妊娠早期阻断协同刺激分子诱导自然流产模型孕鼠脾脏细胞母-胎免疫耐受的研究

目的　探讨阻断协同刺激分子———CD80 和CD86对自然流产模型孕鼠妊娠结局及孕鼠脾脏免疫细胞对父系抗原免疫耐受状态的影响。方法　将雌性小鼠 (CBA/J)分别与BALB/c及DBA/2两种雄性小鼠合笼交配 ,分别建立正常妊娠模型CBA/J×BALB/c( 2 0只 ,对照组 )和自然流产模型CBA/J×DBA/2 ( 2 0只 ,研究组 )。CBA/J小鼠于妊娠第 4天 (着床期 )腹腔分别注射大鼠同型IgG 0 2mg( 10只 ) ,或大鼠抗小鼠CD80 和CD86单克隆抗体 ( 10只 )。妊娠第 9天 ,采用单向混合淋巴细胞反应 ,分析孕鼠脾脏免疫细胞对父系抗原的增殖能力 ,并测定细胞培养上清液中白细胞介素 2(IL 2 )水平 ,以研究脾脏细胞母 胎免疫耐受状态 ;妊娠第 14天观察两组的胚胎吸收率。结果　 ( 1)研究组中 ,腹腔注射大鼠IgG的孕鼠胚胎吸收率为 2 4 3% ,而注射大鼠抗小鼠CD80 和CD86单克隆抗体的孕鼠胚胎吸收率为 9 8% ,两者比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。 ( 2 )应用大鼠抗小鼠CD80 和CD86单克隆抗体 ,使妊娠 9d的孕鼠脾脏免疫细胞对父系抗原的增殖能力及IL 2水平显著下降(P <0 0 5 )。结论　孕早期阻断协同刺激分子 ,可诱导产生孕鼠脾脏免疫细胞对父系抗原的免疫耐受 ,从而使自然流产模型孕鼠的妊娠结局达到正常妊娠水平。     

干预CD86协同刺激信号在诱导母胎界面Th2型免疫偏倚中的作用

目的 :探讨干预CD86协同刺激信号在诱导母胎界面局部形成Th2型免疫偏倚中的作用。方法 :将正常妊娠模型 (CBA×BALB/c)和自然流产模型 (CBA×DBA/ 2 )CBA孕鼠均分为两组 ,于孕第 4、6、8天 ,对照组腹腔注射大鼠IgG ,实验组腹腔注射大鼠抗小鼠CD86mAb ;孕第 9天 ,ELISA测定母胎界面组织培养上清中Th1型 (IFN γ、TNF α) /Th2型(IL 4、IL 10 )细胞因子表达水平 ,并计算IL 4 /IFN γ、IL 10 /IFN γ比值 ;孕第 12天比较两种模型各组的胚胎吸收率。结果 :正常妊娠模型中 ,干预CD86协同刺激信号对母胎界面原有的Th2型免疫偏离及妊娠预后均无显著影响。自然流产模型中 ,干预CD86协同刺激信号能够诱导母胎界面局部形成Th2型免疫偏倚并显著改善其妊娠预后。结论 :于孕早期 ,干预CD86协同刺激信号能够改善母胎界面局部细胞因子微环境 ,形成维持正常妊娠所需的Th2型免疫偏倚 ,诱导母胎免疫耐受     

阻断协同刺激分子对MMP-9/TIMP-3的表达及妊娠结局的影响

目的：探讨阻断CD86协同刺激分子对自然流产模型孕鼠母胎界面MMP-9和TIMP-3的表达及妊娠结局的影响。方法：实验组于妊娠d 4．5腹腔注射大鼠抗小鼠CD86单抗,对照组注射大鼠同型IgG2b,而正常组不作任何处理。于妊娠d 13．5计算胚胎吸收率,并用免疫组化测定MMP- 9和TIMP-3的表达。结果：实验组的胚胎吸收率和MMP-9均显著低于对照组(P＜0．05),与正常对照组间均无差异；TIMP-3的表达与对照组和正常组比较均无显著差异(P＞0．05)。结论：在妊娠早期阻断CD86协同刺激分子能够通过某些机制诱导自然流产鼠MMP-9/TIMP-3的比值降低并且降低自然流产模型的胚胎吸收率,使模型组的胚胎吸收率恢复至正常妊娠水平。     

