卡泊芬净治疗老年卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎一例并文献复习

目的 提高对老年人患卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）的诊断水平和增强应用卡泊芬净治疗的认识。方法 对1例老年患慢性阻塞性肺疾病并机械通气住院治疗达25个月，诊断PCP先后选用复方磺胺甲噁唑（SMZ／TMP）和卡泊芬净治疗的病例进行分析和讨论。结果 PCP的诊断是由临床表现、胸部X线征象及痰涂片找到卡氏肺孢子菌（PC）或经聚合酶链反应（PCR）阳性而确诊，PCP治疗首选SMZ／TMP；当因SMZ／TMP不良反应和治疗失败而被迫停药时，选用卡泊芬净治疗有效且无不良反应。结论 老年人长期住院并机械通气的患者，PCP为机会性感染，由痰涂片染色PC阳性和（或）PCR阳性而确诊，但需注意与其他机会性肺炎相鉴别；治疗应首选SMZ／TMP，治疗失败时，选用卡泊芬净治疗更为有效、安全。     

人免疫球蛋白联合复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗艾滋病合并中重度肺孢子菌肺炎临床疗效分析

目的探讨人免疫球蛋白联合复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗艾滋病合并中重度肺孢子菌肺炎的临床疗效。方法选择2013年2月至2015年8月我院感染科收治的艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)患者64例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其随机分为观察组及对照组,每组32例。对照组患者给予复方磺胺甲噁唑常规治疗;观察组患者在此基础上加用人免疫球蛋白联合治疗,比较两组患者血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、淋巴细胞计数(LYM)、动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)、氧饱和度(SaO_2)的变化及临床疗效。结果治疗后两组患者LDH水平均较治疗前明显降低(P0.05),对照组患者PaO_2及观察组患者PaO_2、SaO_2较治疗前明显升高(P0.05);治疗3周后,观察组患者LDH、PaO_2水平优于对照组(P0.05),观察组患者总有效率(96.7%)明显高于对照组(72.4%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05),观察组患者临床疗效优于对照组(P0.05)。结论人免疫球蛋白联合复方磺胺甲噁唑治疗中重度肺孢子菌肺炎患者效果显著,安全性好,值得在临床推广应用。     

1例选择性IgA缺乏症合并继发性嗜酸性粒细胞增多症并发耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎的临床分析

目的 探讨1例选择性IgA缺乏症（SIgAD）合并继发性嗜酸性粒细胞增多症并发耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎（PJP）患者的临床特点及诊治方法。方法 对1例SIgAD合并继发性嗜酸性粒细胞增多症并发PJP患者的临床表现、影像学特点、治疗及预后进行回顾性分析。结果 患者男,75岁,发热,活动后气短,偶有咳嗽咳痰,持续应用糖皮质激素2月余;胸部CT示双肺可见多发散在磨玻璃影,肺泡灌洗液（BALF）病原微生物宏基因组二代高通量测序结果示耶氏肺孢子菌,确诊PJP。给予卡泊芬净联合复方磺胺甲噁唑片（TMP/SMZ）、甲泼尼龙及其他对症治疗,患者体温逐渐下降至正常,咳嗽气短较前缓解,20 d后出院。结论 SIgAD合并继发性嗜酸性粒细胞增多症患者因长期应用激素或免疫抑制剂,易出现免疫缺陷而发生PJP;患者多伴随反复发热不退,咳嗽气喘等肺部症状,肺部CT显示相应的斑片状或磨玻璃影,早期发现并采用卡泊芬净联合TMP/SMZ治疗的效果较好。     

