侧颅底术后持续性脑脊液耳漏的治疗与预防

目的 :总结侧颅底手术后持续性脑脊液耳漏的发病原因、手术处理和预防措施。方法 :根据原发病及原手术类型 ,本次手术采用不同的方法 :乳突入路探查 3例 ,耳后联合迷路入路及耳后联合颅中窝入路岩尖胆脂瘤切除并脑脊液漏修补术各 1例 ,乙状窦后入路探查 2例 ,颞部原切口入路肿瘤切除并脑脊液漏修补术 3例。结果 :外漏口位于乳突尖 3例 ,内听道 3例 ,颅中窝硬脑膜缺损表现为外耳道内口漏 3例 ,外耳道后壁肿瘤残留破坏 1例。 9例一次修补成功 ,1例行两次修补。全部病例均经手术治愈。结论 :颅底手术方式不同 ,术中预防和处理耳漏的侧重点应有不同。乙状窦后入路术中应注意保护乳突后及乳突尖气房 ,如有破损应及时封堵 ;迷路入路应处理好内听道、鼓室及咽鼓管黏膜 ,视情况刮除并封堵中鼓室 ;颞骨全切及次全切除术中应修补缺损的硬脑膜和缝合封堵咽鼓管咽口     

经耳蜗进路修补难治性脑脊液漏

脑脊液漏是经颞骨进入颅内的耳神经外科手术和侧颅底手术的常见并发症 ,按常规方法封闭乳突和中耳术腔 ,少数难治性脑脊液漏病例不能最终控制 ,致脑膜炎反复发作。其中一部分病例可能与岩尖气房有关。该文报道 4例患者曾施行经枕下或经迷路进路切除颅内肿瘤后并发脑脊液漏 ,用脂肪组织封闭乳突、中耳、耳咽管无效 ,最后采用经耳蜗进路岩尖切除术 ,脑脊液漏完全治愈 ,最长随访时间 3年余无复发。该作者利用颞骨高分辨率 CT扫描及颞骨组织病理学观察方法对岩尖气房进行了研究。手术方法 :经原迷路进路或乳突根治术腔取出中耳、乳突内填塞的脂…     

额-耳前-颈联合入路切除巨大侧颅底沟通性肿瘤

目的　探讨适宜切除巨大侧颅底肿瘤的手术途径。方法　应用额 耳前 颈联合入路 ,制作眶颧骨瓣及颅骨骨瓣 ,结合下颌骨脱位下移 ,获得了充分暴露肿瘤的术野 ,治疗 2例占据咽旁间隙、颞下窝穿颅底达颅中窝的巨大侧颅底沟通性肿瘤。结果　 2例肿瘤均获得全切 ,术后患者恢复良好 ,均未发生脑脊液漏等任何颅内并发症 ,面部无明显畸形 ,咬合正常。结论　额 耳前 颈联合入路是用于切除巨大咽旁间隙、颞下窝、侵入颅中窝的侧颅底良、恶性肿瘤较理想的手术途径     

颅中窝-侧颅底沟通性恶性肿瘤的手术治疗

目的　探讨颅中窝 侧颅底沟通性晚期恶性肿瘤的手术治疗方法。方法　 16例颅中窝 侧颅底沟通性恶性肿瘤分别采用了 :①耳后“C”形切口 ,颞骨次全切除进路与高位颈侧切开联合进路行颅中窝 侧颅底和腮腺区肿瘤切除 6例 ;②颞侧舌形切口 ,颅中窝进路颅内外肿瘤切除 4例 ;③颞 耳 下颌骨外旋进路行咽旁、颞下窝、颅中窝肿瘤切除 6例。其中 13例术后进行放射治疗。结果16例中 11例术后存活 3年以上 ,5例术后 3年内死亡。按寿命表法统计 ,3年生存率为 6 9%。结论本组所采用的三种手术方式 ,能较好地暴露颅内外病变 ,并进行肿瘤切除。对颅底区晚期恶性肿瘤采用手术及术后放射治疗等积极措施可取得一定的治疗效果     

