带侧孔T管在胆囊肝总管吻合术中的应用

目的探讨胆囊肝总管吻合术中带侧孔T管的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2009年7月至2012年7月期间笔者所在医院60例胆囊肝总管吻合术患者的临床资料,比较常规T管与带侧孔T管患者术后的胆囊大小、收缩功能及黏膜恢复情况。结果24例胆囊肝总管吻合术中使用常规T管,术后6-8周行经T管胆道造影,见胆囊均不显影,17例胆囊黏膜色泽正常,无明显水肿;6例胆囊黏膜充血水肿;1例胆囊正常黏膜结构消失。36例使用带侧孔T管,术后6-8周造影见胆囊均显影,胆囊黏膜无水肿、糜烂,胆囊收缩功能均正常。结论胆囊肝总管成形术中使用带侧孔T管,术后胆囊内絮状物、血凝块及炎症物质可通过T管排泄入肠道或引流出体外,胆汁可经T管进入胆囊内进行浓缩。使用带侧孔T管术后即可恢复胆汁的生理流向,从而能促进胆囊功能的早期恢复。     

副肝管损伤的预防与处理

副肝管是肝外胆道的一种少见变异 ,术中常难以发现 ,如处理不当常引起严重并发症。本文总结 5例 ,分析报告如下 :1　临床资料本组 5例均为女性 ,年龄 2 8～ 63岁。 5例中副肝管汇于肝总管 1例 ,汇于肝总管与胆囊管交界处1例 ,汇于胆囊管 2例 ,汇于胆囊 1例。术中完整发现的 2例 ,切断后发现 1例 ,损伤或切断未发现术后形成胆漏 2例。副肝管口径 1 mm2例 ,1 .5 mm1例 ,2 mm2例。除完整发现的 2例术中给予保留外 ,其余损伤、切断的副肝管 (包括二次手术 )均给予结扎。 2例副肝管漏扎患者术后均逐渐出现右上腹不适、胀痛、恶心、呕吐等症状。其…     

少见的胆囊及胆囊管解剖变异:附8例报告

目的 探讨少见的胆囊及胆囊管解剖变异类型及其临床意义。方法 对11年间收治的432例经腹行胆囊切除术中的8例少见的胆囊及胆囊管解剖变异者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 8例中双胆囊1例，左位胆囊1例，胆囊管肝总管并行2例，胆囊管开口于胆总管前壁1例，双胆囊管1例(1管汇入胆总管、1管汇入肝总管)，胆囊肝管1例，右副肝管汇入胆囊管1例。4例患者术后发生并发症(50．0％)。结论 提高对肝外胆道解剖变异的认识，仔细解剖胆囊三角，认真辨认胆囊动脉及胆囊管，妥善处理胆囊动脉及胆囊管、“粘连带”是降低胆囊切除术并发症的关键。     

胆囊切除术中右后叶肝管损伤1例

患者,女性,63岁。因慢性结石性胆囊炎行胆囊切除术,术中显露Calot’s三角,于三角内结扎、切断胆囊动脉,然后解剖显露出胆总管、肝总管、胆囊管,将胆囊管结扎、切断,再从胆囊底部开始游离胆囊,发现肝外胆管解剖变异,经术中胆道造影,证实为分裂型右肝管,右后叶肝管汇接胆囊管后低位注入肝总管(见图1),手术一开始被切断的胆囊管实为右     

腹腔镜经胆囊管微切开一期缝合治疗胆囊管肝总管汇合部结石：附8 例报告

目的:探讨腹腔镜经胆囊管微切开一期缝合治疗胆囊管肝总管汇合部结石的有效性和安全性。方法:回顾性分析2015年12月—2017年12月内蒙古医科大学附属医院肝胆外科收治的8例胆囊管肝总管汇合部结石患者资料,所有患者均行腹腔镜胆囊切除+经胆囊管微切开一期缝合手术,部分患者加用胆道镜辅助操作。观察患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后胃肠道功能恢复时间、腹腔引流管拔除时间、术后住院时间以及并发症发生率。术后随访3～24个月。结果:8例患者均成功实施腹腔镜操作,无中转开腹。手术时间(125.5±24.2)min、术后胃肠道功能恢复时间(28.9±8.2)h、腹腔引流管拔管时间(3.0±1.3)d、术后住院时间(5.3±1.5)d。患者术中无明显出血,术后胆汁漏1例、保守治愈。随访无结石残留及胆道狭窄。结论:腹腔镜经胆囊管微切开一期缝合治疗胆囊管肝总管汇合部结石是安全有效的,能够避免结石残留或者胆道探查T型管引流,但仍需进一步大样本的研究确证。     

