应用Ilizarov外固定延长架治疗小儿下肢短缩畸形

目的总结小儿肢体延长的临床经验，探讨肢体延长中出现的并发症及其对策。方法 采用Ｉｌｉｚｒｏｖ外固定延长架对１４例小儿下肢短缩畸形进行１５侧肢体延长，其中股骨下端截骨延长３例，胫骨上端截骨延长９例，胫骨下端截骨延长２例。结果 随访１－６年，平均２年３个月。延长幅度３．０－１０．０ｃｍ，平均６．５ｃｍ。延长率达原骨长度的１２．５％＿４５．５％，平均２２．９％。     

介绍一种肢体延长方法（附18例报告）

１９８８年１０月～１９９３年３月，我们对１８例患者施行了胫骨上下干骺端双截骨肢体延长术。１７例为两下肢不等长患者。男１２例，女５例。年龄１７～３０岁，平均２１．５岁。术前患肢短缩３～１１ｃｍ，平均５．３ｃｍ。延长长度为３～１１ｃｍ，平均４．９ｃｍ。延长率为原胫骨长度的１０％～５０％，平均１７％。１例软骨发育不全性侏儒症患者，女，２２岁，身高１４０．５ｃｍ，两下肢各延长６．５ｃｍ。介绍了手术方法。讨论了该手术优点及双下肢延长问题     

双下肢同步延长术治疗软骨发育不全性侏儒症

双下肢延长术治疗软骨发育不全性侏儒患者是近年来开展的一项新的手术方法．从１９８４年６月～１９９２年１２月，我们采用自行设制的框式外固定架为３８例患者施行了双下肢延长术．其中男１７例，女２１例．年龄９～２１岁，平均１６岁．术前身高１０６～１４０ｃｍ，平均１２４ｃｍ．采用三种术式：下肢骨骺牵开１４例（２８个节段），胫骨干骺端截骨延长２０例（４０个节段），股骨转子下截骨延长４例（８个节段）．术后胫骨延长长度为４．５～２２ｃｍ，平均１４．５ｃｍ，延长率为原骨长度的２５％～１４７％，平均７５％．骨愈合时间１５０～４２１天，其中３２例平均１５３天获骨愈合．股骨延长９～１６ｃｍ，平均１２ｃｍ，延长率３２％～１２０％．骨愈合时间１４０～３９１天，平均２２０天．平均治疗时间３９１天（１８０～５７１天）．愈合指数：胫骨３２ｄ／ｃｍ，股骨３８ｄ／ｃｍ．并发症包括足下垂畸形８例（１６足），骨迟缓愈合１例．     

阑尾炎术后切口感染的原因探讨及预防

阑尾炎术后切口感染较常见,发生率约2.8％～20％,穿孔性阑尾炎为78％。感染后治疗棘手,延长住院时间,增加患者痛苦及费用。为此笔者分析我院1992年1月～1996年12月间632例阑尾切除术病人中27例(占4.3％)切口感染者的临床资料,对原因及预防进行探讨。     

跖侧入路截骨延长治疗先天性第四跖骨短小症

[目的]探讨牵张成骨术治疗先天性第四跖骨短小症的效果,并介绍跖侧入路截骨的优点.[方法] 2008年6月～2010年3月,共治疗先天性第四跖骨短小症15例.均为女性;年龄18 ～34岁,平均23.5岁.15例病人共有22根跖骨短小,其中8例为单侧第4跖骨短小,5例为双侧第4跖骨短小,2例为单侧同足有第1和第4跖骨短小.跖骨短缩1.5～2.5 cm,平均2 cm.在影像增强器的帮助下,采用足背侧安装Orthofix单边延长支架,跖侧入路截骨.随访时间8～24个月,平均12个月.所有跖骨都延长到满意的长度,延长骨痂完全钙化.[结果]延长长度12 ～24 mm,平均18 mm,延长百分比25.8％ ～48.7％,平均32.6％.骨延长指数(延长1 cm需要的时间)为52 d/cm ～ 85.8 d/cm,平均63.5 d/cm.按照美国足踝矫形外科协会(the american orthopedic foot and ankle society,AOFAS)的功能评判标准,平均AOFAS评分为89.6分,10例优,3例良,2例可.每个足趾延长后足背遗留直径1 mm点状瘢痕4个,足底切口为线性瘢痕,长2 cm,对功能无任何影响.全部患者对延长的结果和足外观满意.并发症包括:延长跖骨成角4例,对延长足外观无影响;跖趾关节间隙缩窄13例,活动度减小,这是影响AOFAS评分的主要因素,随时间延长而明显改善.[结论]跖侧入路截骨延长治疗先天性第四跖骨短小症能使短小的跖骨恢复到满意的长度,遗留足背瘢痕小,对应的足趾功能恢复好,是一种值得推荐的好方法.     