累及前颅底的鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤术式选择及颅底重建方法的探讨

目的：探讨鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤累及前颅底的术式选择及术后颅底缺损重建技术。方法：对22例本病患者根据颅底骨质缺损的大小和肿瘤突入颅内的高度，分别采用鼻侧切开术、扩大的鼻侧切开术或颅面联合手术，采用多层筋膜瓣修补颅底缺损。结果：瘤体全切率为100％，术后无脑脊液漏、脑膜脑膨出等并发症发生。随访6个月至11年，存活1年以上者19例，3年以上者15例，5年以上者13例；死亡7例。有眶骨膜受累的9例患者，存活3年以上4例，5年以上2例。结论：术式选择取决于前颅底骨质缺损的大小、肿瘤侵入颅内的程度以及肿瘤范围；多层筋膜瓣可用于较大颅底缺损的术中重建，具有安全、取材方便、效果好等优点，值得推广。     

侧颅底肿瘤切除术后缺损的修复重建

目的：探讨侧颅底肿瘤切除术后缺损的修复。方法：回顾性总结182例侧颅底肿瘤切除术后缺损的修复及愈后情况。病种包括听神经瘤（92例），颈静脉孔肿瘤（21例），颞下窝肿瘤（6例），鼻咽癌放疗后复发癌（4例），中耳癌（3例），桥小脑角的脑膜瘤（2例），蛛网膜囊肿（2例），颞骨鳞状细胞癌2例。修复部位包括硬脑膜、颅底骨、颧弓、颅底颞下窝的缺损。采用的材料有腹壁脂肪（113例）、颞肌及颞肌筋膜瓣（2g例）、胸锁乳突肌肌瓣（19例）、胸大肌皮瓣（2例）、人工脑膜（1例）、钛板（1例）。结果：采用的带血管颞肌及颞肌筋膜瓣、胸大肌皮瓣、胸锁乳突肌肌瓣全部存活，用脂肪修复成功率为98．2％（111／113），脑脊液漏2例，无颅内感染发生。结论：根据侧颅底脑肿瘤的部位和不同类型的缺损，采用不同的修复材料和方法，肿瘤切除后颅底缺损的修复重建对术后功能的保留和恢复，避免脑脊液漏、颅内感染的发生，有着至关重要的作用，是侧颅底肿瘤手术成功的关键之一。     

筛窦及前颅底外科

对侵犯前颅底、颅内的鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤２３例，施行了根治性手术，其中良性肿瘤５例，恶性肿瘤１８例，使用带蒂帽状腱膜、颅骨膜，重建被切除的颅底骨质和硬脑膜。手术均采用颅面联合切除术，术后无严重并发症，无１例发生脑脊液鼻漏或出现脑脑膜膨出。恶性肿瘤患者３年生存率为４４４％。     

鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤侵犯前颅底的手术治疗

目的：探讨鼻腔鼻窦肿瘤侵犯前颅底的手术方法。方法：经眉弓额窦前径路切除侵犯前颅底的鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤14例，7例前颅底骨质破坏直径在2cm以下，硬脑膜完整者未行前颅底修复；7例既有前颅底骨质破坏，又有硬脑膜缺损且直径在2．5cm以上者，以带蒂额肌骨膜瓣、帽状腱膜额骨膜瓣或带蒂颞肌筋膜骨膜瓣修复。结果：术后随访1～8年，11例恶性肿瘤中，2年存活1例，3年存活6例，4年存活2例，术后2年内死亡2例；3例良性肿瘤均健在。所有病例均未发生颅内外感染、脑脊液漏及脑膜脑组织膨出。结论：该术式接近病变部位，各鼻窦暴露满意，可直视下进行手术操作，并减轻了对额叶的牵拉作用，修补脑膜及止血均方便，是治疗累及前颅底肿瘤较好的手术方法。     

颅底手术的改进

显微外科技术的进展和激光及超声吸引器应用使有可能进行危险性更大的手术径路切除颅底广泛的病变,包括颈静脉球体瘤、听神经瘤、颞骨腺癌、脑膜瘤、脑神经瘤及先天性胆脂瘤等。作者通过86例颅底肿瘤的手术治疗,观察到切除包括颅内范围,因而广泛损及脑膜,术后发生脑脊液漏,和胃肠功能紊乱,并致多发脑神经功能低下的发病率明显增加。从而提     