胆道术后肝胆管结石的外科治疗

目的：总结外科治疗胆道术后肝胆管结石的经验和方法。方法：对1064例患者行开腹胆道探查1020例（其中T管引流885例,一期缝合28例,T管引流、Oddi括约肌成形术11例,肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术82例,肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合皮下盲袢3例,胆总管十二指肠吻合术5例,胆肠吻合口扩张成形2例,胆总管十二指肠吻合口拆除肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术4例）,三镜联合（十二指肠镜、胆道镜、腹腔镜）胆道探查44例。术中、术后胆道镜检查取石或液电碎石。结果：术中损伤十二指肠5例,空肠9例,结肠肝曲2例,胃窦1例,胆总管6例,右肝管2例。术后发生肠瘘3例,切口感染64例,切口裂开1例,胆瘘21例,胆道出血6例,死亡5例。结论：胆道术后肝胆管结石的治疗,以择期手术、右肋缘下斜切口为首选。胆道探查T管引流为主要术式,腹腔镜下胆道探查、胆肠内引流、胆总管一期缝合应严格掌握指征。     

经T管窦道胆囊管残余结石胆道镜取石1例报告

目的:探究经T管窦道胆囊管残余结石胆道镜取石的可行性.方法:选取1例胆囊管残余结石T管引流术后患者,应用胆道镜结合X线透视取石,观察取石效果.结果:胆囊管结石取石成功,术后X线造影无残余结石.结论:对于存在胆囊管肝总管瘘的胆囊管残余结石患者,应用胆道镜取石安全可靠.     

胆囊切除术致胆管损伤28例外科治疗体会

目的 提高胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的外科治疗水平.方法 回顾性分析28例胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的临床资料.结果 术中发现的19例胆管损伤病例均行一期胆道重建术,包括胆管断端对端吻合术6例、肝外胆管空肠端侧Roux-Y吻合术7例和左肝管空肠侧侧Roux-Y吻合术6例.在胆管断端对端吻合术6例中,有2例术后出现胆道狭窄而行再次胆道重建术.术后发现的胆管损伤9例中,3例行一期胆道重建,包括左肝管空肠Roux-Y吻合术2例和肝总管空肠端侧Roux-Y吻合术1例;3例行二期胆道重建术,包括肝总管空肠端侧Roux-Y吻合术1例、左肝管空肠侧侧Roux-Y吻合术1例和胆管空肠黏膜移植术1例;1例行结扎松解后胆管切开加T形管支撑引流术;1例行胆管裂伤修补加胆总管T形管引流术;1例行保守治疗.术后疗效满意.结论 术中及时发现和术后早期诊断胆管损伤,针对不同损伤类型选择相应术式并注重胆道重建的质量可以提高胆管损伤的修复效果;不必常规放置经吻合口的支撑引流管;Smith空肠黏膜移植术可应用于某些高位胆管损伤的二期修复重建.     

带蒂胆囊瓣转移修补肝外胆管壁缺损

目的 探讨修补肝外胆管缺损简捷、有效的术式。方法 用带蒂胆囊瓣修补肝外胆道缺损１４例。其中,肝总管缺损Ｍｉｒｉｚｚｉ综合征Ⅱ、Ⅲ型１１例（７８．５７％）;原发怀胆总管结石、胆总管壁溃疡穿孔２例（１４．２８％）;医源性胆总管损伤１例（７．１４％）。结果 全组病例恢复好,术后带Ｔ型管３￣６月经Ｔ管造影复查后拨管,无１例术后出现并发症。结论 带蒂胆囊瓣修补肝外胆管缺损,手术简单易行,取材方便,合乎胆道生理,临床效果满意。     

