表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂耐药机制研究进展

肿瘤的分子靶向治疗是近年发展起来的一种全新治疗方向.表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌,已取得一定疗效.全文对EGFR-TKI耐药的有关机制研究作一综述.     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的研究进展

表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)在细胞的信号转导、细胞增殖和分化中发挥着重要的作用,对多种肿瘤的发生和发展也具有重要影响,抑制该受体活性可以有效抑制肿瘤的生长。以此为靶点的抗肿瘤药物的开发,在多种肿瘤治疗中取得了令人鼓舞的疗效。     

表皮生长因子受体-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的耐药机制

表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（TKI）在非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）中的耐药越来越常见,主要包括原发性耐药与继发性耐药,其中原发性耐药主要与EGFR基因突变有关,继发性耐主要与T790M、MET等基因相关。     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂ZD1839的研究进展

在过去的几十年中 ,人们一直怀着极大的兴趣研发新药来提高实体瘤的治疗效果。然而 ,传统的细胞毒药物选择性低 ,毒副作用大 ,容易产生耐药性。近 10多年来 ,随着分子肿瘤学的发展以及对肿瘤与宿主之间复杂关系的深入研究 ,发现了某些与肿瘤发生、发展、浸润及转移有关的重要环     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂耐药机制研究进展

含有表皮生长因子受体突变的非小细胞肺癌患者中70％～80％对表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂吉非替尼和厄洛替尼敏感,但最终仍会出现耐药导致肿瘤进展。表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂耐药分为原发耐药和继发耐药,继发耐药机制主要包括表皮生长因子受体二次突变（T790M）、HER2及HER3的代偿作用、MET扩增、胰岛素样生长因子受体结合蛋白缺失及哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路活化。     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂耐药机制研究进展

0引言基础研究和临床实验已经证实,抗表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR,又称HER-1或cerbB-1)疗法能提高传统的化疗药物的作用效果,并在某些患者身上取得了部分反应率和疾病稳定的疗效。然而大多数患者并不能从这一疗法中获益,究其原因是这些患者最终都表现为对抗EGFR疗法产生耐药。本文拟就表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的耐药机制及研究进展作一综述,为临床治疗提供理论依据。     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的获得性耐药机制

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)在肺癌治疗领域的应用备受关注,其优势人群是有EGFR突变的患者.然而大多数起始有效的患者经过约6～12个月治疗后会产生获得性耐药现象,其主要的耐药机制包括EGFR二次突变和“激酶转换”机制.EGFR T790M突变占所有耐药的50％,c-Met扩增占获得性耐药的20％左右.其他一些“激酶转换”机制如IGFR-1和mTOR均逐渐进入临床前研究.联合应用多种信号通路抑制剂可能是克服EGFR-TKI获得性耐药的有效方法.全文主要对以上进行综述.     

中药延缓非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂耐药机制的研究进展

近年来,表皮生长因子受体-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（EGFR-TKI）为EGFR突变阳性的非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者带来了显著的疗效,但其不可避免的耐药性是临床治疗面临的最大难题。中医药作为肿瘤综合治疗的重要组成部分,在延缓EGFR-TKI耐药方面具有显著优势。本文从抑制EGFR下游通路异常激活、抑制EGFR旁路代偿性激活、抑制上皮-间充质转化、表观遗传调控等方面综述了中医药延缓NSCLC EGFR-TKI耐药机制的研究进展,并总结了目前中药延缓EGFR-TKI耐药的实验研究的不足之处,以期为临床制订中医药联合EGFR-TKI治疗NSCLC的策略和方案提供有益的参考。     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在治疗非小细胞肺癌中的研究进展

摘　要：表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（EGFR-TKI ）至今已上市近二十年。第一代EGFR-TKI在提高EGFR突变晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的客观缓解率（ORR）、延长无进展生存期（PFS）方面起了重大的贡献。第二代EGFR-TKI在延长总生存期（OS）方面带来了惊喜。第三代EGFR-TKI克服了第一二代药物的耐药,其一线PFS可能打破现有治疗的格局。第四代EGFR-TKI已在研发中且EGFR-TKI研究已扩展到术后辅助治疗领域,期待其进一步的发展。     

