高容量血液滤过治疗脓毒症合并MODS临床应用

目的：探讨高容量血液滤过（HVHF）在脓毒症合并多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）治疗中的临床疗效。方法：HVHF治疗6例脓毒症合并MODS患者，观察治疗前后患者血流动力学、呼吸参数等全身情况的变化及TISS评分、APACHE－II评分、MODS评分的变化。结果：6例经HVHF治疗后，血流动力学参数，TISS评分均有明显改善，APACHE－Ⅱ和MODS评分也有下降趋势。结论：HVHF可以改善全身感染合并MODS病人呼吸和循环功能，并有缓解病情，提高危重症病人生存率。     

高容量血液滤过治疗脓毒症休克的观察和护理

目的 探讨高容量血液滤过(HVHF)治疗脓毒症休克的疗效和护理方法.方法 回顾性分析自2008年以来成都军区总医院行HVHF治疗的39例脓毒症休克患者,按治疗转归分死亡组和存活组,对比分析两组的年龄以及HVHF治疗前和治疗24 h的血肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)、氧合指数、乳酸、平均动脉压(MAP)、APACHEⅡ评分.HVHF治疗中严密观察患者的生命体征及机器各项参数.结果 两组年龄无明显差异,经HVHF治疗24h两组的Cr、BUN、氧合指数、乳酸、MAP均明显改善.HVHF治疗前和治疗24 h死亡组APACHEⅡ评分均高于存活组；经HVHF治疗24 h存活组APACHEⅡ评分显著降低,死亡组无明显变化.结论 HVHF可有效辅助治疗脓毒症休克；APACHEⅡ评分对判断脓毒症休克的预后有指导意义；恰当的护理才能保证HVHF的安全、顺利进行.     

高容量血液滤过治疗重症感染伴多器官功能障碍综合征的研究进展

多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)是危重患者主要的死亡原因之一。1992年首次提出了高容量血液滤过(HVHF)的概念,大量研究表明,HVHF可以显著改善感染性休克动物的生存率,并能够提高患者的血流动力学指标。HVHF也被报道能有效地改善MODS患者肺氧合功能,可有效地维持液体平衡,也有文献报道HVHF能减少感染性休克合并肾功能不全患者的血管活性药物使用量,并增加其尿量。然而HVHF治疗MODS仍然存在大量矛盾和困惑的地方,需要大量的多中心、大样本临床研究来证实。     

高容量血液滤过治疗多器官功能障碍综合征的临床分析

目的：探讨高容量血液滤过（HVHF）治疗多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）的疗效。方法选择MODS患者83例,随机分为HVHF组（42例）和（连续性静脉血液滤过）CVVH组（41例）。比较两组治疗24h、48h、72h后心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、中心静脉压（CVP）、pH值、氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）、多巴胺剂量、SCr、BUN、K+、TNF-α、IL-10、CRP、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分;并比较两组治疗72h后的存活率。结果 HVHF组存活率76.19%,CVVH组53.66%,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两组治疗24h后肾功能、电解质、酸碱失衡均得到纠正,组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;HVHF组治疗24~48h后PaO2/FiO2、MAP升高,HR、CVP、多巴胺剂量、TNF-α、IL-10、CRP、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分下降（P<0.05）,而CVVH组出现相应变化较HVHF组晚（P<0.05）。结论 HVHF和CVVH均能纠正MODS患者的内环境,但HVHF较CVVH能更早地改善MODS患者的血流动力学、组织缺氧、APACHEⅡ评分和SOFA评分,更有效的清除炎症因子,提高MODS患者的存活率。     

一氧化氮吸入对感染性休克并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合功能的作用及血流动力学的安全性研究

