中老年男性下尿路症状与良性前列腺增生及勃起功能障碍的相关性研究

目的 了解中老年男性下尿路症状(LUTS)与良性前列腺增生(BPH)及勃起功能障碍(ED)之间的相关性.方法 268例50岁以上被调查者行国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、生活质量评分(QOL)、国际勃起功能指数评分(IIEF-5),B超测量前列腺体积及残余尿量.并进行统计学分析.结果 IPSS与残余尿量呈高度相关(r＝0.78,P<0.001),IPSS和前列腺体积无相关性(r=0.15,P>0.05).IPSS评分和QOL评分呈高度相关(r=0.88,P<0.001).IIEF-5评分和IPSS评分呈负中度相关(r=-0.62,P<0.001),和前列腺体积无相关性(r=-0.11,P>0.05),年龄呈负弱相关(r=-0.42,P<0.001),IIEF-5评分和残余尿量呈负弱相关(r＝-0.53,P<0.001).三个年龄组(50～59岁,60～69岁,70岁以上)ED发病率分别为40.0%、66.67%、90.08%,不同程度LUTS患者ED发病率分别为37.5%、62.02%、91.48%.三组之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).控制年龄因素后仍发现IPSS评分和IIEF-5评分负相关(r=-0.53,P＜0.0001).结论 LUTS与前列腺体积无相关性,与QOL呈高度相关.IIEF-5和年龄及LUTS呈负相关,说明年龄、LUTS是ED的危险因素.且LUTS的严重程度和ED的发展密切相关.     

有下尿路症状的良性前列腺增生患者前列腺特异性抗原检测的临床意义

目的:探讨前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)测定在有下尿路症状的良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者的临床意义。方法:比较520例有症状和196例无症状的BPH患者的总PSA(tPSA),游离PSA(fPSA)和fPSA/tPSA等指标,并进行统计学分析。结果:有症状组和无症状组的tPSA值分别为(5.13±2.49)、(1.73±1.26)μg/L,差异有极显著性(P<0.01);fPSA分别为(1.57±0.80)、(0.54±0.38)μg/L,差异有极显著性(P<0.01);fPSA/tPSA分别为0.31±0.09和0.30±0.11,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:有下尿路症状BPH患者的tPSA、fPSA明显高于无症状,但fPSA/tPSA比值在BPH患者中稳定。     

良性前列腺增生术后下尿路症状分析及对策

目的 分析良性前列腺增生术后伴下尿路症状的病因及对策。方法 对26例良性前列腺增生术后仍存在下尿路症状临床资料进行分析并行尿动力学检查。结果 26例中膀胱功能障碍16例，单纯下尿路梗阻9例，尿道括约肌损伤1例。结论 良性前列腺增生术后仍存在下尿路症状的主要原因为膀胱逼尿肌功能障碍和梗阻解除不全，尿动力学检查对分析其原因及进一步治疗具有重要的价值。     

症状性良性前列腺增生患者的性功能调查

目的:调查伴有下尿路症状(LUTS)的良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者治疗前性功能障碍的程度,并分析性功能障碍与LUTS、年龄的相关性。方法:88例具有典型LUTS的BPH患者,年龄49~86(67.90±7.59)岁。所有患者均进行了国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)、勃起功能障碍国际问卷-5(IIEF-5)、简明性功能问卷(BSFI)调查,并同时检测尿流率、前列腺总体积和血清睾酮。应用多元逐步回归分析方法和一元相关回归分析评价各检测变量间的相关性。结果:本组患者IPSS评分2~33(18.4±7.79)分。IIEF-5评分1~25(8.50±8.98)分,其中勃起功能障碍(ED)患者76例(86.36%)。BSFI中性欲部分评分0~8(1.92±2.21)分,其中性欲低下患者65例(72.86%);勃起功能部分评分0~16(4.18±4.96)分,其中ED患者70例(79.55%);射精部分评分0~8(2.55±3.57)分,其中射精障碍患者60例(68.18%);问题部分评分0~12(10.44±3.57)分;满意度部分评分0~4(1.90±1.37)分。统计学分析表明:年龄只与BSFI中勃起功能有显著的相关性(γ=-0.552,P=0.000),同样IIEF-5与年龄有显著的相关性(γ=-0.567,P=0.000),IPSS评分与年龄有显著的相关性(γ=0.213,P=0.047)。IPSS评分与BSFI中勃起功能和满意度有显著的相关性(γ=-0.332,P=0.002;γ=-0.302,P=0.005)。IIEF-5与BSFI中性欲、勃起功能和射精部分评分具有一致的相关性(P<0.05)。血清睾酮与年龄、IIEF-5和BSFI评分间无明显相关性(P>0.05),同样最大尿流率和前列腺总体积与IPSS、IIEF-5和BSFI评分间无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论:年龄和LUTS是性功能障碍的危险因素,LUTS的严重程度与性功能障碍的发展密切相关。     

