前臂外侧皮神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复手部软组织缺损8例

自Bertelli和Masquelet将皮神经营养血管皮瓣应用于临床实践以来,已逐渐得到临床应用。我们自1998年12月至1999年12月间,利用前臂外侧皮神经的营养血管岛状皮瓣修复手部软组织缺损8例,取得较好效果,现报道如下: 1 临床资料 1.1 一般情况:本组男6例,女2例,年龄最小18岁,最大42岁。1例因左手虎口疤痕挛缩,松解开大后有软组织缺损,6例均为机器压伤致手背部软组织缺损伴伸指肌腱外露。1例为手背部皮肤癌切除术后软组织缺损。软组织缺损范围3cm×5cm～8cm×12cm。     

腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的　探讨腓肠神经伴行血管为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣临床应用。方法　以腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣治疗小腿远端、踝部、足跟及足背部外伤性软组织缺损、瘢痕、溃疡共2 6例。皮瓣切取面积(8cm×5cm)～(14cm×9cm )。结果　经1～2年随访,2 6例皮瓣成活及外形良好。结论　腓肠神经营养血管蒂逆行岛状皮瓣血供可靠,切取简单安全,不损伤主要血管,是修复小腿下段、踝部、足部软组织缺损较好的方法。     

跨区联合皮瓣修复四肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损

目的:探索四肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损的修复方法。方法:切取以轴型血管为蒂,跨越其解剖学供区,连同另一轴型血管解剖学供区的部分或全部形成跨区联合皮瓣,转移修复四肢大面积皮肤软组织缺损。皮瓣最小面积6cm×9cm,最大面积16cm×42cm。结果:本组共48例,其中有2例皮瓣部分坏死。其余46例皮瓣全部成活。随访2个月～4年,皮瓣弹性好,质地柔软。结论:相邻皮瓣供区的轴型血管之间存在着分支吻合,根据这些吻合支的桥梁作用,可以切取以轴型血管为蒂的跨区联合皮瓣。     

用健侧带蒂胫后动脉皮瓣修复严重足背软组织缺损

1996年以来,我们在应用带蒂胫后动脉皮瓣修复严重的足背软组织缺损时,多吻合了一组血管,取得了缩短疗程、提高了治疗效果。 1 临床资料 本组男5例,女2例,年龄7～49岁,全部病例均为足背部的挤压、捻挫、压砸、搔刮伤。足背皮肤缺损或坏死,皮肤缺损范围最大16.0cm×14.5cm,最小11.0cm×8.0cm,6例伴伸肌腱损伤,2例有跗跖骨损伤,急诊手术1例,择期手术6例。胫后皮瓣面积最大20.0cm×15.0cm,最小13.0cm×10.0cm。结果:所有病例断蒂时间为11～16天,平均13天,皮瓣全部成活,受区外观好,无感染、肿胀、发暗等循环不良现象。 2 手术方法     

远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣与肌皮瓣的临床应用与改进

目的:报道应用远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣,肌皮瓣修复小腿下段及足踝部软组织缺损的可行性安全性和临床效果。方法:对42例以远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管(肌)皮瓣修复小腿下段及足踝部不同原因所致软组织缺损病例进行总结分析。本组男36例,女6例;年龄最大75岁、最小6岁;皮瓣最大面积17.0cm×15.0cm,最小6.0cm×5.0cm,其中12例皮瓣面积在10.0cm×10.0cm以上;6例设计为肌皮瓣(腓肠肌外侧头),肌瓣最大为10.0cm×7.0cm×2.0cm,最小为6.0cm×5.0cm×1.0cm。结果:所有病例术后皆出现不同程度的皮瓣肿胀,暗道较明道者明显。2例大皮瓣经行小隐静脉远端结扎仍出现肿胀、色暗,皮瓣近侧1/3坏死。皮瓣边缘坏死3例,换药治愈。部分坏死需行植皮者3例。36例术后伤口I期愈合,骨外露软件组织缺损覆盖修复满意,6例II期愈合,其中糖尿病,地中海贫血各一例。结论:(1)远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣转位修复小腿下1/3及足踝部缺损创面,极有临床实用价值;(2)设计切取腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣修复小腿及足踝填充感染创腔是可行的;(3)但对其皮瓣及所携带的肌瓣究竟切取多大面积是安全的、肌瓣的血运机理以及远端蒂筋膜皮瓣中小隐静脉干是否结扎,何处结扎等问题仍有待进一步研究。     