干预CD86协同刺激信号对母胎界面Th1/Th2型细胞因子转录调控及妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨干预CD86协同刺激信号对母胎界面Th1/Th2型细胞因子转录调控及妊娠结局的影响。方法:将正常妊娠模型(CBA/J×BALB/c)和自然流产模型(CBA/J×DBA/2J)CBA孕鼠均分为两组:对照组(各10只)于孕d 4、d 6、d 8腹腔注射大鼠IgG;干预组(各10只)于孕d 4、d 6、d 8腹腔注射大鼠抗小鼠CD86 mAb。孕d 9竞争性半定量RT-PCR测定各组母胎界面组织中Th1型(IL-12、IFN-γ)/Th2型(IL-4、IL-10)细胞因子转录水平;孕d 12比较两种模型各组的胚胎吸收率。结果:正常妊娠模型中,干预CD86协同刺激信号对母胎界面Th1/Th2型细胞因子转录水平及妊娠预后均无显著影响(P>0.05)。自然流产模型中,干预CD86协同刺激信号能够升调节母胎界面局部Th2型而降调节Th1型细胞因子转录水平,并显著改善其妊娠预后(P<0.05)。结论:于孕早期干预CD86协同刺激信号能够调控母胎界面局部Th1/Th2型细胞因子转录,形成维持正常妊娠所需的Th2型免疫偏倚,诱导母胎免疫耐受。     

抗原递呈细胞表面共刺激分子CD80/CD86表达与自然流产的关系

目的 :探讨共刺激分子CD80 /CD86与自然流产的关系。方法 :采用双标记流式细胞分析技术检测自然流产小鼠模型CBA/J×DBA/ 2脾脏及肠系膜淋巴结内 (MLN)抗原递呈细胞MΦ表面CD80 /CD86的表达情况 (n =10 ) ,以正常妊娠小鼠模型CBA/J×BALB /c为对照 (n =5 )。结果 :1、自然流产模型组脾脏内表达CD80MΦ含量为 1.82±0 .4 1% ,与正常妊娠模型组的 1.64%± 0 .61%差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,而表达CD86MΦ含量在自然流产模型组中为 2 .34%± 0 .67% ,明显低于正常妊娠模型组的 5 .98%±2 .4 3% (P <0 .0 5 ) ;2、自然流产模型组MLN内表达CD80MΦ含量为 10 .2 0 %± 5 .4 2 % ,明显高于正常妊娠模型组 1.5 8%± 0 .70 % ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而表达CD86MΦ含量在自然流产模型组中为 1.4 6%± 0 .5 7% ,明显低于正常妊娠模型组 3.96%± 0 .39% (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论 :抗原递呈细胞表面共刺激分子CD80 /CD86的表达异常在自然流产的发病中起重要作用     

过继转移FasL基因修饰的树突细胞对小鼠自然流产模型胚胎丢失的影响

目的:观察过继转移FasL基因修饰的树突细胞(DC)对小鼠自然流产模型胚胎丢失的影响,探讨它在诱导妊娠免疫耐受中的作用。方法:构建鼠源FasL(mFasL)真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-mFasL,用电转染法将它转染给DBA/2雄鼠骨髓来源的DC,将转染成功的mFasL-DC于交配前经腹腔注射给CBA/J母鼠。实验动物分为6组:(1)正常妊娠模型组(CBA/J×BALB/c);(2)未添加干预的流产模型组(CBA/J×DBA/2);(3)转输DC培养基(DCCM)的流产模型组;(4)转输单纯DC(DC)的流产模型组;(5)转输转染空质粒DC的流产模型组;(6)转输转染mFasL质粒DC的流产模型组,于妊娠第12~14天观察孕鼠胚胎丢失率。结果:转输mFasL-DC后孕鼠胚胎丢失率明显低于未添加干预或转输DC培养基的流产模型组(P<0.01),与转输单纯DC或带空质粒的DC组相比,其胚胎丢失率也明显下降(P<0.05),它与正常妊娠组相比胚胎丢失率无显著差异(P>0.05);转输单纯DC或空质粒的DC组与未添加干预流产模型组相比胚胎丢失率有所下降,但没有统计学差异;转输DC培养基组与未加干预组之间胚胎丢失率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:过继转移mFasL-DC能诱导妊娠免疫耐受,降低小鼠自然流产模型孕鼠胚胎丢失率。     