目的 :评估吸入低浓度一氧化氮 (NO)治疗感染性休克并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)患者的有效性及对患者血流动力学的影响。方法 :对 17例感染性休克并发 ARDS患者行机械通气 ,Swan Ganz导管检查 ,观察吸入 10 m mol/ L NO前后氧合功能和血流动力学的变化。结果 :吸入 NO后 ,患者动脉血氧分压、血氧饱和度及氧合指数分别由 (8.6 7± 2 .15 ) k Pa(1k Pa=7.5 mm Hg) ,0 .86± 0 .0 8和 (9.6 3± 3.0 7) k Pa上升至(17.74± 8.82 ) k Pa,0 .95± 0 .0 8和 (2 5 .33± 11.36 ) k Pa(P均 <0 .0 0 1) ;肺内分流率由 (4 7.4± 13.3) %下降至(2 8.1± 12 .7) % (P<0 .0 0 1) ;血流动力学参数 :平均动脉压、平均肺动脉压、心输出量、心脏指数、体肺循环阻力指数、中心静脉压及肺动脉楔压均无明显变化 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。结论 :吸入低浓度 NO对感染性休克并发ARDS患者的氧合功能、血气指标有明显改善且血流动力学稳定 ,安全有效     

连续性血液净化对重症肺炎合并多器官功能衰竭的回顾性分析

目的 评价连续性血液净化(CBP)治疗重症肺炎呼吸衰竭继发休克伴急性肾功能衰竭的效果 及其与预后的关系。方法 25例不同程度多器官功能衰竭(MOF)重症肺炎患者采用CBP治疗,按其转归分 为撤机出院组、死于感染性休克组、远期死于重症肺炎组。评价CBP治疗前1 d,治疗后24、48和72 h各项实 验室指标及危重病评分变化。结果 ①25例患者中A组7例,B组9例,C组9例;治愈率28％,总病死率 72％。②B组患者接受CBP治疗时间平均不到48 h被迫终止。单因素分析提示:B组治疗前血糖显著高于 A组[(13．17±5．84)mmol／L比(8．07±2．28)mmol／L,P<0．05],纤维蛋白原显著高于C组[(5．75± 3．08)g／L比(3．10±1．06)g／L,P<0．05],B组在CBP治疗48 h后纤维蛋白原和所需多巴胺浓度均较A、 C组显著升高[(8．24±3．57)g／L比(5．13±0．94)g／L和(3．01±1．22)g／L,(12．00±6．93)μg·kg-1·min-1 比(1．00±2．45)μg·kg-1·min-1和(2．89±4．37)μg·kg-1·min-1;P均<0．05]。③A组治疗前急性生理学 与慢性健康状况Ⅲ(APACHEⅢ)评分较B、C组低[(89．43±11．28)分比(108．00±15．10)分和(104．67± 13．77)分,P均<0．05];A、C组治疗72 h后与B组比较APACHEⅡ变化率[(-10．43±4．89)分和(-9．11± 3．76)分比(-2．33±4．39)分,P<0．01]、APACHEⅢ变化率[(-21．57±13．53)分和(-14．33±8．32)分比 (2．33±12．18)分,P<0．01]、MODS评分变化率[(-2．14±2．19)分和(-1．00±1．87)分比(0．56±1．88)分, P<0．05]差异均有显著性。结论 ①CBP能有效救治部分重症肺炎呼吸衰竭继发休克伴急性肾功能衰竭患 者。③APACHEⅢ评分在治疗前后均是敏感的评价指标,初步提示APACHEⅢ90-100分的区域是此类患者 应用CBP的指征。③治疗前血糖和纤维蛋白原水平是潜在风险因子,纤维蛋白原的持续升高提示预后较差。     

高容量血液滤过对老年感染性休克合并MODS患者细胞因子的影响

目的观察高容量血液滤过(HVHF)对老年感染性休克合并多脏器功能不全综合征(MODS)患者细胞因子的影响。方法对22例患者行HVHF治疗24h,治疗前和治疗后1、3、6、9、12、18和24h分别采用放免法测定血液和超滤液中TNFα、IL1β、IL6、IL10的含量。结果22例患者均完成HVHF治疗。与治疗前相比,治疗后APACHEⅡ评分、MODS评分显著改善(P<0.01)。第28天存活10例,病死率为54.5%。血液中炎症介质浓度均有明显的下降(P<0.01),其效应在9h时最为明显(P<0.01),超滤液中检测到TNFα、IL1β,未发现IL6、IL10。结论HVHF有明显的清除老年感染性休克合并MODS患者血液中炎症介质的作用。其机制可能为膜的吸附和对流,在高流通量条件下,适时更换血滤器仍然很有必要。     