颅底缺损的修复

目的：探讨颅底缺损的修复技术。方法：回顾性研究30例颅底缺损修复者的临床资料。颅底骨质缺损修补术20例，其中钛网修补12例，自体髂骨修补2例，裂层额骨修补2例，单纯颅骨外膜修补4例；硬脑膜缺损修补6例，其中带蒂颅骨外膜修补3例，带蒂颞肌筋膜修补2例，游离颞肌筋膜修补1例；颞下窝软组织缺损修补8例，其中带蒂颞肌修复颞下窝5例，带蒂颞肌及胸锁乳突肌联合修复颞下窝3例。结果：术后短暂性脑脊液鼻漏3例，无症状性颅内积气3例，少量硬脑膜外血肿及脑膜炎各1例。结论：颅底手术中采用适宜的外科技术和修复材料进行一期颅底修补，对于减少术后感染、脑脊液鼻漏等并发症有重要意义。     

Lateral skull base surgery: a complicated pursuit?

The management of lesions of the lateral skull base is a highly sophisticated branch of surgery generally performed by otolaryngology-head and neck surgeons as part of a multi-disciplinary team. Assessment of patients with diseases affecting the lateral skull base can be complex, as can the application of the various treatment modalities and the management of the expected and unexpected side effects of that treatment. A wide range of pathological conditions occur in the lateral skull base. Many operations and procedures have been described for dealing with them. There is not necessarily one correct solution to the management of any particular problem in the skull base, with multiple factors to be considered in planning and intervention. As surgeons, we need to know how our own results and outcomes compare with pooled, published data concerning the implications and complications occurring as a result of intervention, in order to better advise our patients on their management.     

额鼻眶筛入路显微镜下一次性切除11例前颅底沟通瘤

目的 对11例前颅底沟通瘤行额鼻眶筛入路显微手术一次性切除疗效分析。方法 对手术治疗的11例前颅底沟通瘤进行回顾性分析。所有患者术前均行CT或MR检查。均经额鼻眶筛入路与相关科室配合运用显微外科技术一次性切除颅内外肿瘤。结果 全切除9例，次全切2例，手术效果好，无手术死亡及严重并发症。结论 额鼻眶筛入路手术治疗前颅底沟通瘤有利于肿瘤的广泛暴露和切除，多学科联合与显微外科技术对一次性切除颅内外肿瘤有帮助。术中颅底重建是手术的关键步骤之一。     

Surgical management of skull base chondroblastoma

OBJECTIVES: Chondroblastoma is a rare tumor accounting for 1% of primary bone tumors. Chondroblastoma involving the skull base is exceedingly rare with approximately 60 cases reported. We reviewed our experience with chondroblastoma of the skull base with an emphasis on current lateral skull base approaches and long-term tumor control. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective case review at a tertiary neurotology private practice group was performed over a 20-year period. Five patients were identified with skull base chondroblastoma. All patients underwent surgical intervention, and success of surgery was determined by disease-free status at last follow-up. Mean follow-up time was 5.8 years. RESULTS: Two patients underwent gross tumor removal as primary therapy. One patient underwent partial tumor removal at an outside institution, and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated rapid growth of residual tumor. This patient was successfully treated with gross total removal of residual tumor with an infratemporal craniotomy approach. Near total tumor removal was performed in two patients because of intimate involvement of vital structures. At last follow-up, no patient had radiographic evidence of tumor recurrence. There were no significant postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Gross total or near total resection of skull base chondroblastomas through lateral skull base approaches results in long-term tumor control and low complication rates.     