他达拉非治疗继发于良性前列腺增生下尿路症状的研究进展

他达拉非作为新一代的选择性磷酸二酯酶-5抑制剂(PDE5Is)为男性勃起功能障碍(ED)的治疗带来了全新的理念。继发于男性良性前列腺增生症(BPH)的下尿路症状(LUTS)由于其病因的复杂性,治疗效果受到多因素的影响,使得传统的临床治疗方法不可避免地存在各种难以预测的并发症。目前日益受到关注的他达拉非每日一次口服方案(OAD)治疗ED的新方案在临床研究中表现出了对继发于BPH的LUTS的显著的疗效,在治疗的早期,国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)就得以显著改善。还有研究表明在同时存在ED和LUTS症状的BPH患者中,他达拉非也显著有效。本文旨在回顾PDE5Is对BPH相关症状治疗的相关研究进展,综述他达拉非治疗继发于BPH的LUTS的有效性和安全性证据。     

合并组织学前列腺炎的良性前列腺增生患者TURP手术对下尿路症状的影响

目的:探讨合并组织学前列腺炎的良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者行经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)对下尿路症状的影响。方法:对2009年5月至2011年5月行TURP术后病理诊断证实为BPH的432例患者进行研究。剔除术前和术后合并有影响下尿路症状因素的病例,参照国际前列腺炎组织学分类诊断标准,分为A组:单纯BPH组(30例)、B组:合并轻度炎症组(55例)、C组:合并中度炎症组(31例)、D组:合并重度炎症组(28例)。采取国际前列腺症状评分(IPSS)评估各组术前及术后1个月的下尿路症状,将得分进行统计学分析。结果:合并组织学前列腺炎患者399例,检出率为92.4%。其中轻度炎症组269例(67.4%)、中度炎症组86例(21.6%)、重度炎症组44例(11.0%)。术前各组IPSS评分为:A组(21.43±6.09)分、B组(21.75±5.97)分、C组(27.84±4.18)分、D组(31.00±2.92)分,仅A组和B组差异无统计学意义(P=1.000),其余各组间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。术后各组IPSS评分为:A组(5.60±2.16)分、B组(7.36±2.77)分、C组(11.55±3.39)分、D组(16.89±3.37)分,各组间差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。手术治疗后各组IPSS评分均较术前明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。合并炎症的BPH患者的病理切片中浸润的炎性细胞几乎均为淋巴细胞。结论:BPH大都合并有组织学慢性前列腺炎。合并组织学炎症的BPH患者手术前和手术后的下尿路症状严重程度要高于无炎症的BPH患者,且与炎症分级程度呈正相关。对合并中、重度炎症患者,术后仍需积极运用药物控制下尿路症状。     