肾移植术后并发卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎的治疗方案选择

摘要 目的：探讨肾移植术后并发卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）患者用卡泊芬净治疗PCP感染的疗效。方法：将125例肾移植后并发PCP患者分为磺胺组（42例）、卡泊芬净组（37例）和磺胺+卡泊芬净组（46例），比较3组临床特征，分析各组治疗后患者体温恢复正常时间、卡氏肺孢子菌（PC）核酸转阴时间和治疗结局。结果：治疗前，3组患者年龄、性别、发热症状及实验室检测（G实验和乳酸脱氢酶）方面比较，差异无明显统计学意义（P均>0.05）。治疗后，磺胺组、卡泊芬净组、磺胺+卡泊芬净组体温恢复正常时间分别为（7.9±1.4）d，(8.1±1.7)d和(7.7±1.5)d，组间比较，差异无明显统计学意义（P>0.05）；PC核酸转阴时间分别为（13.4±1.6）d、（16.3±2.9）d、（13.9±2.5）d；卡泊芬净组PC核酸转阴时间明显长于磺胺组、磺胺+卡泊芬净组（P均<0.05），磺胺组和磺胺+卡泊芬净组比较，差异无明显统计学意义（P>0.05）；3组间的治疗结局比较，差异无明显统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论：卡泊芬净单药治疗PCP能获得肯定的疗效，包括体温恢复正常、PC核酸转阴和治愈出院。卡泊芬净对于肾移植术后PCP患者的治疗是一个较好的选择。     

肾病综合征合并卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎3例报告并文献复习

目的分析肾病综合征合并卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）的临床和影像学表现。方法对3例肾病综合征合并PCP患者的临床资料进行分析,并进行相关文献复习。结果3例皆以发热、咳嗽、进行性呼吸困难为首发症状,影像学表现为双肺弥漫性磨玻璃影;2例合并呼吸衰竭;3例均痰中找到卡氏肺孢子菌;治疗药物包括复方磺胺甲嗯唑,克林霉素及卡泊芬净;2例治愈,1例死亡。结论肾病综合征合并PCP时,有典型的临床和影像学表现;肾病综合征患者免疫抑制治疗后出现进行性低氧血症应考虑PCP的可能性,需早期诊断、早期治疗。     

无创辅助通气治疗HIV并发PCP导致ARDS 28例的临床分析

<正>卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎(Pneumocystis pneumonia,PCP)是由耶氏肺孢子菌引起的一种间质性肺炎,获得性免疫缺陷综合症(Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndome,AIDS)患者中大部分都会发生PCP,病死率达20%~40%,系艾滋病患者的主要死因之一。PCP临床起病隐匿,进展迅速,病情凶险,若不及时进行有效治疗,将会并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome,ARDS),增加病死率。临床常见为数不少的急性呼吸窘迫综合症为首发症状的AIDS合并PCP首诊呼吸科。临床在常规应用复方磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)和(或)卡泊芬净以及     

卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎3例报告并文献复习

目的探讨卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的临床特征、诊断方法及治疗措施。方法报告3例确诊卡氏孢子虫肺炎病例并结合文献进行分析。结果在免疫力低下患者中,可出现卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎,3例患者临床表现为发热、干咳、气短,迅速出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征,胸部CT表现为两肺弥漫性毛玻璃阴影,支气管肺泡灌洗液检出卡氏肺孢子虫,治疗主要依靠大剂量复方磺胺甲噁唑。结论对免疫力低下患者出现快速进展的低氧血症应警惕卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎,早期诊断、早期应用大剂量复方磺胺甲噁唑的综合治疗是提高生存率的关键。     

