-148a)在乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231中的表达,探讨上调miR-148a的表达对其迁移的影响及机制.方法:采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测正常乳腺上皮细胞MCF-10A和乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231中miR-148a的表达水平.应用脂质体法将miR-148a mimic及阴性对照分别转染MDA-MB-231细胞,qRT-PCR检测转染效率;细胞划痕实验检测转染前后MDA-MB-231细胞迁移能力的变化;Western blot方法检测上皮间质转化(EMT)相关蛋白Slug、Snail和E-cadher-in表达水平的变化.结果:与MCF-10A细胞相比,MDA-MB-231细胞中miR-148a的表达水平明显降低(P<0.05);与阴性对照组相比,miR-148a转染组中miR-148a的表达水平显著升高(P<0.05);过表达miR-148a后,MDA-MB-231细胞迁移能力明显下降,Slug和Snail蛋白表达明显降低,E-cadherin蛋白表达明显增加.结论:miR-148a可通过调控Slug、Snail及E-cadherin蛋白的表达抑制EMT,进而抑制乳腺癌细胞的迁移能力.     

circRNA_001569通过miR-145/HBXIP轴影响乳腺癌细胞的恶性生物学行为

目的：探讨 circRNA_001569 通过 miR-145/HBXIP 轴在乳腺癌细胞增殖、侵袭、迁移中发挥的作用。方法:收集2016年1月至2019年1月期间衡水市人民医院收治的30例乳腺癌患者的癌组织和癌旁组织。qPCR检测circRNA_001569在乳腺癌组织、癌旁组织以及细胞系中的表达。生物信息学工具预测miR-145的靶基因,RNA免疫沉淀（RNA immunoprecipitation,RIP）和双荧光素酶报告基因实验检测 miR-145 或靶基因之间的相互作用 ;向乳 腺 癌 MDA-MB-231 和 MCF-7细胞中转染si-circRNA_001569、miR-145 mimics或miR-145 inhibitor,建立基因过表达或沉默的细胞模型,qPCR和Western blotting分别检测转染对相关基因和蛋白表达的影响,CCK-8法、Transwell实验检测转染对细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移的影响。结果:在乳腺癌组织和乳腺癌细胞中,circRNA_001569 和 HBXIP 均呈高表达、miR-145 呈低表达。RIP 分析和双荧光素酶实验证实了 miR-145 与circRNA_001569和HBXIP之间的靶向关系;circRNA_001569或HBXIP过表达促进MDA-MB-231和MCF-7细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移（均 P<0.01）,而 miR-145 过表达起相反的作用（均 P<0.01）。结论:circRNA_001569 可能通过下调 miR-145 的表达、上调HBXIP的表达从而促进乳腺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移。     

miR-21通过靶向PDCD4调控三阴性乳腺癌细胞的迁移和侵袭

目的： 研究miR-21在三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231中的表达,以及其是否通过调控PDCD4影响MDA-MB-231细胞的迁移和侵袭。方法： 采用实时定量PCR（qPCR）法检测MDA-MB-231细胞和正常乳腺细胞MCF-10A中miR-21和PDCD4 mRNA的表达。将MDA-MB-231细胞随机分为5组：空白对照组,转染miR-21模拟物组,模拟物对照组,转染miR-21抑制物组和抑制物对照组。采用Western blot法检测MDA-MB-231细胞PDCD4蛋白的表达;采用荧光素酶报告基因试剂盒检测转染不同载体后荧光强度的变化来判断miR-21的靶标;采用Transwell实验检测各组细胞的迁移和侵袭数目。结果： miR-21和PDCD4 mRNA在MDAMB-231细胞中的表达水平分别明显高于和低于MCF-10A细胞（P均 < 0.01）。过表达或抑制miR-21可调节PDCD4的表达水平。荧光素酶报告基因试剂盒检测结果显示miR-21可直接靶向调控PDCD4的表达。Transwell实验结果表明过表达miR-21表达能增强MDA-MB-231细胞的迁移和侵袭能力。结论： 在MDA-MB-231细胞中,miR-21通过靶向调控PDCD4表达影响细胞的迁移和侵袭。miR-21可能成为抑制三阴性乳腺癌迁移和侵袭的靶点。     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.     