自我管理干预改善良性前列腺增生患者下尿路症状及生活质量的效果评价

目的 评估自我管理干预(SMI)对良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者改善下尿路症状(LUTS)症状及生活质量的作用。 方法 选择2008年3月至2009年9月服用α受体阻滞剂＞3个月的BPH患者222例,随机分为SMI组和对照组。SMI组119例,年龄54～90岁,平均71岁;对照组103例,年龄54～89岁,平均69岁。在入组、1周、3个月、6个月时,采用IPSS、QOL对2组患者进行评价。 结果 2组患者均获得全程随访,在人组及第1周时,SMI组IPSS为20.5和20.5,QOL为50.9和50.8;对照组IPSS为19.6和19.3,QOL为51.1和51.1,2组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。第3、6个月时,SMI组IPSS为14.3和12.0,QOL为36.7和29.8,低于干预前得分,也低于对照组的IPSS 19.7及19.9和QOL 50.6和50.2,2组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。 结论 采用SMI可明显减轻服药期间BPH患者的LUTS症状,提高生活质量。     

症状性良性前列腺增生患者生活质量分析

目的了解伴下尿路症状（LUTS）的良性前列腺增生（BPH）患者的生活质量.方法88例具有典型LUTS的BPH患者,平均年龄68岁.患者治疗前均行国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）、勃起功能国际问卷（IIEF-5）、简明性功能问卷（BSFI）、焦虑自评量表、老年抑郁量表和BPH影响指数问卷（BII）调查,同时检测尿流率、前列腺体积和血清睾酮.应用多元逐步回归分析方法和一元相关回归分析方法评价各检测变量间的相关性.结果统计学分析显示：年龄与BSFI中勃起功能和IIEF-5有显著相关性（r=-0.552和r=-0.567,P=0.000）,IPSS评分与年龄有显著相关性（r=0.213,P=0.047）,BII与年龄无明显相关性.IPSS评分与BSFI中勃起功能和满意度有显著相关性（r=-0.332,P=0.002;r=0.302,P=0.005）,IPSS与BII间有显著相关性（r=0.420,P=0.000）.BII与抑郁评分间有显著相关性（r=0.426,P=0.002）.最大尿流率、前列腺体积和睾酮与BII评分间无明显相关性.结论LUTS对BPH患者的日常生活、性功能和心理有明显影响,BPH治疗前需重视老年患者的心理和生活质量.     

《加拿大泌尿外科学会男性下尿路症状/良性前列腺增生指南更新》解读

良性前列腺增生（benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH）是中老年男性常见的排尿障碍性疾病,也是泌尿外科临床诊疗中最为常见的疾病之一。下尿路症状（lower urinary tract symptoms,LUTS）主要包括储尿期症状（尿频、尿急、尿失禁及夜尿增多等）、排尿期症状（排尿等待、排尿困难及排尿间断等）以及排尿后症状（尿不尽感、尿后滴沥等）。导致LUTS的原因除了BPH以外,还包括膀胱功能障碍、尿道及周围组织异常等。随着对BPH及LUTS的深入研究,以及循证医学的发展,各国泌尿外科学会BPH诊治指南的重心,从过去以BPH产生梗阻的解剖结构及病理诊治为主,转向了以LUTS症状学诊治为主。2022年4月由ELTERMAN等发表在Canadian Urological Association Journal上的“加拿大泌尿外科学会男性下尿路症状/良性前列腺增生指南更新”一文,通过对2018版加拿大泌尿外科学会BPH诊治指南的更新,总结了继发于BPH的男性LUTS的最新诊治策略。本文对该指南更新内容进行介绍及解读。     

医学名词良性前列腺增生与下尿路综合征的意义

医学名词的改变意味着对疾病本质认识的加深 ,恰当的命名能使人对疾病的特点一目了然。例如 ,“肾上腺髓质增生”的命名使我们认识到了一种新的疾病 ,“儿茶酚胺症”则恰当地概括了“嗜铬细胞瘤”和“肾上腺髓质增生”,“静止性嗜铬细胞瘤”概念的提出 ,使临床医生提高了对貌似     

Clinical guidelines for male lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia

The present article is the abbreviated English translation of the Japanese guidelines for male lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia updated as of the end of 2016. The target patients are men aged >50 years complaining of lower urinary tract symptoms, with or without benign prostatic hyperplasia, and the target readers are non‐urological general physicians and urologists. Mandatory assessment for general physicians is medical history, physical examination, urinalysis and measurement of serum prostate‐specific antigen. Additional mandatory assessment for urologists is symptoms and quality of life assessment by questionnaires, uroflowmetry, residual urine measurement, and prostate ultrasonography. Nocturia requires special attention, as it can result from nocturnal polyuria and/or sleep disturbance rather than lower urinary tract disorders. Functional lower urinary tract disorders with or without benign prostatic hyperplasia are primarily managed by conservative therapy and medications, such as α₁‐blockers and phosphodiesterase‐type 5 inhibitors. Use of other medications or combination pharmacotherapy is to be reserved for urologists. 5α‐Reductase inhibitors and anticholinergics or β3 agonists are indicated for men with enlarged prostates and overactive bladder symptoms, respectively. Surgical intervention for bladder outlet obstruction is considered for persistent symptoms or benign prostatic hyperplasia‐related comorbidities. Surgical modalities should be optimized by the patient's characteristics, performance of equipment and the surgeon's experience.     

联合应用坦索罗辛和托特罗定治疗男性顽固性下尿路症状的临床研究

目的:探讨及对比联合应用高选择性α受体阻滞剂(坦索罗辛)和M受体阻滞剂(托特罗定)及单用高选择性α受体阻滞剂治疗男性顽固性下尿路症状的临床疗效及安全性。方法:2009年4月至2009年12月期间收集我院184例顽固性下尿路症状(LUTS)的男性前列腺增生患者,病程4周至2年。所有患者均为应用高选择性α受体阻滞剂(坦索罗辛)0.2 mg,1次/d,治疗1周后LUTS症状无改善。入选病例随机分成2组,其中坦索罗辛组89例继续应用坦索罗辛0.2 mg,1次/d,治疗4周;联合治疗组95例联合应用高选择性α受体阻滞剂(坦索罗辛)和M受体阻滞剂(托特罗定),给予坦索罗辛0.2 mg 1次/d+托特罗定2 mg 2次/d,治疗4周。分组治疗前后分别进行国际前列腺症状储尿期症状评分(储尿期IPSS)、生活质量评分(QOL)和最大尿流率(Qmax)检测,评估治疗后LUTS症状的改善情况。结果:坦索罗辛组储尿期IPSS、QOL总体评分分别由治疗前的(13.23±4.39)、(4.23±1.27)分下降到治疗后的(12.21±4.07)、(3.53±0.9)分,Qmax由治疗前的(12.31±8.39)ml/s上升到治疗后的(14.12±8.62)ml/s,与治疗前相比差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。联合治疗组储尿期IPSS、QOL总体评分分别由治疗前的(14.45±5.31)、(4.45±0.79)分降到治疗后的(6.56±2.03)、(2.34±0.73)分,Qmax由治疗前的(11.41±9.21)ml/s上升到治疗后的(15.52±8.35)ml/s,与联合治疗前相比差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。184例患者均无严重并发症出现。结论:联合应用坦索罗辛和托特罗定能明显缓解男性顽固性下尿路症状,改善患者的生活质量。未见严重不良反应和急性尿潴留发生。     

他汀类药物的使用与良性前列腺增生和下尿路症状相关性的临床研究

目的:探讨服用他汀类药物是否可延缓良性前列腺增生(BPH)和下尿路症状的临床进展。方法:选择2003年1月至2008年12月于我院体检中心体检的50~69岁男性作为研究对象,制定纳入标准,随访5年,通过比较IPSS评分、最大尿流率(Qmax)和前列腺体积(PV)探讨他汀类药物的使用与前列腺增生和下尿路症状临床进展的相关性。结果:总共有653例男性纳入本研究,其中他汀类药物使用组(1组)283例,他汀类药物未使用组(2组)370例,两组入选时的年龄、IPSS评分、Qmax和PV差异均无显著性(P0.05),随访过程中因出现明显的排尿困难各剔除24例(1组)和35例(2组)。5年随访过程中1组和2组的IPSS评分都逐渐升高,但1组升高程度明显低于2组(P0.01),1组和2组的Qmax都逐渐下降,但1组下降程度明显低于2组(P0.01);1组[PV5年分别为(22.60±4.99)、(25.80±5.20)、(27.92±5.05)、(29.11±5.24)、(29.97±5.26)ml]和2组[5年分别为(24.30±4.98)、(28.50±5.14)、(32.84±4.77)、(36.99±4.78)、(40.90±4.78)ml]的PV都逐渐增大,但1组增大程度明显小于2组(P0.01)。结论:使用他汀类药物可明显延缓BPH和下尿路症状的临床进展,且长时间服用疗效更显著。     