成人侧颅底临床解剖学研究

目的:通过对侧颅底重要解剖标志的观察与测量.为临床侧颅底手术的定位、导航提供解剖学依据.方法:20具40侧10%甲醛浸泡的成人尸头(黄种人)和20例临床手术患者进行侧颅底指引标志的观察与测量.尸头标本按1～40的顺序进行编号;20侧临床手术患者按1～20的顺序进行编号.结果:通过测量得出侧项底相关定位标志的解剖数据:颈静脉孔静脉部、神经部与颅底重要指引标志的距离;迷路三角、迷路后三角及乳突表面三角的面积;侧颅底手术中面神经主动移位的最大距离.结论:耳科与颅底外科的手术几乎均在深埋于颅(颞)骨的狭窄空间内操作,周围布满了重要的血管和神经,术者了解侧颅底重要标志的定位测量数据有利于手术中安全扩大手术视野,有效避免术中损伤重要血管、神经,最大限度地保留面神经功能,最终提高患者的生存质量.     

Surgical treatment of lateral skull base lesions and reconstruction of the skull base: a report of 20 cases

Objective: To investigate the surgical treatment and related experience of lateral skull base lesions.

Methods: In a retrospective, clinical data analysis of 20 patients with lateral skull base diseases, 11 cases with temporal bone space-occupying lesions and intracranial invasion were treated by translabyrinthine surgery, mastoid cavity drainage, or transmastoid surgery to remove the lesion; two cases of cholesteatoma with destruction of tympanic cavity and tympanic sinus canopy with intracranial invasion were treated by extended radical mastoidectomy; seven cases with lateral skull base bone destruction with cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea caused by trauma and deformity were treated by translabyrinth and transmastoid repair.

Results: Eleven cases with temporal bone space occupying lesions were resected completely and were without recurrence after surgery. Two cases with intracranial infection secondary to cholesteatoma were rapidly relieved of symptoms without recurrence after radical mastoidectomy. The remaining seven cases of CSF otorrhea included two cases of Mondini malformation and five cases of temporal bone fracture. The leak was stemmed in all seven cases after surgery.

Conclusion: Surgery is the main therapeutic option for the treatment of lateral skull base diseases. The surgical approach and the type of skull base reconstruction should be selected on an individual case-by-case basis.     

The different concepts of surgical managements between anterior and lateral skull base reconstructions based on surgical purposes

ObjectiveAnterior and middle cranial fossa defects require different strategies, depending on their anatomical location. The aim of this study was to elucidate the surgical managements for the defects based on surgical purposes and to clarify the conceptional differences relating to anterior and lateral skull base reconstructions.MethodsThis study included patients who had undergone reconstructive surgery for anterior or middle cranial fossa defects in our institution between July 2008 and June 2019. It consisted of 66 patients who had been subject to anterior skull base reconstructions, and 84 patients who had experienced lateral skull base reconstructions. The medical records were examined retrospectively, and the surgical purposes and procedures performed were reviewed. The surgical purposes were divided into four groups: Separation, Restoration, Augmentation, and Coverage.ResultsRegarding anterior skull base reconstructions, the Separation group included 65 patients, who represented 98% of this category. There were 26 cases in the Separation-only group, 20 of which were reconstructed with locoregional flaps, and 6 of which with free tissue transfers. A Combination group, which consisted of Separation and Other purposes, consisted of 40 cases. Within this group, 5 cases were reconstructed with locoregional flaps, and 35 with free tissue transfers. Regarding lateral skull base reconstructions, the Separation group included 34 patients, who represented 40% of this category. The rate of the Other purposes represented the majority. In the Separation-only group of 24 patients, 16 cases were reconstructed with locoregional flaps and 8 cases with free tissue transfers. In the Combination group of 10 patients, 2 cases were reconstructed with locoregional flaps and 8 cases with free tissue transfers. In groups other than the Separation group, 27 cases were reconstructed with locoregional flaps and 23 cases with free tissue transfers.ConclusionIn most anterior cranial fossa defect cases, the surgical purpose is separation. In middle cranial fossa defect cases, there are many cases in which the surgical purpose is not separation. In the Separation groups, relating to both anterior and lateral skull base reconstructions, the use of locoregional flaps was an effective measure. Free tissue transfers were required in many cases of the Combination group. Outside of the Separation group associated with lateral skull base reconstructions, the use of locoregional flaps and free tissue transfers were almost equal in proportion, and the selection of reconstructive procedures tended to change from locoregional flaps to large free flaps with increase in the numbers of surgical purposes.     