IL-4与IL-10联合免疫对趋化因子受体CCR3、CCR5、CXCR3的选择性诱导对自然流产模型小鼠胚胎丢失率的影响

目的:观察IL-4与IL-10对趋化因子受体CCR3、CCR5和CXCR3的选择性诱导对自然流产模型小鼠胚胎丢失率的影响,探讨趋化因子受体CCR3、CCR5、CXCR3在诱导妊娠免疫耐受中的作用。方法:建立自然流产小鼠模型与正常妊娠小鼠模型,观察细胞因子IL-4与IL-10对CCR3、CCR5、CXCR3的选择性诱导作用,用双标记流式细胞分析技术,检测正常妊娠模型组孕鼠(CBA/J×BALB/c)、自然流产模型无干预组孕鼠(CBA/J×DBA/2)、自然流产模型IL-4免疫组孕鼠、自然流产模型IL-4+IL-10联合免疫组孕鼠和自然流产模型-生理盐水(NS)免疫组孕鼠中外周血CD4+T细胞CCR3、CCR5、CXCR3等3类趋化因子受体的表达率,并观察各组孕鼠胚胎丢失率。结果:(1)流产模型无干预组胚胎丢失率显著高于正常妊娠模型组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),IL-4免疫组、IL-4+IL-10联合免疫组胚胎丢失率皆明显低于NS组与流产模型无干预组(P<0.01,P<0.01);(2)自然流产模无干预组外周血CD4+T细胞CCR3表达水平明显低于正常妊娠模型组(P<0.01),而CCR5、CXCR3表达率明显高于正常妊娠模型组(P<0.01);转输IL-4、IL-4+IL-10后CCR3表达率明显上调、CXCR3表达率明显下降,均与流产模型无干预组差异有显著性(P<0.01)。此外,IL-4+IL-10联合免疫组外周血CD4+T细胞上CCR5表达率也明显低于流产模型无干预组(P<0.05),但IL-4免疫组与流产模型无干预组无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:CD4+T细胞上CCR3、CCR5、CXCR3表达异常可能在自然流产发病中起重要作用,细胞因子IL-4与IL-10联合作用可能通过诱导CCR3高表达,抑制CCR5与CXCR3表达来诱导妊娠免疫耐受,降低胚胎丢失率。     

蜕膜转化生长因子-β mRNA表达与自然流产的相关性研究

目的 :探讨蜕膜转化生长因子 β(TGF β)mRNA表达与自然流产的相关性。方法 :采用斑点杂交和图象分析技术检测自然流产小鼠模型CBA/J×DBA/2蜕膜TGF βmRNA表达情况 (n =8) ,以正常妊娠小鼠模型CBA/J×BALB/c为对照 (n =8)。结果 :自然流产模型组胚胎丢失率为 30 .0 0 % (15 /5 0 ) ,显著高于正常妊娠小鼠模型组的 4 .5 4 % (3/6 6 ) ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。自然流产模型组蜕膜中TGF βmRNA表达的扫描灰度为4 4 .5 2± 9.2 8,明显低于正常妊娠模型组的 117.97± 3.11,差异有高度显著性 (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论 :蜕膜TGF βmRNA表达异常在自然流产发病中起重要作用。     

蜕膜转化生长因子—βmRNA表达与自然流产的相关性研究

目的探讨蜕膜转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)mRNA表达与自然流产的相关性.方法采用斑点杂交和图象分析技术检测自然流产小鼠模型CBA/J×DBA/2蜕膜TGF-βmRNA表达情况(n=8),以正常妊娠小鼠模型CBA/J×BALB/c为对照(n=8).结果自然流产模型组胚胎丢失率为30.00%(15/50),显著高于正常妊娠小鼠模型组的4.54%(3/66),差异有显著性(P＜0.05).自然流产模型组蜕膜中TGF-β mRNA表达的扫描灰度为44.52±9.28,明显低于正常妊娠模型组的117.97±3.11,差异有高度显著性(P＜0.001).结论蜕膜TGF-β mRNA表达异常在自然流产发病中起重要作用.     