Effects of obesity on lower urinary tract symptoms in Korean BPH patients

We analyzed the effects of obesity on lower urinary tract symptoms （LUTSs） in Korean benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH） patients. This is a multicenter, cross-sectional, prospective study conducted in four centers in Korea. A total of 602 men with LUTSs secondary to BPH were included. BPH/LUTSs cases were men aged ≥ 40 years with intemational prostate symptom scores （IPSS） ≥ 8 points. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured. Among the 602 patients, 156 patients had a waist circumference above 90 cm, representing central obesity, and 215 patients had a body mass index above 25 kg m2. Waist circumference was positively correlated with prostate volume （P = 0.034）. Men with waist circumference 〉 90 cm experienced a 1.36-fold increased risk of severe LUTSs （95% CI 0.82-2.41） compared with men with waist circumference ≤ 90 cm. Prostate volume was positively correlated with urgency and nocturia in men with central obesity. In this population of Korean men diagnosed with BPH, central obesity rather than overall obesity seems to be the more important predictor of LUTSs correlated with BPH.     

Significant intravesical prostatic protrusion and prostatic calcification predict unfavorable outcomes of medical treatment for male lower urinary tract symptoms

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP) and prostatic calcification on medical treatment for male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).Materials and methodsMen over the age of 40 years with total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) ≥ 8 were recruited from January to August 2013. The maximal flow rate, postvoiding residual (PVR) urine volume, total prostate volume (TPV), transitional zone volume (TZV), transitional zone index (TZI), and grades of IPP and prostate calcification were recorded. All patients received α-blocker monotherapy, and Global Response Assessment (GRA) was used to determine treatment response 1 month after the treatment. The primary end point was to compare the treatment results in patients with and without significant IPP or prostate calcification. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine whether IPP and prostatic calcification are predictors of improved outcome (GRA ≥ 1).ResultsWe enrolled 112 men with a mean age of 65.5 (range, 42–89) years. IPP was significantly positively correlated with TPV, TZV, TZI, and PVR. Prostatic calcification was significantly negatively correlated with total IPSS, IPSS Voiding, and IPSS Storage. After 1-month treatment with α-blockers, the average total IPSS decreased from 18.2 ± 7.4 to 13.1 ± 4.5. Sixty-nine patients (61.6%) reported improved outcomes. Patients with large prostate volumes (TPV ≥ 40 mL) and small prostate volumes (TPV < 40 mL) had similar improved outcome rates (56.5% and 65.1%, respectively). Patients with significant IPP (Grades II and III) had significantly lower improved outcome rates (36.8%) than those without significant IPP (74.3%). Patients with prostatic calcification also had a significantly lower rate of improved outcome (47.9%) than those who did not (71.9%). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that IPP and prostatic calcification are predictors of unfavorable outcome (GRA < 1) after adjusting for age, TPV, and total IPSS.ConclusionSignificant IPP and prostatic calcification are unfavorable predictors of successful α-blocker treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia-induced male LUTS.     

