糖尿病肾病新病理分型及其临床价值

糖尿病肾病是引起终末期肾脏病的主要病因之一。如何早期筛选高危患者并进行针对性的治疗是目前研究的热点。组织学改变对于了解疾病的发病机制及判断预后意义重大。近期肾脏病理学会提出了新的糖尿病肾病病理分型标准,研究显示其在判断肾脏预后上具有指导价值。     

肾活检在糖尿病肾病诊治中的价值

我国糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)患病率呈不断上升趋势,已成为终末期肾病的主要病因之一。早期正确诊断与积极治疗是改善预后的关键,而肾活检是确诊此类疾病的重要手段。人们越来越认识到,糖尿病合并肾脏损害不一定都是DN。传统意义上的DN是糖尿病本身所致的肾脏疾病,两者有明显的因果关系,有特征性的病理改变。但是糖尿病合     

基层医院开展小儿肾活检术的体会(附1例报告)

经皮肾穿刺活体组织检查(简称肾活检),是诊断各种急慢性肾小球疾病的重要手段,对了解肾脏疾病的病理类型、指导临床治疗、判断疾病预后都具有十分重要的意义.新疆喀什地区第一人民医院儿科于2004年9月17日采用自动同步负压活检装置对1例肾病患儿成功进行了肾穿刺,现介绍如下.     

2289例慢性肾脏病临床及病理分析

目的 总结我院近3年来慢性肾脏病患者肾脏病理类型以及不同年龄段肾脏疾病的构成比,分析慢性肾脏病分期、临床分型与病理分型之间的关系.方法 收集2009年1月～2011年12月在我科行肾活检的慢性肾脏病患者2289例,对其性别、年龄、病理类型、临床分型、CKD分期等进行回顾性分析.结果 (1)2289例患者平均年龄(46.6±25.7)岁,男女比例1.22∶1;(2)原发性肾小球疾病占68.3％,IgA肾病最常见(占40.3％);继发性肾脏疾病占31.4％,狼疮性肾炎发病率最高(28.4％),其次是糖尿病肾病(19.7％);(3)年龄＜18岁组患者以肾小球轻微病变最为多见(30.4％),年龄＞ 60岁的老年患者中以膜性肾病和糖尿病肾损害最常见;(4)慢性肾炎综合征是最常见的临床类型(37.9％).结论 慢性肾脏病好发于中青年,不同年龄段患者肾脏疾病的病理分型明显不同.原发性肾病中IgA肾病最常见,继发性肾脏疾病以狼疮性肾炎最多见.导致慢性肾功能不全最常见的病理类型为局灶节段性肾小球硬化、IgA肾病以及糖尿病肾病.最常见的临床类型为慢性肾炎综合征和肾病综合征.     

糖尿病肾病合并IgA肾病的临床病理特征及预后分析探讨

目的总结2型糖尿病肾病合并Ig A肾病的临床病理特征及预后分析探讨。方法选取2013年10月—2014年10月该院病理确诊的糖尿病肾病合并Ig A(简称为DN+Ig AN)患者39例,将其设置为观察组;41例病理确诊为DN非合并糖尿病肾病患者设置为对照组。对两组患者治疗前、中、后期所有的资料进行对比评估,采用相关的病理分型标准进行总结。结果对两组患者进行肾活检时,发现肾功能水平没有明显的差异。另外,两组患者在高血压、视网膜病变发生率、结节性硬化等病理表现上具有一致性,两组患者的临床资料、病理特征等方面差异无统计学意义。结论经研究发现,糖尿病肾病合并Ig A患者与DN非合并糖尿病肾病患者相比具有糖尿病病程短、蛋白尿水平较低、相关病变发生几率较低、肾小球病变较小的特点,但是DN+Ig AN患者的病理特征常常伴随着DN非合并糖尿病肾病的特征,且在两种类型的预后方面差异无统计学意义。     

老年人肾淀粉样变三例临床病理分析

淀粉样变是一种全身性的与免疫系统有关的淀粉样蛋白沉积病.肾淀粉样变在肾脏疾病中,尤其是在老年人肾脏疾病中并非少见.大量蛋白尿和肾病综合征是主要的临床表现,疾病后期可以出现肾功能衰竭.我们对3例老年肾淀粉样变患者的临床表现、组织病理形态、生化免疫分型、鉴别诊断及预后进行分析,旨在加强临床及病理医师对这一病变的认识.     