延长伊马替尼辅助治疗时间对中高度复发风险胃肠问质瘤的疗效观察

目的评估延长伊马替尼辅助治疗时间对中高度复发风险胃肠间质瘤（GIST）患者无复发生存率与安全性的影响。方法回顾性分析北京大学肿瘤医院消化肿瘤内科自2004年3月至2009年5月接受伊马替尼辅助治疗、且随访时间均在3年以上的101例中高度复发风险GIST患者的临床和随访资料。伊马替尼治疗情况：3例因不良反应服药不足1年后停药;24例服药1年后停药：21例患者服药2年后停药;18例患者服药3年后停药;8例患者服药3年余仍继续治疗中：27例患者服药超过4年。结果中位随访时间60个月（95％CI：57．9～62．1个月）,19例患者出现肿瘤复发,其中5例于辅助治疗过程中出现复发,14例为终止辅助治疗后出现复发。伊马替尼停药至肿瘤复发的中位时间为12．0个月（95％CI：9．6～14．4个月）,再次给予伊马替尼治疗均获得肿瘤控制。53例辅助治疗时间3年或3年以上者5年无复发生存率为93．9％,明显优于不足3年的48例患者（68．0％,P〈0．01）。其中,3年以上者与3年者5年无复发生存率分别为97．1％和86．6％,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。除乏力发生率有所增加外,辅助治疗时间3年以上者总体不良反应发生率并未明显增加（P〉0．05）。结论延长伊马替尼辅助治疗时间超过3年有望进一步延长中高度复发风险GIST术后的无复发生存期,且其不良反应并未显著增多。     

单侧髋关节完全脱位患者下肢不等长及膝关节畸形的特点

目的 观察骨骼发育成熟的单侧发育性髋关节完全脱位的患者脱位侧下肢长度的变化特点及伴随膝关节畸形的情况.方法 选择201 1年3月至2012年12月因单侧髋关节完全脱位接受治疗且符合纳入排除标准的28例患者作为观察对象,其中男性6例,女性22例;年龄13.4～66.2岁,平均29.8岁.脱位侧为中低位脱位(HartofilakidisⅡ型)17例(60.7％),高位脱位(HartofilakidisⅢ型)11例(39.3％).患者均行站立位双下肢全长正位X线检查,于X线片上进行双侧股骨及胫骨绝对长度、下肢相对长度的测量,并观察脱位侧与非脱位侧膝关节畸形情况.对股骨绝对长度、胫骨绝对长度、双下肢相对长度及双侧膝外翻角采用配对资料t检验进行统计学分析;对膝外翻分布规律及不同脱位程度下肢相对长度的分布规律采用x2或校正x2检验.结果 脱位侧股骨绝对长度较非脱位侧延长者17例(60.7％),最长延长32.7 mm,平均延长9.5 mm,差异无统计学意义(t=1.328,P=0.197).脱位侧胫骨绝对长度较非脱位侧延长者21例(75.0％),最长延长10.9 mm,平均延长4.5 mm,差异有统计学意义(t=3.039,P=0.006).脱位侧下肢相对长度较非脱位侧延长者20例(71.4％),最长延长25.0 mm,平均延长9.4 mm,差异有统计学意义(t=2.451,P=0.022).脱位侧膝外翻角为3.±4°,非脱位侧膝外翻角为-3°±4°,双侧对比差异有统计学意义(t=5.642,P=0.000);其中脱位侧膝外翻畸形12例,膝内翻1例;而非脱位侧膝内翻畸形15例,膝外翻畸形1例,差异有统计学意义(x2=18.139,P=0.000).结论 大多数单侧髋关节完全脱位患者脱位侧患肢长度较非脱位侧延长,其中股骨和胫骨均有延长.脱位侧出现膝外翻畸形的发生率较高,而非脱位侧膝内翻的发生率高.     