非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的一线治疗

表皮生长因子受体-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKI)参与的晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)一线治疗的几种模式显示出不同的结果.化疗与EGFR-TKI联合未显示生存优势,化疗序贯EGFR-TKI和EGFR-TKI单药这两种模式取得了巨大的突破,为晚期NSCLC个体化治疗开辟了新的道路.同时发现EGFR突变在晚期NSCLC靶向治疗方面有很好的疗效预测价值.     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的研究进展

表皮生长因子受体（epidermal growth factor receptor，EGFR）在细胞的信号转导、细胞增殖和分化中发挥着重要的作用，对多种肿瘤的发生和发展也具有重要影响，抑制该受体活性可以有效抑制肿瘤的生长。以此为靶点的抗肿瘤药物的开发，在多种肿瘤治疗中取得了令人鼓舞的疗效。     

Management of diarrhea induced by epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer (nsclc) is moving away from traditional chemotherapy toward personalized medicine. The reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitors (tkis) erlotinib and gefitinib were developed to target the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr). Afatinib, an irreversible ErbB family blocker, was developed to block egfr (ErbB1), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ErbB2), and ErbB4 signalling, and transphosphorylation of ErbB3. All of the foregoing agents are efficacious in treating nsclc, and their adverse event profile is different from that of chemotherapy. Two of the most common adverse events with egfr tkis are rash and diarrhea. Here, we focus on diarrhea. The key to successful management of diarrhea is to treat early and aggressively using patient education, diet, and antidiarrheal medications such as loperamide. We also present strategies for the effective assessment and management of egfr tki–induced diarrhea.     

Preclinical antitumor activity of S‐222611, an oral reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) are validated molecular targets in cancer therapy. Dual blockade has been explored and one such agent, lapatinib, is in clinical practice but with modest activity. Through chemical screening, we discovered a novel EGFR and HER2 inhibitor, S‐222611, that selectively inhibited both kinases with IC₅₀s below 10 nmol/L. S‐222611 also inhibited intracellular kinase activity and the growth of EGFR‐expressing and HER2‐expressing cancer cells. In addition, S‐222611 showed potent antitumor activity over lapatinib in a variety of xenograft models. In evaluations with two patient‐oriented models, the intrafemoral implantation model and the intracranial implantation model, S‐222611 exhibited excellent activity and could be effective against bone and brain metastasis. Compared to neratinib and afatinib, irreversible EGFR/HER2 inhibitors, S‐222611 showed equivalent or slightly weaker antitumor activity but a safer profile. These results indicated that S‐222611 is a potent EGFR and HER2 inhibitor with substantially better antitumor activity than lapatinib at clinically relevant doses. Considering the safer profile than for irreversible inhibitors, S‐222611 could be an important option in future cancer therapy.     

表皮生长因子受体与酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在肿瘤防治中的应用进展

表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)信号传递系统可调控细胞周期，调节细胞生长与分化，促进损伤修复。EGFR在包括非小细胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung cancer,NSCLC)在内的多种上皮源性肿瘤中过表达预示存活率低、预后差、转移可能性大，可作为肿瘤基因治疗的靶位。酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitors，TKIs)可选择性抑制EGFR酪氨酸激酶活性，抑制肿瘤生长，增加放化疗敏感性。     

Epidermal growth factor receptor and K-Ras mutations and resistance of lung cancer to insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors

BACKGROUND:

Most patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have responded poorly to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). The authors investigated the involvement of insulinlike growth factor 1 receptor (IGF‐1R) signaling in primary resistance to EGFR TKIs and the molecular determinants of resistance to IGF‐1R TKIs.

METHODS:

Phosphorylated IGF‐1R/insulin receptor (pIGF‐1R/IR) was immunohistochemically evaluated in an NSCLC tissue microarray. The authors analyzed the antitumor effects of an IGF‐1R TKI (PQIP or OSI‐906), either alone or in combination with a small‐molecular inhibitor (PD98059 or U0126) or with siRNA targeting K‐Ras or mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase kinase (MEK), in vitro and in vivo in NSCLC cells with variable histologic features and EGFR or K‐Ras mutations.