糖尿病肾病诊断及治疗规范

糖尿病肾病(DN),是糖尿病微血管并发症之一,也是糖尿病患者死亡的主要原因之一.糖尿病所致的肾脏损害可以累及整个肾脏,从肾小球、肾血管直至间质,导致不同的病理改变和临床表现.临床一旦出现蛋白尿,肾功能减退进展迅速,大部分患者合并有心血管疾病、糖尿病眼底病变和神经病变等.因此,DN的诊断必须是综合性的,离不开临床、病理、免疫病理分析以及对其他并发症的全面评估,而DN的治疗应根据临床分期进行个体化治疗.     

不同病理类型老年2型糖尿病肾病患者的临床特征

糖尿病肾病(DN)是糖尿病常见的慢性并发症之一,主要表现为全身性微血管病变.临床主要特征是高血压、下肢水肿、持续蛋白尿、肾脏功能损伤,严重者晚期可诱发肾衰竭,是导致糖尿病患者死亡的重要因素[1,2].2型糖尿病患者可伴有原发高血压、脂蛋白以及免疫复合物介导的非糖尿病性肾脏损伤(NDRD)[3].两种疾病的机制、治疗和预后存在明显差异.尤其对老年2型糖尿病肾病患者,其治疗具有非常重要的临床意义.本文分析老年2型DN不同病理类型的临床特征,以提高对DN的临床诊治水平.     

糖尿病肾病组织中CTRP3的表达与临床病理特征及预后的关系研究

目的 探讨糖尿病肾病（diabetic nephropathy,DN）组织中C1q/t肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白-3(C1q/t tumor necrosis factor associated protein-3, CTRP3)的表达与临床病理特征及预后的关系。方法 收集2018年5月—2021年5月在厦门大学附属第一医院接受肾脏活检及治疗的糖尿病肾病患者120例纳入DN组,选取同期在本院体检的健康人员100名纳入对照组,取其正常肾脏组织标本。对所有糖尿病肾病患者进行长期随访,记录终末期肾脏病（end stage renal disease,ESRD）的发生情况。对比两组肾脏组织中CTRP3的阳性表达情况,分析糖尿病肾病组织中CTRP3的表达与临床病理特征的关系,对比不同预后糖尿病肾病患者的CTRP3阳性表达情况。结果 DN组患者的活检组织中CTRP3阳性细胞比例低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。糖尿病肾病患者中,CTRP3阳性病例和CTRP3阴性病例的性别、年龄、体质指数及Scr、血尿酸水平比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;尿沉渣红细胞计数、尿蛋白定量、肾脏...     

2型糖尿病合并肾脏损害患者肾活检病理临床分析

目的对2型糖尿病合并肾脏损害患者肾活检病理结果进行探讨分析。方法选取2016年1月—2018年6月该院接收2型糖尿病合并肾脏损害患者42例作为研究对象,进行肾脏活检病理检查,对检查结果进行分析研究,比较DN与NDRD在临床特征及检查结果上的差异。结果经肾脏活检病理发现,DN患者为26例(61.9%),光镜下显示肾小球增生肥大,系膜区有弥漫或结节样改变等。NDRD患者为16例(38.1%),其中膜性肾病5例(31.2%),居首位;其次IgA肾病4例(25.0%)。DN组与NDRD组就临床特征及检查结果上比较,DN组在DR和高血压患病率上显著高于NDRD组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。DN组的血清肌酐高于NDRD组,eGFR低于NDRD组。DN组的总胆固醇、LDL及血红蛋白水平均低于NDRD组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论肾活检病理检查能够对2型糖尿病合并肾脏损害患者为DN还是NDRD加以准确的区分,为临床上给予相对应的治疗方法提供了重要的依据。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.