人工髋膝关节置换术后假体周围慢性感染病原菌培养方法及结果分析

目的 分析人工髋、膝关节置换术后假体周围慢性感染病原菌培养方法及效果.方法 回顾性分析自2010年9月至2014年3月收治的全膝关节置换术(TKA)及全髋关节置换术(THA)术后被明确诊断为假体周围慢性感染的23例患者资料.其中TKA 15例,THA 8例;男性12例,女性11例;年龄32 ～ 79岁,平均62岁;伴有窦道患者9例.患者均在关节腔穿刺前至少2周停用抗生素治疗,翻修术前及术中分别取关节液予以病原菌培养及药敏试验.术中组织行一般病原菌培养及病理活检,培养结果为阴性的样本延长培养时间至2周.结果 本组患者共23例,术前培养1周阳性率30.4％ (7/23),阴性样本延长至2周阳性率39.1％(9/23).术中培养1周阳性率60.9％(14/23),阴性样本延长至2周阳性率82.6％(19/23),7例(30.4％)术前及术中培养结果相符.结论 对TKA、THA术后假体周围慢性感染行病原菌培养,在明确诊断前应停用抗生素至少2周.     

再次应用外固定架治疗肢体延长和畸形矫正术中的并发症

目的：运用外固定架治疗肢体不等长或畸形，矫正具有潜在的并发症。现报道一组因治疗过程中或结束后该延长肢体出现并发症而需再次运用外固定架的病例。方法：1991年2月-1999年7月，共有261例（297肢体）用Or-thofix或Ilizarov外固定进行肢体延长或畸形矫正。其中儿童228肢体，成人69肢体。结果：儿童再次运用外固定架治疗的有22例次（9.65％），成人有4例次（5.8％0.总的再次运用外固定架率达8.75％。再次运用外固定架的原因为延长区再生骨的骨折和成角畸形。有4例患者最后接受截肢术。结论：对因先天性疾患致肢体严重残疾的患儿，再次运用外固定架治疗仍具有临床价值。     

面神经缺损快速延长后即刻端端吻合修复的初步临床应用

目的初步评价面神经缺损快速延长后即刻端端吻合修复的临床效果。方法2000年8月～2005年2月，收治面神经缺损患者9例。其中交通伤4例，刀砍伤及肿瘤侵及面神经各2例，跌落伤1例。7例外伤患者出现明显面瘫；受肿瘤侵犯2例，术前无明显面瘫。多支缺损8例，单支缺损1例。缺损均位于各分支的近、中1／3，范围1．5～3．0cm。2例神经电生理检查示，患侧表情肌肌电图（electromyogram，EMG）平均峰值分别等于健侧的13％和20％，动作电位潜伏期较健侧长9倍以上。手术行解剖神经后，自制神经延长器一次性弦式加载延长神经，即刻行无张力端端缝合。术后综合参照BakerDC疗效评定和House—Brackmann评级法进行疗效评价。结果术后9例患者获随访6～18个月。其中5例两侧面部动、静态表情完全对称，表情肌EMG平均峰值为健侧的82％～95％，疗效评价为优；3例动、静态表情基本对称，表情肌EMG平均峰值为健侧的60％～90％，疗效评价为良；1例表情肌功能有改善，表情肌EMG平均峰值为健侧的55％，疗效评价为差。结论面神经缺损≤3cm的情况下，快速延长后即刻行端端缝合修复神经缺损，可获较满意疗效。     

Metacarpal lengthening by distraction histiogenesis in adults

Background:

Metacarpal lengthening in the hand is a new application for distraction neo-histiogenesis. Metacarpal lengthening with distraction helps in improvement in pinch function. Thumb lengthening is technically easy in comparison to other metacarpals. We present the operative treatment and post-operative outcome in nine patients with amputations and congenital anomalies.

Materials and Methods:

Nine patients underwent distraction osteogenesis for the treatment of amputations of the hand and other congenital anomalies. The dominant right hand was operated in eight cases and the left hand in one case. There were six males and three females. Improvement of function was always the aim of surgery. Age range was between 18 and 23 years. Thumb lengthening was performed in five patients and that of the index finger in four patients. Distraction started on the fifth post-operative day at the rate of 0.25 mm/day. Sensory function and bone consolidation was assessed before fixator removal.

Results:

The mean duration of distraction was 51 days (range, 42–60 days) and the distractor was removed at a mean of 150 days (range, 140 and 160 days) and the bones were lengthened by a mean of 24 mm (range, 20–28 mm) There was improvement of function in all cases.

Conclusion:

The metacarpal lengthening by distraction histiogenesis in congenital and traumatic amputations is safe and simple method to improve pinch function of hand.     

The principles and technique of limb lengthening

Summary We present the details of our studies of leg lengthening since 1962. The operative technique is outlined and the experiments upon which we have based our method are described. The factors which determine the choice of operation and influence its outcome are discussed, the results of 252 tibial and 58 femoral lengthenings are analysed and our conclusions given.

