寒痹软膏中樟脑、冰片和薄荷脑含量的测定

目的建立测定寒痹软膏中樟脑、冰片、薄荷脑含量的方法。方法采用气相色谱法,毛细管柱为ZB-Wax（30m×0．25mm×0．5μm）,萘为内标物,程序升温,FID检测器。结果樟脑、冰片、薄荷脑分别在0．3209—0．6417mg·mL^-1、0．2414-O．4828mg·mL^-1、0．2392～0．4784mg·mL-1范围内呈良好线性关系。平均回收率分别为：樟脑102．54％,RSD为1．02％;冰片98．81％,RSD为1．05％;薄荷脑102．13％,RSD为1．53％。结论本法简便、快速、准确、重复性好,可同时测定寒痹软膏中樟脑、冰片和薄荷脑的含量。     

气相色谱法测定寒痹软膏中樟脑、冰片和薄荷脑的含量

目的：建立测定寒痹软膏中樟脑、冰片、薄荷脑含量的方法。方法采用气相色谱法,毛细管柱为 ZB-Wax（30m ＆#215;0.25mm×0.5μm）,萘为内标物,程序升温,FID检测器。结果樟脑、冰片、薄荷脑分别在0.3209～0.6417mg·mL -1、0.2414～0.4828mg·mL -1、0.2392～0.4784mg · mL -1范围内呈良好线性关系。平均回收率分别为：樟脑102.54％,RSD 为1.02％;冰片98.81％,RSD 为1.05％;薄荷脑102.13％,RSD 为1.53％。结论本方法简便、快速、准确、重复性好,可同时测定寒痹软膏中樟脑、冰片和薄荷脑的含量。     

贮存温度对复方薄荷脑滴鼻液中樟脑和薄荷脑含量的影响

摘要：目的:考察贮存温度对复方薄荷脑滴鼻液中樟脑和薄荷脑含量的影响情况。方法:采用顶空-气相色谱（HS-GC）法,色谱条件:色谱柱:Agilent DB-WAX毛细管柱,柱温:120℃,进样口温度:200℃;检测器:氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）,检测器温度:230℃;载气:氮气,流速:5.0 ml·min-1,分流比15∶1;顶空平衡温度:100℃,顶空进样时间:1 min。分别贮存于（25±2）℃和（6±2）℃,连续6个月测定制剂中樟脑和薄荷脑的含量变化。结果:樟脑和薄荷脑质量浓度分别在0.891 6～8.916 mg·ml-1和0.922 1～9.221 mg·ml-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为99.56%,97.45%,RSD分别为0.94%,0.52%（n=6）。贮存6个月间,制剂中樟脑和薄荷脑含量均呈现下降趋势,且在（25±2）℃条件下,樟脑和薄荷脑含量降低的趋势比（6±2）℃条件下更快。在相同条件下,包装瓶之间密封性存在一定差异,且对樟脑的含量影响较大。结论:建立的顶空-气相色谱（HS-GC）法操作简便、结果准确、重复性好,可用于测定复方薄荷脑滴鼻液中樟脑和薄荷脑的含量。贮存温度对该制剂中两个成分含量影响较大,贮存在（6±2）℃（即冷藏）有利于其含量的稳定。     

气相色谱法测定复方薄荷脑滴鼻液中樟脑与薄荷脑的含量

目的建立测定复方薄荷脑滴鼻液中主要成分樟脑及薄荷脑含量的气相色谱(GC)法。方法采用GC法,色谱柱为JW123-7033(30m×0.32mm,0.50μm)毛细管柱;检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器;载气为氮气;程序升温(初始温度30℃,维持8min,升温速度10℃·min-1,最终温度180℃);萘为内标。结果樟脑和薄荷脑质量浓度的线性范围分别为0.50~4.04和0.50~4.02mg·mL-1(r=0.999 9);精密度、稳定性、重复性实验的RSD值<3%;加样回收率分别为99.43%~100.00%和98.51%~102.55%,RSD值分别为0.19%和1.32%(n=6)。结论该方法操作简便、结果准确、重复性好,可用于测定复方薄荷脑滴鼻液中樟脑及薄荷脑的含量测定。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定复方薄荷脑滴鼻液中薄荷脑和樟脑含量

目的:建立GC法测定复方薄荷脑滴鼻液中薄荷脑和樟脑含量的方法.方法:采用SE-54弹性毛细管柱程序升温的方法测定.结果:薄荷脑线性范围为64.68～323.40 μg·L-1,平均回收率为98.0%,RSD为1.1%;樟脑线性范围为67.32～336.60μg·L-1,平均回收率为99.3%,RSD为1.4%.结论:该方法准确、可靠,可用于该制剂的质量控制.     