颅底术后骨质缺损的钛网重建

目的探讨钛网在颅底重建中的可行性和外科技术。方法回顾性分析2002年11月至2004年11月采用钛网修复的11例颅底缺损患者的临床资料及随访结果。结果11例患者中颅底肿瘤6例，颅底骨纤维异常增生症3例，脑膜脑膨出2例。手术人路：经颅面联合入路手术7例，经额入路及扩大经额入路3例，经面中部掀翻入路1例。修补中、侧颅底2例，前、中颅底及蝶鞍6例，前颅底及眶板3例。术后短期内3例患者有少量无症状性颅内积气，未经治疗而自愈；1例患者发生短暂性脑脊液鼻漏，局部明胶海绵填塞及碘纺纱条压迫后自愈。术后平均随访14．4个月，无钛网移位和颅内感染等并发症。结论钛网用于颅底大型骨质缺损修复是安全的、可行的。     

鼻内镜下鼻颅底相关手术临床体会

目的探讨基层医院开展鼻内镜下颅底外科手术的可行性及手术范围。方法回顾性分析2006年5月-2012年8月收治的41例鼻颅底肿瘤患者临床资料,其中外伤性视神经病7例,脑脊液鼻漏11例,颅底肿瘤12例,蝶窦巨大囊肿8例,翼腭窝肿瘤4例,均在鼻内镜下手术治疗。结果11例脑脊液鼻漏修补获得成功,视神经减压5例有效,2例无效,1例术后出现脑脊液鼻漏,保守治疗愈合;12例颅底肿瘤手术,术中均能很好暴露肿瘤,1例术中损伤海绵窦,经处理后出血得到控制,顺利完成手术,1例术后出现脑脊液鼻漏,保守治疗愈合,所有病例无颅内感染并发症发生。肿瘤患者均随访3年以上,无复发。结论在合理选择适应证的条件下,基层医院开展鼻内镜下颅底手术是安全、可行的。     

前、中、侧颅底恶性肿瘤手术径路的探讨

目的：评价前、中、侧颅底手术径路的实用性,可靠性及有效性。方法：自1984年6月至1998年12月,对30例颅底恶性肿瘤患者进行治疗。病变位于前颅底者13例,中颅底2例和侧颅底15例（包括4例中、外耳道癌患者）。累及前颅底者采用发际内大冠状切口并切除部分额骨入颅。或经额窦后壁入颅,然后实行颅面联合切除肿瘤,涉及中、侧颅底肿瘤则采用经颈－下颌入路方法整块切除肿瘤。中、外耳癌则实行颞骨次全切除术。结果：全组30例无手术死亡。无严重并发症,合并脑脊液漏等轻度并发症者6例（20％）,均经保守治愈。全组2年生存率为68％,5年生存率55．56％。结论：上述资料显示所提出的颅底恶性肿瘤手术径路方法安全可靠,适合于大多数前、中、侧颅底恶性肿瘤的治疗,值得推广应用。     

Frameless optical computer-aided tracking of a microscope for otorhinology and skull base surgery

OBJECTIVES: To integrate a digitally controlled operating microscope without a laser autofocus system into a frameless optical computer-aided surgery system and to test the accuracy and usability of this system in otorhinological surgery. DESIGN: Experimental study and case series. SETTING: Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, and the Maurice E. Müller Institute for Biomechanics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. PATIENTS: Eight computer-aided microscopic surgical procedures were performed between January and October 2000 on patients with various diseases of the anterior and lateral skull base. RESULTS: The practical accuracy of the navigated microscope on the lateral side of a cadaver skull was 2.27 +/- 0.25 mm and on the anterior side of the same skull was 2.07 +/- 0.35 mm. In all 8 cases of computer-aided microscopic surgery, no complications occurred. Clinical inaccuracy was 2 to 3 mm. CONCLUSION: Integration of a low-cost, non-laser autofocus microscope into our computer-aided surgery system was successfully performed and offers surgeons the ability to combine the precise optics of the operating microscope with the localization power of a computer-aided system.