高容量血液滤过对脓毒症合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征血流动力学和氧代谢的影响

目的探讨连续性高容量血液滤过(HVHF)对严重脓毒症合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的呼吸、血流动力学和氧代谢的影响。方法选择由各种病因导致的12例脓毒症并发ARDS患者,全部病例均在呼吸机支持下每日连续给予床边HVHF(置换液流量80ml·kg-1·h-1)治疗12~18h,观察治疗前后患者炎性介质〔肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)、白细胞介素6(IL6)、IL8、IL10〕、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统(APACHE)评分、多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)评分和胸腔液体容量(TFC)的变化。通过Swan Ganz导管获得心排血量(CO)、外周循环阻力(SVR)、肺循环阻力(PVR)、平均肺动脉压(MPAP)、肺动脉楔压(PAWP)、动脉血氧含量(CaO2)、混合静脉血氧含量(CvO2)、氧消耗(VO2)、氧输送(DO2)和氧摄取率(O2ER)。结果HVHF48h后的MPAP、PVR和TFC均明显下降(P均<0.05)。HVHF72h后,TNFα、IL6和IL8含量较HVHF前均明显下降(P均<0.05),DO2、O2ER和VO2逐渐稳定,并伴随动脉氧分压(PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2和气道峰压(Ppeak)的改善(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论连续性HVHF可通过清除部分细胞因子,减少TFC,改善严重脓毒症合并ARDS患者的呼吸、血流动力学和氧代谢。     

高容量血液滤过治疗严重脓毒血症及脓毒性休克的疗效

目的探讨高容量血液滤过(HVHF)治疗严重脓毒血症及脓毒性休克的临床疗效及预后。方法对16例严重脓毒血症及脓毒性休克患者行HVHF治疗,并比较治疗前,治疗后12、24、48和72 h心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、体温(T)、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)和急性生理与慢性健康状况(APACHEⅡ)评分、序贯器官衰竭估计(SOFA)评分及pH、血钠、血钾和血乳酸的变化情况,同时观察临床疗效的情况。结果 16例患者中,显效10例,有效3例,无效(死亡)3例。与治疗前比较,13例患者治疗24、48和72 h后HR值,治疗12、24、48和72 h后APACHEⅡ、SOFA得分、血钾、乳酸值,治疗24、72 h后血钠值均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),治疗48、72 h后MAP值,治疗12、24、48和72 h后PaO2/FiO2比值、pH值均明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论早期启动HVHF治疗严重脓毒血症及脓毒性休克患者可以稳定血流动力学,加快机体脏器功能恢复,其转归取决于原发病本身的严重程度及启动时机。     

脉波轮廓温度稀释连续心排监测技术在连续性肾脏替代治疗救治感染性休克患者中的应用

目的 探讨脉波轮廓温度稀释连续心排监测技术(PICCO)在连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)救治感染性休克患者中的应用效果.方法 行CRRT治疗感染性休克患者34例,随机分为对照组和实验组各17例.对照组行常规的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)等血流动力学监测,实验组除常规监测外,应用PICCO监测全心舒张末期容积指数(GEDI)、血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)、系统血管阻力指数(SVRI)等参数.2组均根据监测的血流动力学参数调整CRRT脱水量及液体复苏容量.观察治疗前、治疗后72 h的APACHEⅡ评分、CVP、MAP、乳酸值(Lac)、中心静脉血氧饱和度(ScvO2)、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)的变化.结果 治疗后72 h,实验组的APACHEⅡ评分、Lac下降程度高于对照组,ScvO2上升程度高于对照组,PaO2/FiO2上升程度明显高于对照组.结论 PICCO指导CRRT救治感染性休克患者,能够精确调整患者的容量状况,改善组织循环,明显改善肺氧合,有利于感染性休克的救治.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.