蜕膜转化生K因子-β mRNA表达与自然流产的相关性研究

目的:探讨蜕膜转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)mRNA表达与自然流产的相关性.方法:采用斑点杂交和图象分析技术检测自然流产小鼠模型CBA/J×DBA/2蜕膜TGF-βmRNA表达情况(n=8),以正常妊娠小鼠模型CBA/J×BALB/c为对照(n=8).结果:自然流产模型组胚胎丢失率为30.00%(15/50),显著高于正常妊娠小鼠模型组的4.54%(3/66),差异有显著性(P＜0.05).自然流产模型组蜕膜中TGF-β mRNA表达的扫描灰度为44.52±9.28,明显低于正常妊娠模型组的117.97±3.11,差异有高度显著性(P＜0.001).结论:蜕膜TGF-β mRNA表达异常在自然流产发病中起重要作用.     

寿胎丸对复发性流产小鼠蜕膜组织中螺旋动脉改变及怀孕结局的影响

目的：通过观察寿胎丸对复发性流产（RSA）小鼠蜕膜组织子宫螺旋动脉改变及怀孕结局的影响,探讨其保胎的作用机制。方法：以CBA/J雌鼠×BALB/c雄鼠建立正常怀孕小鼠模型（12只）,CBA/J雌鼠×DBA/2雄鼠建立RSA小鼠模型（43只）,RSA小鼠按怀孕先后顺序随机分为RSA模型对照组（11只）、寿胎丸低剂量组（11只）、寿胎丸中剂量组（11只）及寿胎丸高剂量组（10只）,于孕第4～9天灌胃给药,孕14 d处死孕鼠,计数吸收胚胎数,计算各组胚胎吸收率,光镜下观察各组蜕膜组织中螺旋动脉生理性改变的发生率,并测量螺旋动脉的管腔直径及管壁厚度,透射电镜下观察蜕膜组织中螺旋动脉超微结构。结果：RSA模型对照组胚胎吸收率高于正常怀孕模型组（29.49% vs. 4.55%,χ2=18.887,P=0.000）。寿胎丸低、中、高剂量组的胚胎吸收率比RSA模型对照组均降低（均P＜0.05）。RSA模型对照组蜕膜组织中子宫螺旋动脉生理性转变率低于正常怀孕模型组（11.90% vs. 44.68%, χ2=11.522,P=0.001）。RSA模型对照组蜕膜组织中子宫螺旋动脉平均管腔直径及管壁厚度均低于正常怀孕模型组（P＜0.05）。寿胎丸高剂量组子宫螺旋动脉生理性转变发生率增高,管腔扩张,管壁厚度变薄（均P＜0.05）。结论：寿胎丸可能通过促进RAS小鼠蜕膜组织中子宫螺旋动脉生理性重铸发挥保胎作用。     

Maternal alloimmune reactions towards the murine conceptus and graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR). I. Priming for anti-paternal GVHR by gestation

In the H-2 compatible (but minor loci-incompatible) BALB/c-DBA/2 strain combination (both H-2d), intravenous injection of 1.3 X 10(7) BALB/c spleen cells from virgin females into DBA/2 newborn mice less than 18 h old does not result in a significant lethal graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR). A strong GVHR (79% lethal) is induced if the BALB/c donors have been preimmunized to DBA/2. Spleen cells from BALB/c mice pregnant by DBA/2 males are also able to induce a significant, but weaker, GVHR (16% lethal) indicating a cellular priming to paternal antigens by gestation. A significant difference exists between anti-DBA/2 GVH reactivity of spleen cells from primiparous (22% lethal) and multiparous (9% lethal) allopregnant BALB/c mice, indicating that the allogeneic boosters of successive allogestations act more on the target-protective side of immunity than on the target-aggressive one. Sera from allopregnant mice (BALB/c X DBA/2) inhibit the GVHR induced by their own cells, while sera from isopregnant ones (BALB/c X BALB/c) have no effect. Thymectomy performed at 6-wk of age, six weeks before gestation did not significantly modify the maternal reactivity. A similar priming by allogestation in the same strain combination was found for local GVHR (induced in adult F1 hybrids) resulting in higher (+132%, P less than 0.005) stimulation indices and seen to be specific for the paternal strain, the indices induced by the same cells being lower (-35%, P less than 0.05) compared to that induced by cells from virgin BALB/c, when injected into irrelevant F1 hybrids (BALB/c X CBA).     