活体肝移植中利用受者胆囊管完成供肝多支胆管的重建五例

目的 研究在活体肝移植中利用受者胆囊管完成供肝多支胆管重建的可行性.方法 回顾分析2008年1月至2011年9月期间利用受者胆囊管与供肝多支胆管中的一支进行吻合的5例病例的临床资料,其余供肝胆管与受者肝总管或右肝管相吻合,从而完成供肝多支胆道的重建.术后定期复查肝功能,所有受者均于术后2周和术后3个月时接受胆道造影检查.结果 术后2周时,5例受者的胆道造影均显示肝内、外胆道无明显狭窄及外漏.3例受者术后恢复顺利,未出现肝功能异常,术后3个月时接受胆道造影检查见肝内外胆道良好,无明显狭窄及外漏,胆道排空良好.1例受者术后肝功能持续正常,因未满3个月,尚未接受第2次胆道造影检查.1例受者术后早期恢复顺利,术后3个月时胆道造影检查见右前支胆管见胆囊管迂曲,吻合口狭窄,因肝功能正常,给予拔除T管;术后9个月时出现肝功能异常,表现为胆红素及转氨酶的轻度升高,行胆道磁共振水成像检查发现胆总管中段管腔略窄,较前无明显变化,副右肝管近端较前扩张,将免疫抑制剂由他克莫司更换为西罗莫司后,肝功能恢复正常.结论 在活体肝移植中,如果供肝具有多支胆管开口,利用受者胆囊管进行吻合的方法是安全可行的.     

Laparoscopic transcystic duct common bile duct exploration

The modern era of common bile duct (CBD) surgery started with Mirizzi, who introduced intraoperative cholangiography in 1932. Intraoperative choledoscopy had been developed as an adjunctive to intraoperative cholangiography, which helped to detect CBD stones in an additional 10% to 15% of instances that otherwise would have been missed. Findings have shown choledochoscopy to be an important technique for efficient and effective management of CBD stones. Efforts to treat patients with common duct stones in one session and to avoid the potential complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy resulted in several laparoscopic transcystic CBD (LTCBDE) techniques. The techniques of transcystic stone extraction include lavage, trolling with wire baskets or biliary balloon catheters, cystic duct dilation, biliary endoscopy, and stone retrieval with wire baskets under direct vision and antegrade sphincterotomy, lithotripsy, and catheter techniques. The indications for LTCBDE are filling or equivocal defects at cholangiography, stones smaller than 10 mm, fewer than 9 stones, and possible tumor. The contraindications are stones larger than 1 cm, stones proximal to the cystic duct entrance into the CBD, small friable cystic duct, and 10 or more stones. Experience with LTCBDE shows that the approach is applicable in more than 85% of cases, with a success rate of 85% to 95%. It also is shown to be more cost effective than postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Recent developments in LTCBDE have focused mainly on implementation of robotically assisted surgery and new imaging methods such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with three-dimensional virtual cholangioscopy and three-dimensional ultrasound. Further technological advances will facilitate the application of laparoscopic approaches to the common duct, which should become the primary strategy for the great majority of patients.     

Patient and duct selection for nipple duct lavage

BACKGROUND: Nipple ductal lavage (NDL) is a new minimally invasive procedure with the potential to help identify women who could benefit from breast cancer risk intervention. NDL is currently encouraged for women with fluid-producing ducts and a 5-year Gail risk > or =1.7%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the atypia rate by NDL in fluid-producing ducts compared with non-fluid-producing ducts and the atypia rate in high-risk verses low-risk patients to determine if current recommendations are supported. METHODS: Fifty-nine women were studied with NDL. The 226 ducts lavaged included all fluid-producing ducts (n = 136) and any dry ducts we could cannulate (n = 90). Breast cancer risk was calculated using mathematic models. RESULTS: There were 26 (44%) women with a 5-year Gail risk > or =1.7% and 33 (56%) with a 5-year Gail risk <1.7%. Cytologic atypia was diagnosed in 20 of 59 (34%) of patients. The atypia rate was similar for women with a 5-year Gail risk > or =1.7% (9 of 26 or 35%) compared with lower-risk women (11 of 33 or 33%, P = 1.0) and for fluid-producing ducts (26 of 136 or 19%) compared with dry ducts (14 of 90 or 15%, P = 0.61). No significant differences were found when the atypia was categorized as mild versus marked. Of note, the insufficient sample rate was higher for dry ducts (33%) compared with fluid-producing duct (22%, P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: If NDL results are found to correlate with breast cancer incidence, it will be important to apply the test in a way that maximizes sensitivity for the detection of atypia in a screened population. We were unable to identify patient or duct characteristics that predict NDL atypia rates.     