高效液相色谱－示差折光检测法同时测定复方苯海拉明搽剂中樟脑和薄荷脑的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱-示差折光检测法测定复方苯海拉明搽剂中樟脑和薄荷脑含量的方法.方法:采用示差折光检测器,色谱柱采用十八烷基键合硅胶色谱柱(4.6mm×250 mm,5 μm);流动相为甲醇-水(80:20);柱温为30℃;流速为1.0mL·min-1.结果:樟脑和薄荷脑分别在0.10～1.00 mg·mL-1和0.10～1.00 mg·mL-1的浓度范围内有良好的线性关系,r分别为0.9997和0.9998,两者的平均回收率分别为99.9%(RSD=1.0%)和99.5%(RSD=0.7%).结论:此法简便,快速,结果准确可靠,适用于同时测定复方苯海拉明搽剂中樟脑和薄荷脑的含量.     

气相色谱法测定复方氧化锌粉中薄荷脑和樟脑含量

目的:建立气相色谱法同时测定复方氧化锌粉中的樟脑、薄荷脑两组分的含量。方法:以萘为内标物质,环己烷作为溶剂,岛津CBP-M25-025（25 m×0.22mm,0.25μm）为色谱柱;载气为氮气,柱温130℃,进样口和检测器温度均为180℃,FID氢火焰离子化检测器,进样量1μl。结果:测定各组份达到良好分离,樟脑的线性范围为0.26～2.63 mg·ml^-1,薄荷脑的线性范围为0.51～5.06 mg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）;樟脑的平均回收率为99.5%（RSD=1.10%）,薄荷脑的回收率为98.9%（RSD=1.36%）。结论:本方法灵敏、快速、简便、可用于复方氧化锌粉的质量控制。     

紫外-可见分光光度法测定复方薄荷脑滴鼻液中樟脑的含量

目的 建立紫外-可见分光光度法测定复方薄荷脑滴鼻液中樟脑的含量.方法 采用紫外-可见分光光度法,在289nm波长处测定樟脑的含量.结果 樟脑在1.01～3.06mg·mL-1（r=0.9999）的浓度范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率为98.13%,RSD 为0.87%.结论 该方法简便、准确、重现性好,可为复方薄荷脑滴鼻液的质量评价提供依据.     

气相色谱法测定四季平安油中樟脑及薄荷脑的含量

目的建立GC法测定四季平安油中樟脑、薄荷脑含量的方法。方法采用GC法测定。用聚乙二醇PEG-20M弹性石英毛细管柱(Supelco-Wax),以高纯氮为载气,流速为100ml/min,FID检测器,检测器温度250℃,程序升温,分流进样,进样量1μl。结果樟脑的线性范围为0.598mg～3.031mg,r=0.999831,薄荷脑的线性范围为7.856mg～43.568m,r=0.999831,平均回收率樟脑为98.95%,薄荷脑为98.46%(n=6)。结论该方法简便快速,结果准确可靠,可用于四季平安油中樟脑、薄荷脑的含量测定。     

气相色谱法测定玉树油中薄荷脑、桉叶精、樟脑的含量

本文建立气相色谱法测定玉树油中薄荷脑、桉叶精、樟脑的含量.以丙酮作溶剂,采用毛细管气相色谱法测定;色谱柱:INNOWAX石英毛细管色谱柱(0.32mm×30m,0.25μm,美国J￡W公司);柱温:程序升温;载气:氮气;流速:1ml·min-1.薄荷脑、桉叶精、樟脑在各自的浓度范围内线性关系良好.本法快速、简便、准确.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.