Association among the symptoms, quality of life and urodynamic parameters in patients with improved lower urinary tract symptoms following a transurethral resection of the prostate

AIMS: To investigate the associations of symptoms and the quality of life (QOL) with objective variables in a strictly selected large cohort of subjects with symptomatic benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in 557 males with BPO in whom a symptomatic improvement had been achieved by transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), thus suggesting that their lower urinary tract symptoms were primarily due to BPO. The association between the preoperative International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and QOL score with objective variables including the residual volumes, prostate size and urodynamic parameters was statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Maximum flow rate (Q(max)) positively and a residual urine volume (PVR) negatively correlated with symptoms and QOL score. Detrusor overactivity (DO) also was weakly, but broadly associated with the symptoms. Degree of detrusor contractility and bladder capacity had a weak association with only some storage symptoms. The degree of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) positively related to the scores on urgency, straining and total IPSS. Patients' age had positive correlation with the score on nocturia. The prostate volume was only negligibly correlated with either any symptoms or the QOL score. CONCLUSIONS: Parameters, such as Q(max) or PVR, obtained from the noninvasive urodynamics were most widely correlated with symptoms and QOL. Despite a large group with strict selection of men with LUTS possibly relating to BPO being studied, only weak association between the symptoms or QOL and objective parameters including urodynamics was confirmed.     

Relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms and serum levels of sex hormones in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia

Study Type – Aetiology (case series)
Level of Evidence 4

OBJECTIVES

To investigate a possible association between the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and the serum levels of sex hormones in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) that underwent surgery for severe benign prostatic obstruction.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 127 selected men with symptomatic BPH attending our urology clinic were recruited. The clinical conditions of BPH were assessed by digital rectal examination, serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) determination, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), transrectal ultrasonography and maximum urinary flow rate (Q_max) value at uroflussimetry. Before surgery, we measured the serum concentrations of total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT), oestradiol, prolactin, luteinizing hormone and follicle‐stimulating hormone. We excluded men with endocrine diseases, those with prostate disease who were receiving antiandrogen therapy and those with psychological diseases. The relationships between the IPSS score and serum sex hormone levels were determined.

RESULTS

The final study population consisted of 122 men (mean age of 70.66 years), as five were excluded (three due to incomplete evaluation and two who were diagnosed with prostate cancer). On statistical analysis, the total IPSS was significantly associated with age (r= 0.405, P < 0.001) and TT (r= 0.298, P= 0.020) but not with FT or the serum levels of the other sex hormones. The serum levels of testosterone and IPSS did not correlate with prostate volume and Q_max. PSA level and age correlated with prostate volume (r= 0.394, P < 0.001; r = 0.374, P < 0.001, respectively). We distinguished two subgroups of patients: the first group of 40 men with an IPSS of <19 and the second group of 82 with an IPSS of >19, and we evaluated the median levels of TT in each group. There was an increased risk of LUTS in men with a greater serum concentration of TT (P= 0.042), although the mean TT level was in the normal range.

CONCLUSIONS

In the present study, the severity of LUTS was associated with age and serum levels of TT but only age correlated with the measures of BPH, especially prostate volume. The potential effects of testosterone on LUTS may well be indirect. Additional large studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.     

Presence of leucocytes in prostatic secretions correlates with the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms

We investigated the correlation between the presence of leucocytes in expressed prostatic secretion and the lower urinary tract symptom severity by retrospectively reviewing 699 men with lower urinary tract symptoms. The patients were evaluated by the International Prostate Symptoms Score and the Overactive Bladder Symptoms Score and underwent expressed prostatic secretion testing. Patients were classified into groups 1 and 2 based on the expressed prostatic secretion leucocyte count. The mean total and storage score of the International Prostate Symptoms Score, and mean total Overactive Bladder Symptoms Score were higher in group 1. Urine flow metrics showed that voided volume and maximum flow rate were lower in group 1. The scores for International Prostate Symptoms Score questions 4, 6 and 7 and Overactive Bladder Symptoms Score question 2 were higher in group 1 and showed a weak positive correlation with expressed prostatic secretion. Voided volume and maximum flow rate showed the strongest correlation, although International Prostate Symptoms Score question 7 and Overactive Bladder Symptoms Score question 2 were the only independent predictors of expressed prostatic secretion. Therefore, leucocytes in expressed prostatic secretion are associated with the lower urinary tract symptom severity, particularly nocturnal urination symptoms.