肺孢子菌肺炎31例临床分析

目的探讨研究肺孢子菌肺炎患者的临床特点、影像学表现及治疗方法。方法分析在我院诊断的肺孢子菌肺炎的31例患者的临床资料。结果 31例患者中HIV/AIDS患者28例,非AIDS患者3例,其中男性22例,女9例,年龄23~75岁。主要临床表现为咳嗽,气促者28例(90.3%),发热25例(80.6%),咳痰17例(54.8%),乏力,纳差15例(48.3%),胸痛8例(25.8%),腹泻4例(12.9%),反复皮疹3例(9.6%)。3例患者行无创通气,1例因严重肺部感染,低氧血症,行有创机械通气。31例患者胸部CT均表现为典型的双肺弥漫性磨玻璃影,所有患者均选用复方磺胺甲基异噁唑治疗,对吸空气时血氧分压PaO2低于70 mmHg患者给予激素治疗。结论当AIDS患者或免疫抑制患者出现发热,咳嗽,呼吸困难,低氧血症,其胸部CT提示典型的双肺弥漫性磨玻璃影,需考虑PCP的可能,但其病原学检查困难,治疗以复方磺胺甲基异噁唑及激素治疗为主。     

卡泊芬净治疗高龄患者侵袭性真菌病29例临床分析

目的 观察卡泊芬净治疗高龄患者侵袭性真菌病(IFD)的疗效和安全性. 方法 回顾分析我院老年病房接受过卡泊芬净治疗的IFD患者的临床资料. 结果 2007年1月至2009年8月共有29例患者接受卡泊芬净治疗,且均为80岁以上高龄患者.除1例于用药当天死亡外,28例可评价疗效的患者中,痊愈13例(46.4%),显效6例(21.4%),进步3例(10.8%),无效6例(21.4%),总有效率为67.8%.13例痊愈者中,12例为念珠菌菌血症患者,1例为拟诊肺白念珠菌病患者.无效6例患者中,2例为念珠菌菌血症患者,1例为拟诊肺念珠菌病患者,3例为疑诊肺IFD患者.治疗过程中1例患者出现谷丙转氨酶升高,考虑为与用药有关的肝功能受损. 结论 卡泊芬净是治疗高龄患者侵袭性真菌病的安全有效药物.     

咽喉部马尔尼菲青霉感染合并卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎一例并文献复习

目的提高临床医师对马尔尼菲青霉感染合并卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎的认识及诊断水平。方法对1例青年男性患者马尔尼菲青霉感染合并卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎的诊疗经过进行分析、讨论并复习中外文献。结果咽喉部马尔尼菲青霉感染通过咽喉部专科检查、痰培养找到马尔尼菲青霉生长,病理活检证实;卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎通过胸部CT征象及卡氏肺孢子菌(PC)聚合酶链反应(PCR)阳性确诊。马尔尼菲青霉感染合并PCP治疗选用伊曲康唑、SMZ/TMP同时口服碳酸氢钠,疗效满意。结论对反复咽喉部溃疡难以愈合的患者建议痰培养、局部组织活检及肺部影像学检查,尽早明确诊断,恰当治疗。     

Pneumocystis pneumonia can complicate medical treatment of hypercortisolism even in outpatients with Cushing's disease

Several cases of Pneumocystosis pneumonia (PCP) have been reported in patients with hypercortisolism, mainly in patients with severe ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS). We report 2 cases of PCP that did not develop until after starting treatment with metyrapone, one of which occurred in an outpatient with Cushing's disease (CD) without pulmonary symptoms before medical treatment for CD. Patient 1 presented as an outpatient with CD and severe hypercortisolism but nonetheless in good general condition. Treatment with metyrapone was started before pituitary surgery. Patient 2 had EAS due to prostate cancer. Respiratory failure in the two patients occurred 4 days and 30 days, respectively, after the start of metyrapone treatment. In both cases, chest CT showed bilateral interstitial infiltrates, and Pneumocystis jirovecii was found on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). A literature review was performed to identify risk factors for PCP in patients with CD: we identified 20 other cases of PCP in patients treated for hypercortisolism, including 16 patients with EAS. Ninety percent of patients had free urinary cortisol greater than 6 times the upper limit of normal (ULN). In conclusion, onset of PCP after initiation of anticortisolic therapy is not limited to patients with EAS, and may occur in CD patients with elevated cortisol levels, even if the patient remains in good general condition and has no pulmonary symptoms before treatment. In such patients, routine prophylactic treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) should be considered.     