桡神经浅支内侧支神经营养皮瓣逆行修复拇指指端皮肤软组织缺损的临床应用

目的 探讨应用桡神经浅支内侧支神经营养皮瓣逆行修复拇指指端皮肤及软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2015年2月—2017年1月大连医科大学附属二院手足外科收治的拇指指端皮肤及软组织缺损15例患者的临床资料。其中男9例,女6例;年龄23~61岁,平均(41.4±1.8)岁;挤压伤6例,砸伤6例,电锯伤3例;左侧8例,右侧7例。指端皮肤及软组织缺损伴指骨外露7例,指背皮肤及软组织缺损伴甲床缺损5例,指腹皮肤及软组织缺损3例。缺损面积为3.5 cm×2.0 cm～5.5 cm×3.5 cm。均采用桡神经浅支内侧支神经营养皮瓣逆行修复拇指指端皮肤及软组织缺损,术中皮瓣切取面积为4.0 cm×2.5 cm～6.0 cm×4.0 cm,皮瓣携带的桡神经浅支内侧支与指固有神经吻合重建感觉。术后观察皮瓣存活情况,应用总主动活动度测定法(TAM)评价手功能。结果 15例皮瓣全部成活,无张力性水泡及静脉危象发生。14例获得随访,随访时间3～20个月,平均10.5个月。本次随访时,见皮瓣质地良好,不臃肿,外形满意;皮瓣感觉恢复至S3~S4级,两点辨别觉为3～8 mm;应用TAM法评定手功能,优12例、良1例、可1例。供区无并发症发生。结论 桡神经浅支内侧支神经营养皮瓣逆行修复拇指皮肤及软组织缺损,具有皮瓣血供稳定、静脉回流通畅、皮瓣感觉恢复良好、外形美观等优点,是拇指指端软组织缺损的理想术式选择。     

吻合血管大收肌腱骨皮瓣修复跟腱复合组织缺损

目的：报道跟腱止点伴跟骨及皮肤缺损游离大收肌腱骨皮瓣修复的效果。方法：于2002年10月-2004年7月对4例因摩托车后轮绞伤至足跟腱伴跟骨止点及皮肤缺损的患者，采用吻合血管大收肌．骨皮瓣，修复跟腱重建止点并修复跟区皮肤缺损。足跟区皮肤缺损面积为6．5cm×10cm-7cm×11cm，跟腱缺损长度为5-7cm。切取隐动脉皮瓣面积为8cm×11cm-8cm×12cm，切取大收肌腱长度为6-8cm。结果：4例复合组织瓣全部成活，术后随访6421个月，皮瓣感觉恢复S3～S4，双足提踵试验均阴性，单足提踵试验阴性3例，4例病例步态均恢复正常。结论：吻合膝降血管大收肌．骨皮瓣修复跟腱跟骨复合组织缺损，疗效满意，是目前较理想的修复方法。     

改良膝降动脉为蒂大收肌腱骨皮瓣修复跟腱复合组织缺损

目的　探讨改良膝降动脉为蒂的大收肌腱骨皮瓣修复跟区跟腱复合组织缺损方法及效果。 方法　对3例外伤致足跟区跟腱止点伴跟骨及皮肤软组织缺损的患者,采用以膝降动脉为蒂的隐动脉穿支皮瓣修复跟区皮肤缺损,以膝降动脉关节支为蒂的大收肌腱骨瓣移植修复跟区复合组织缺损。其中跟区皮肤缺损面积为7 cm×9 cm～5 cm×7 cm ,跟腱缺损长度为6～8 cm,切取皮瓣面积为8 cm×10 cm～6 cm×8 cm ,大收肌腱切取长度为7～9 cm。 结果　3例复合组织瓣全部顺利成活,术后随访6～12个月,皮瓣感觉恢复S3～4,双足提踵试验及单足提踵试验均阴性,步态恢复均正常。 结论　应用隐动脉穿支设计皮瓣,皮瓣设计于大腿内侧, 改良了隐动脉皮瓣设计于小腿内侧,造成切口过大,分离血管蒂较长等缺点,疗效可靠,是目前较理想修复方法。     

带蒂腓肠神经小隐静脉营养血管皮瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的:报道带蒂腓肠神经小隐静脉营养血管皮瓣修复小腿远端、踝足部软缺损的效果。方法:对18例小腿或足部不同部位软组织缺损,采用带腓肠神经血管蒂皮瓣逆行转移修复。皮瓣面积最大为13cm×5cm,最小为3cm×3cm。结果:17例全部成活,其中2例部分坏死,l例失败,随访效果满意。结论:此皮瓣是修复小腿远端、踝及足部软组织缺损的理想供区,具有切取方便,位置恒定,血供可靠。     

前臂内侧皮神经营养血管蒂皮瓣在修复拇指缺损中的应用

目的:探讨趾移植再造拇指ⅢB缺损时鱼际及虎口处皮肤缺损的修复方法。方法:在解剖学研究的基础上,对资料完整的7例拇指ⅢB缺损再造术进行回顾:所有病例均为陈旧性损伤,行游离第二足趾移植后单纯鱼际处缺损2例,鱼际处及虎口皮肤同时缺损5例。采用前臂内侧皮神经营养血管蒂皮瓣修复鱼际处及虎口处的皮肤缺损,皮瓣切取面积为4cm×8cm～6cm×14cm。结果:所有皮瓣均成活,2例因旋转点蒂部缝合过紧造成皮瓣远端1/5部分皮肤坏死,经植皮后愈合。所有病例经3个月～2年的随访,再造拇指成活,鱼际处饱满,无跖骨及屈肌腱外露,虎口无明显挛缩。第1跖骨与第2掌骨夹角大于30°。外形满意,功能好。结论:前臂内侧皮神经营养血管蒂皮瓣是修复拇指ⅢB缺损行游离第二足趾移植时形成的鱼际及虎口处皮肤缺损的良好方法,具有血运可靠,易操作,风险小等优点。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.