肝胆管结石并狭窄的手术治疗

回顾性分析近12年来收治的64例肝胆管结石并胆管狭窄患者的临床资料。64例均手术治疗，肝叶（段）切除术19例，胆管空肠端侧Roux-en-Y吻合术21例，2种方法联合使用24例;其中行T 管和U管引流分别为11 例和8 例，肝门部肝胆管狭窄整形9例。全组无术中及术后死亡;随访0.5 ～12 年，术后残留结石7例，残石率10.9%。术后用胆道镜取石4例，取净3例;体外震波碎石3例，结合冲洗及中药治疗，排净2例，最终残石率3.12%。提示肝段(叶) 切除联合其他手术是治疗肝胆管结石较为有效的手术方式。     

Cystic duct directly joining the main pancreatic duct

A unique anomaly of the direct union between the cystic duct and the main pancreatic duct is presented. A 19-year-old man with a history of repeated epigastralgia underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography that showed a direct union between the cystic duct and the main pancreatic duct. No pancreaticobiliary maljunction was noticed. Cholecystectomy accompanied by resection of the long cystic duct was performed. The excised gallbladder showed cholesterolosis, chronic cholecystitis, and hyperplasia of the pseudopyloric glands microscopically. The patient has been well for 3 years since surgery.     

腹腔镜再次胆道探查术治疗胆管结石

目的：探讨腹腔镜再次胆道探查术治疗胆管结石的方法和临床应用价值。方法：回顾分析为31例复发性胆管结石患者施行腹腔镜胆道探查取石术的临床资料。结果：31例中2例因腹腔粘连致密,胆道周围组织充血水肿严重而中转开腹。29例完成腹腔镜手术,其中1例因胆总管结石大,1例胆总管下端结石嵌顿,1例肝内胆管结石较多,胆道镜和取石钳取石困难,剑突下切口延长至3~4 cm,直视下用取石钳联合胆道镜取石。行胆总管一期缝合5例,24例行胆总管T管引流术。手术时间平均170 min。术后均无腹腔出血和肠漏等并发症发生。3例出现少量胆漏,未出现腹膜炎和腹内感染征象,腹腔引流管分别于术后第6,9,10天拔除。2例剑突下切口感染均是切口延长者,通过局部换药愈合。胆总管一期缝合5例,术后5~7 d出院。24例行胆总管T管引流的患者中,10例于术后7 d带T管出院,14例于术后14 d夹闭T管后带管出院。术中19例结石取净,10例胆道残余结石患者于术后2个月经胆道镜取出。结论：腹腔镜再次胆道探查术安全,患者创伤小,康复快。胆管炎症严重及肝内外结石较多、胆总管下端结石嵌顿者需慎重选择腹腔镜手术。     

腹腔镜胆总管切开取石方法探讨

目的 :探讨腹腔镜下胆总管探查胆道取石的方法。方法 :于腹腔镜下对胆总管结石 4 5例按由简单到复杂 ,由损伤轻到损伤重的原则应用冲洗、挤压及分离钳、胆道镜、改良取石钳取石。结果 :用冲吸法取净结石 3例 ,占 6 .6 % ;挤压和分离钳取净结石 13例 ,占 2 8 9% ;胆道镜取净结石 11例 ,占 2 4 % ;取石钳取净结石 18例 ,占 4 0 %。结论 :腹腔镜下胆总管取石应遵循由简到繁的原则 ,用取石钳取石较为可靠