肺砲子菌肺炎的治疗进展

肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)是一种多发于免疫低下和获得性免疫缺陷病毒感染患者的肺部疾病,重症患者可危及生命。复方磺胺甲恶唑是首选一线治疗药物,但具有潜在的耐药性。轻症患者经使用复方磺胺甲恶唑以及积极治疗原发病后,一般大多预后良好,但对于重症患者,因早期缺乏特异性诊断手段,病程进展快,可联合激素治疗,以降低PCP的病死率;现就PCP的治疗进展进行综述。     

Intravenous immunoglobulin as adjunctive therapy in kidney transplant recipients with severe pneumocystis pneumonia

Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic pathogen that may cause severe, life‐threatening respiratory infections in immunocompromised patients such as those with kidney transplants. Although antimicrobial prophylaxis is now universally recommended in the early post‐transplant period, Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) can occur later. If such infection occurs, mortality rates are high. Beyond standard therapy with trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole, there is a lack of evidence‐based options for intensifying treatment when initial therapy fails to show improvement. Moreover, it is usual to minimize immunosuppression in life‐threatening infection, but graft damage may occur, particularly in kidney transplant recipients at above‐average immunological risk. Here we present two cases of severe PCP in high immunological risk recipients who were managed with adjunctive intravenous immunoglobulin and withdrawal of immunosuppression. Both patients recovered and were discharged from hospital with functioning grafts.     

艾滋病合并重症卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎25例临床病例分析

目的探讨艾滋病(AIDS)合并重症肺孢子虫肺炎(PCP)的临床特点、诊断和治疗。方法分析重庆市公共卫生救治中心收治的25例AIDS合并重症PCP患者的临床资料。结果发热、咳嗽、进行性呼吸困难是最常见的临床症状,CD4+T淋巴细胞数为:2～68个/ul;典型影像表现是肺部磨玻璃影;25例重症PCP患者经过复方磺胺甲基异噁唑联合强的松治疗,如合并其他机会感染予以相应的治疗,14例好转,11例死亡,死亡患者大都同时合并其他病原菌感染。结论 AIDS合并重症PCP患者病情重,常合并多种病原菌及多系统感染,疗效欠佳,故采用合理有效的抗HIV治疗措施以减少其发病。     

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Stockholm, Sweden: treatment, outcome, one-year-follow-up and pyrimethamine prophylaxis

In 33 consecutive AIDS patients with a first episode of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) we evaluated treatment, outcome, recurrence rate and pyrimethamine as chemoprophylaxis in a 1-year follow-up. Only 2 patients had a CD4 lymphocyte cell count greater than 0.2 X 10(9)/l. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) was initially given to 32 patients but in 20 of these patients severe adverse reactions caused us to discontinue treatment. Of these 20 patients 11 were started on i.v./i.m. pentamidine but in 6 adverse reactions forced us to withdraw pentamidine. Patients were retrospectively divided with regard to duration of therapy into 2 groups. We could not find any difference between patients in Group 1 treated for less than or equal to 14 days and patients in Group 2 treated for greater than 14 days when comparing outcome, number of recurrences and mean time until recurrence. In 16/21 patients given only TMP-SMX initially in a high dose (means = 16 mg trimethoprim/kg/day), dose reduction was performed to means = 10.5 mg trimethoprim/kg/day after a mean time of 6.9 days. The case-fatality rate for these patients was 10% (2/21) and the overall case-fatality rate was 15% (5/33). We chose pyrimethamine (50-175 mg/week) as secondary prophylaxis for PCP. At 1-year follow-up another 16 patients had died (21/32) and 9/27 (33%) discharged patients had had one recurrence each of PCP. All recurrences occurred among patients treated with only TMP-SMX for the acute episode of PCP. Of these 27 discharged patients 23 had been given pyrimethamine and 8 (36%) of these had experienced a recurrence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The outcome of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Danish patients with AIDS