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Résumé Les auteurs présentent en détail les études qu'ils ont entreprises depuis 1962, concernant l'allongement des membres inférieurs. Ils exposent leur technique opératoire ainsi que les travaux expérimentaux sur lesquels ils ont basé leur méthode. Ils discutent les facteurs qui permettent de déterminer les indications opératoires, ils présentent les résultats de 252 allongements tibiaux et de 58 allongements fémoraux et ils en tirent leurs conclusions.

     

Limb lengthening by epiphyseal distraction

Summary Limb lengthening has been obtained using the technique of epiphyseal separation-distraction, initially in animal experiments and subsequently in operations on twenty-six human patients. The increase of length obtained ranged from 5–11 cm in the tibia and femur.There was no need for osteotomy, internal osteosynthesis, or bone grafting. The quality of the new bone formation was good and there have been no secondary fractures at the site of lengthening.

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Résumé Les auteurs ont réalisé l'allongement des membres inférieurs par une technique de «séparation-distraction épiphysaire», d'abord chez l'animal, puis chez l'homme. Vingt-six interventions ont été pratiquées. Le gain de longueur obtenu est compris entre 5 et 11 cm, tant au tibia qu'au fémur.Ce procédé ne nécessite ni ostéotomie, ni ostéosynthèse, ni greffe osseuse. L'os néoformé est de bonne qualité et il n'y a eu aucune fracture secondaire au niveau de l'allongement.

     

掌指骨延长的研究进展

目的总结掌指骨延长的研究进展,探讨存在的问题及进一步研究方向。方法查阅近年国内外关于掌指骨延长的文献,并进行总结分析。结果目前有多种方法治疗手指短缩畸形,掌指骨延长法相对占优势。它包括一次性骨延长、骨痂延长、缓慢牵伸延长3种,每种方法均有优势和局限。但在截骨部位、延长长度及速度以及术后并发症等方面尚存争议。结论相对于一次性骨延长和骨痂延长术,缓慢牵伸延长术创伤小、并发症少,但远期疗效尚不明确,还需要长期临床随访观察。     

Simultaneous Limb Lengthening With Ankle Fusion Using an Internal Lengthening Nail

We reviewed 18 limbs in 17 patients who underwent ankle fusion with simultaneous tibial lengthening with a magnetic internal lengthening nail. All patients had preoperative limb length discrepancy (LLD) (mean 4.9 cm (2.6-7.6 cm)) with ankle deformity. The ankle was fused from medial or lateral approaches using screws/plate constructs placed adjacent to the retrograde Precise nail. Lengthening was carried out by a distal 1/3 tibial osteotomy. Clinical and radiographic measures were performed after a mean follow-up of 20 months (12-37 months). The mean amount of lengthening performed was 4 cm (1.8-7.2 cm). The final mean LLD was 1 cm (0.7-1.1 cm), which was statistically significant (p<0.01) as compared to preoperative. The foot was plantigrade in all cases. The mean foot rotation was 10° (5-15°) external, relative to the knee. At final follow-up all patients reported minimal to no pain, and all claimed to be walking more functionally than before surgery. Ankle fusion and limb lengthening was achieved in all cases. Combining both treatments by using an internal lengthening nail was very effective and avoided leaving patients with a dysfunctional LLD or of having a separate limb lengthening procedure. This is the first report of such a combined treatment of ankle fusion with internal tibial lengthening nail.     

下肢延长美容增高术

目的：研究应用肢体延长技术进行美容增高的安全性及效果，探索人体美容增高的方法。方法：应用改进后的经皮小切口骨延长技术，对60例成人矮身材志愿者行双下肢肢体延长，观察并记录延长区骨愈合，并发症，术后肢体功能恢复以及身体增高幅度。结果:60例术后身高增加5－10cm，平均增高6.8cm，延长率平均19.6%。延长区骨愈合时间为6－16个月，平均8．2个月。无严重并发症。随访2－8年，均能参加正常工作和学习，形态外观美容改善，心理障碍消除。骨愈合后2年以上的患者，均恢复跑，跳等大强度运动能力。结论：通过肢体延长进行增高是一种较为安全及有效的治疗方法。     