Murine CD45+CD86+ cells isolated from para-aortic lymph nodes in an abortion-prone model

The present study aims to address whether the analysis of CD45+CD86+ cells isolated from para-aortic lymph nodes (pLNs) is valuable in assessment of the status of local immunity at the murine feto-maternal interface. CBA/J x DBA/2 mice, virgin CBA/J mice, and CBA/J x BALB/c mice were used as an abortion-prone model (group A), nonpregnant controls (group N), and fertile controls (group F), respectively. The percentage of CD45+CD86+ cells in the CD45+ cell group (CD45+CD86+ percentage for short) and the absolute number of these cells were determined by means of flow cytometry (FCM), using mononuclear cells isolated from pLNs collected 5.5, 9.5, and 13.5 days post-coitum (dpc), respectively, and mononuclear cells isolated from placentas 13.5 dpc. To clarify the identity of these CD86+ cells, FCM was also performed with CD3, CD19, and DX5 as specific markers for murine T-cells, B-cells, and NK cells, respectively. Both resorption rate and absolute number of resorptions were significantly higher in group A (29.3%, 1.8+/-1.0) than in group F (4.8%, 0.3+/-0.5, P<0.001, respectively). Similarly, both cell percentage and absolute number of CD45+CD86+ cells in pLNs collected 13.5 dpc were significantly higher in group A than in group F (27.5+/-14.0% versus 12.3+/-7.1%, and 1362+/-687 versus 615+/-353, P=0.001, respectively). The CD45+CD86+ percentage was around 7.5% in nonpregnant CBA/J mice, similar to the 10.6% in CBA/JxDBA/2 mice 5.5 dpc, but had increased dramatically, to 23.9%, by 9.5 dpc (P<0.001 versus nonpregnant mice and P=0.002 versus CBA/JxDBA/2 mice 5.5 dpc), and remained at a higher level (27.5%) until 13.5 dpc. However, this trend was not observed in group F during pregnancy. The increased CD45+CD86+ percentage at day 9.5 of gestation, when resorption begins, may support the assumption that CD45+CD86+ cells play a role in the course of embryo resorption. Lymphocyte phenotypic analysis in the lymph nodes that drain the pregnant uterus may be helpful to assess the status of local immunity at the feto-maternal interface.     

Blockade of CD80 and CD86 at the time of implantation inhibits maternal rejection to the allogeneic fetus in abortion-prone matings

CD28/CTLA-4 interactions with their specific B7-ligands (CD80 and CD86) play a decisive role in antigenic and allogenic responses. Recently, experimental transplant studies demonstrated that donor-specific tolerance was achieved by blocking these interactions. However, the role of blockade of CD28/B7 costimulatory pathway in the maintenance of materno-fetal tolerance has received little attention. In the present study, abortion-prone CBA/J females mated with DBA/2 males were administered with anti-CD80 and anti-CD86 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) on day 4 of gestation (time of murine implantation). We demonstrated that the combined use of anti-CD80 and anti-CD86 mAbs induced maternal tolerance to the fetus in the abortion-prone CBA/J mice, and displayed expansion of the maternal CD4(+)CD25+ regulatory T cell population and up-regulated expression of CTLA-4, suggesting an active mechanism of regulatory T cells in suppressing maternal rejection to the fetus. In addition, the anti-CD80/86 mAbs treatment enhanced Th2 and reduced Th1 cytokine production in mice, implying that the development of Th2 cells might contribute to maternal tolerance to her fetus. Together, these findings indicated that blocking CD80 and CD86 enhanced maternal tolerance to her fetus in mice by increasing regulatory T cell function and skewing toward a Th2 response. Our data might provide an enhanced understanding of the maternal-fetal immune relationship and be helpful in clinical trials for immunotherapy of recurrent spontaneous abortion.