A total of 100 consecutive patients with AIDS were evaluated for efficacy and safety of treatment and secondary prophylaxis directed against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). 89 episodes of PCP were recorded in 75 patients. 63 of the 75 patients (84%) with a first episode of PCP were discharged. Of 72 patients with a first episode of PCP who were initially treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. 76% completed therapy successfully. Side effects were common, but generally mild and tolerated during continued treatment. 7/11 patients (64%) with a first episode of PCP who required mechanical ventilation were discharged. Long term prognosis for these patients was not worse than for patients who did not require mechanical ventilation. Relapse of PCP occurred in 3/50 patients (6%) during secondary prophylaxis, 160 mg trimethoprim and 800 mg sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) every 24 h, compared to 11/16 (69%) patients who were not receiving prophylaxis (p less than 0.00001). No patients discontinued prophylaxis because of side effects. It is concluded that for most patients with AIDS and PCP, treatment and secondary prophylaxis with TMP-SMZ is safe and effective.     

Persistence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Evaluation of therapy by follow-up transbronchial lung biopsy

The effectiveness of therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and/or pentamidine has not been fully evaluated in AIDS patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Since recurrence of PCP is common, follow-up lung biopsy (15 transbronchial, one open) was performed as part of the clinical evaluation of 16 episodes of PCP. All patients had shown evidence of clinical improvement during treatment and had received a mean duration of therapy of 17.6 days. In six of 16 episodes (38 percent), however, a repeat biopsy remained positive for PCP an average of 25.2 days after initial diagnosis. Retrospective comparison of standard clinical parameters (fever response, arterial blood gas results, roentgenographic characteristics) could not adequately distinguish episodes with positive follow-up biopsies from those with negative biopsies. Persistence of PCP after conventional treatment may be an important factor in recurrences of this infection in AIDS patients.     

Treatment options of invasive fungal infections in adults

A panel of infectious disease specialists, clinical microbiologists and hospital epidemiologists of the five Swiss university hospitals reviewed the current literature on the treatment of invasive fungal infections in adults and formulated guidelines for the management of patients in Switzerland. For empirical therapy of Candida bloodstream infection, fluconazole is the drug of choice in non-neutropenic patients with no severe sepsis or septic shock or recent exposure to azoles. Amphotericin B deoxycholate or caspofungin would be the treatment option for patients with previous azole exposure. In neutropenic patients, empirical therapy with amphotericin B deoxycholate is considered first choice. In patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, caspofungin is the drug of first choice. For therapy of microbiologically-documented Candida infection, fluconazole is the drug of choice for infections due to C. albicans, C. tropicalis or C. parapsilosis. When infections are caused by C. glabrata or by C. krusei, caspofungin or amphotericin B deoxycholate are first line therapies. Treatment guidelines for invasive aspergillosis (IA) were stratified into primary therapy, salvage therapy and combination therapy in critically ill patients. Voriconazole is recommended for primary (ie upfront) therapy. Caspofungin, voriconazole (if not used for primary therapy) or liposomal amphotericin B are recommended for salvage therapy for refractory disease. Combination therapy with caspofungin plus voriconazole or liposomal amphotericin B should be considered in critically ill patients. Amphotericin B deoxycholate is recommended as initial therapy for the empirical therapy in patients with neutropenia and persistent fever with close monitoring of adverse events.     

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

At the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, nine patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were treated for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) between January 1987 and December 1988. When they developed PCP all the patients' SLE disease course was active and eight of them were on prednisolone. Four of these eight patients were also receiving cyclophosphamide. Patients who were on more intensive immunosuppressive therapy were found to develop more severe PCP. All the patients except one were treated with high-dose cotrimoxazole. Four patients responded to antipneumocystis treatment and survived, while PCP was responsible for the death of the five non-survivors.