Religiosity and Physical and Emotional Functioning Among African American and White Colorectal and Lung Cancer Patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

肾上腺素能β受体与肿瘤生长及转移

大量研究表明肿瘤细胞可表达β受体，而一些神经递质、药物和社会心理因素可能通过β受体影响肿瘤的生长和转移，β受体激动剂、β受体阻滞剂以及抑郁等社会心理因素可加强或削弱这种作用。这为表达β受体肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的道路，提供了新的治疗靶点。     

Occupational and environmental radiation and cancer

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between occupational and environmental radiation and cancer is reviewed. Studies of pioneering radiation workers, underground miners, and radium dial painters revealed excess cancer deaths and contributed to the setting of radiation protection standards and to theories of carcinogenesis. Occupational exposures today are generally much lower than in the past, thus any associated increases in cancer will be difficult to detect. Pooling investigations of these more recently exposed workers, however, has the potential to validate current estimates of risk used in radiation protection. New information on the effects of chronic radiation exposure also may come from studies in the former Soviet Union of Chernobyl clean-up workers and of workers at the Mayak nuclear facilities. Studies of environmental radiation exposures, other than radon, are largely inconclusive, due mainly to the difficulties in detecting the low risks associated with low dose exposures. Thyroid cancer, however, has been linked to environmental radiation from the Chernobyl accident and from nuclear weapons tests. Low-level radiation released during normal operations at nuclear plants has not been found to increase cancer rates in surrounding populations. Radon, a human carcinogen, is the most ubiquitous exposure to human populations; remediating high residential-radon levels is recommended, recognizing that the exposure can never be removed completely because it occurs naturally.     

Cell and tissue interactions in carcinogenesis and metastasis and their clinical significance

This review describes a new vision for future directions in the study of metastatic cancer biology and pathology. It is based upon clinical and experimental observations on the constituent cell lineages within a neoplasm and on tumour-host interactions. The vision incorporates information from studies in population biology, developmental biology and experimental pathology as well as investigations upon human malignant disease. The assembled information reveals that invasion and metastasis are supra-cellular manifestations of "emergent behavior" among combinations of normal and malignant cell lineages in vivo. Emergent behavior is a combinatorial interactive process in which a population displays new traits which cannot be achieved by individuals acting separately and which subside when the specific population mix disaggregates. Disruption of such pathological interactions in the field of a developing primary or secondary tumour is, therefore, required to disable the malignant population and arrest progression without tissue destruction. These conclusions originate, in part, from principles which govern the sociobiology and group behavior of bees, ants, fish, birds and human societies. In all these social organisms, external factors can disrupt signaling mechanisms and induce expanding self-perpetuating rogue behavior, leading to social disintegration. These principles also apply to cellular societies composing higher animals, which likewise need intrinsic rules to maintain social order and avoid anarchy, and recognition of this is essential for advancing future research on the mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Summarised evidence is presented here to support the conclusion that miscommunications between cells and tissues in the region of the developing tumour and its metastases are the main direct perpetrators of malignant disease. Genetic lesions (mutations, deletions, translocations, reduplications, etc.), commonly seen in cancers, can significantly disrupt important molecular pathways in the networks of communications needed to sustain orderly tissue/organ structure and function. However, genetic lesions can also, themselves, be induced by abnormal cell interactions initiated by extrinsic carcinogenic agents such as chemicals, viruses, hormones and radiation. The evidence shows that, irrespective of the initiating cause, it is this miscommunication in the region of a developing tumour and its metastases that is ultimately responsible for the emergence and progression of the disease. The article describes how this information collectively, provides a framework for designing specific novel therapeutic approaches targeting the cell and tissue interactions driving tumour metastasis and its manifold effects on the whole body.     

Vitamin D and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer risk and prognosis: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis

Vitamin D is formed mainly in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and can as well be taken orally with food or through supplements. While sun exposure is a known risk factor for skin cancer development, vitamin D exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on melanocytes and keratinocytes in vitro. To clarify the role of vitamin D in skin carcinogenesis, we performed a review of the literature and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of vitamin D serum levels and dietary intake with cutaneous melanoma (CM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) risk and melanoma prognostic factors. Twenty papers were included for an overall 1420 CM and 2317 NMSC. The summary relative risks (SRRs) from random effects models for the association of highest versus lowest vitamin D serum levels was 1.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–3.53) and 1.64 (95% CI 1.02–2.65) for CM and NMSC, respectively. The SRR for the highest versus lowest quintile of vitamin D intake was 0.86 (95% CI 0.63–1.13) for CM and 1.03 (95% CI 0.95–1.13) for NMSC. Data were suggestive of an inverse association between vitamin D blood levels and CM thickness at diagnosis. Further research is needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D on skin cancer risk in populations with different exposure to sunlight and dietary habits, and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in improving CM survival.