RESULTS:

pIGF‐1R/IR expression in NSCLC specimens was associated with a history of tobacco smoking, squamous cell carcinoma histology, mutant K‐Ras, and wild‐type (WT) EGFR, all of which have been strongly associated with poor response to EGFR TKIs. IGF‐1R TKIs exhibited significant antitumor activity in NSCLC cells with WT EGFR and WT K‐Ras but not in those with mutations in these genes. Introduction of mutant K‐Ras attenuated the effects of IGF‐1R TKIs on NSCLC cells expressing WT K‐Ras. Conversely, inactivation of MEK restored sensitivity to IGF‐TKIs in cells carrying mutant K‐Ras.

CONCLUSIONS:

The mutation status of both EGFR and K‐Ras could be a predictive marker of response to IGF‐1R TKIs. Also, MEK antagonism can abrogate primary resistance of NSCLC cells to IGF‐1R TKIs. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.     

Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been linked to tumour proliferation, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis in epithelial tumours. Inhibitors of the EGFR have emerged as promising anticancer agents and two main approaches have been developed, humanised monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This review discusses the current status of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) that have entered clinical development. EGFR-TKIs are generally well tolerated and can sometimes produce impressive tumour regression in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. However, highly predictive or surrogate markers of activity have not been identified and there remains a need for translational research in their future development.     

表皮生长因子受体基因CA简单重复序列多态性与晚期小细胞肺癌患者表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂临床疗效间的关系

目的:研究表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)基因第1内含子区CA简单重复序列(simple sequence repeat,SSR)多态性与晚期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)患者应用表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors,EGFR-TKIs)治疗的临床疗效间的关系。方法:观察101例晚期NSCLC患者使用EGFR-TKIs的临床疗效及生存情况,通过对患者EGFR-TKIs治疗前外周血进行EGFR基因第1内含子的PCR扩增,并对PCR扩增产物直接进行序列测定,分析CA-SSR多态性与EGFR-TKIs治疗的临床疗效和患者生存情况间的关系。结果:EGFR-TKIs治疗后,24例(23.8%)患者部分缓解(partial response,PR),46例(45.5%)患者为疾病稳定(stable disease,SD),临床受益(PR+SD)患者为70例(69.3%)。腺癌和女性患者的中位生存期(median survival time,MST)较非腺癌和男性患者明显延长(P<0.05)。CA-SSR出现频率最多的CA等位基因为(CA)20[68.7%(68/99)],短CA-SSR组患者经EGFR-TKIs治疗后的无进展生存(progression-free survival,PFS)时间比长CA-SSR患者明显延长(P=0.039);短CA-SSR组MST为15.7个月,长CA-SSR组MST为14.4个月,组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.691)。结论:EGFR-TKIs治疗可明显延长腺癌、女性NSCLC患者的MST和短CA-SSR患者的PFS。     

EGFR-TKIs治疗术后复发肺腺鳞癌患者的临床研究

  目的  分析表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors,EGFR-TKIs）治疗术后肺腺鳞癌（adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung,ASC）患者的疗效。  方法  回顾性分析2006年1月至2014年12月上海交通大学附属胸科医院诊治的ASC 205例,采用描述性分析及Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析。  结果  筛选出27例EGFR突变并接受TKIs治疗的ASC患者,其中15例患者存在19号外显子缺失突变,12例患者存在21号外显子点突变。临床疗效方面,9例患者部分缓解（partial response,PR）,11例患者疾病稳定（stable disease,SD）,疾病控制率（disease control rate,DCR）为74.1%。生存分析结果显示,术后中位生存时间为39.0个月（95% CI:25.6~52.4）,中位无进展生存时间为15.0个月（95% CI:12.9~17.1）,3、5年生存率分别为51.9%、15.3%。  结论  具有EGFR敏感突变的ASC患者能够从TKIs治疗中获益,推荐对ASC患者进行常规EGFR基因突变检测,实现个体化、多学科治疗以改善患者预后。