踝关节骨折后外踝畸形愈合的外科矫形

目的 观察腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗踝关节骨折后外踝畸形愈合的临床疗效.方法 自2005年10月至2008年7月,对23例术前诊断为踝部骨折后外踝畸形愈合合并早、中期创伤性关节炎患者行腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗,采用腓骨斜形或横形截骨,旋转延长后植骨内固定.17例获得完整的随访资料,应用美国骨科足踝外科协会(American Orthopedic Foot Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝关节功能评分系统进行评分.结果 17例获得12～45个月(平均29.1个月)随访.骨折全部愈合,平均X线愈合时间13.1周(11～16周).完全负重时间平均为12.1周(11～15周).术前踝关节AOFAS评分为21～47分(平均29分),术后12个月评分为56～91分(平均81分),优5例,良8例,一般3例,差1例,优良率76.5%.术后1例发生切口皮缘部分坏死,经保守治疗痊愈.2例术后出现足外侧皮肤感觉麻木.2例患者在随访时X线片示关节炎有轻微进展,予以关节腔内注射施沛特,保守治疗后获得较满意的临床效果.无螺钉松动、断裂及内固定失败等其他并发症.结论 外踝畸形愈合的踝关节骨折采用腓骨旋转延长截骨术治疗,近期可获得满意效果.     

Subacute two stage metatarsal lengthening with gradual distraction for brachymetatarsia: A consecutive case series and literature review

BackgroundThis study examined the functional and clinical outcomes of subacute two stage metatarsal lengthening with gradual distraction for brachymetatarsia. This technique was developed to overcome the disadvantages of one-stage metatarsal lengthening and gradual distraction.MethodsFour feet of three patients with congenital brachymetatarsia underwent subacute two stage metatarsal lengthening with gradual distraction. Pain, function, and alignment were assessed preoperatively and at follow-ups using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) lesser metatarsophalangeal–interphalangeal scale, and any complications were recorded.ResultsThe patients were followed up for a mean of 18.1 ± 6.9 (range, 12.6–28.1) months. The mean metatarsal length gain was 15.2 ± 3.2 (range, 12.1–18.5) mm, and the corresponding percent increase was 32.5 % ± 7.0 % (range, 25.7–41.1 %). The mean AOFAS score (0?100) was 97.5 ± 5.0 at the final follow-up. The external fixator index was 10.2 ± 1.5 (range, 8.1–11.6) days/cm. None of the patients experienced metatarsophalangeal stiffness, subluxation or dislocation of the metatarsophalangeal joint, loss of correction, pin tract infection, delayed union, nonunion, or angular deformities.ConclusionSubacute two stage metatarsal lengthening with gradual distraction is a reliable alternative treatment for brachymetatarsia.     

Leg lengthening using intramedullay skeletal kinetic distractor: Results of 57 consecutive applications

Background

Mechanically activated intramedullary lengthening nails are advantageous over external fixator. However, difficulties with the control of the distraction rate are the main drawbacks, which may in turn cause insufficient bone regenerate.

Patients and methods

A total of 57 lengthening procedures were performed using intramedullary skeletal kinetic distractor (ISKD) nail in 53 patients (femoral = 45 and tibial = 12). Average length gain was 4.3 ± 1.6 cm. The cause of shortening was post-traumatic (n = 33), congenital (n = 20), post-tumour resection (n = 1), cosmetic femoral lengthening (n = 2) and post-correction of distal femoral varus deformity (n = 1).

Results

The desired lengthening was achieved in all patients. The mean follow-up period was 23 ± 12 months. The healing index for patients with normal bone healing was 1.2 ± 0.32 months/cm. Complications in femoral lengthening were superficial wound infection (n = 1), premature consolidation (n = 4) and insufficient bone regenerate (n = 11), while in the tibial lengthening, two developed equinus contractures, one had compartment syndrome following implantation of the nail and one insufficient bone regenerate. Furthermore, nine runaway nails and three non-distracting nails were present in the femoral lengthening. One non-distracting nail responded to manipulation under anaesthesia, one required exchange nailing and accidental acute lengthening of 3 cm took place while manipulating the third nail. Patients with femoral lengthening and those with insufficient regenerate had significantly higher distraction rates (P = 0.006 and 0.003, respectively). Six out of the nine runaway nails developed insufficient bone regenerate. In addition, 10.7-mm tibial ISKD nails were found to have lower rates of runaway nails compared with other used diameters.

Conclusion

We emphasise the rule of distraction rates above 1.5 mm/day in the development of insufficient bone regenerate. Distraction problems with these nails are mostly due to dysfunction within the ratcheting mechanism, which may be related to the diameter of the nail. New designs for mechanically activated nails with a better control mechanism for the distraction rate are required.