抗生素骨水泥间隔体在全膝关节置换术后感染二期翻修中的应用

 目的 总结关节型抗生素骨水泥间隔体技术治疗全膝关节置换术后迟发深部感染的技术要点与初步经验。方法 2006年1月至2009年2月接受二期翻修治疗的全膝关节置换术后迟发深部感染患者21例(21膝),男8例,女13例;年龄56～83岁,平均64.4岁。一期手术中彻底清创,取出假体,植入含高浓度万古霉素的关节型骨水泥间隔体;术后静脉滴注敏感抗生素2～8周,感染控制后二期植入翻修假体。结果 全部患者获得随访,随访时间17~54个月,平均32.2个月。无一例出现感染复发。终末随访时,KSS膝关节评分、功能评分、疼痛评分及膝关节活动范围均较术前明显改善,伸膝迟滞程度无明显加重。两次手术间隔平均11.5周。间隔体取出前后骨缺损程度未见明显改变。治疗期间未见明显肝、肾功能异常及伤口愈合不良、深静脉血栓形成、肺栓塞、心脑血管意外等并发症。结论 应用关节型抗生素骨水泥间隔体技术可在一定程度上保持间隔期内的膝关节功能、避免骨量丢失,相关并发症少。彻底清创、间隔期内使用敏感抗生素、准确判断翻修假体植入时机是治疗成功的关键。     

Comparison of static and mobile antibiotic-impregnated cement spacers for the treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty

Infection after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a devastating complication, and two-stage reimplantation has evolved as an effective treatment option. This study was undertaken to compare the clinical results and radiological changes associated with static or mobile cement spacer placement for the treatment of infected TKA. Between July 2000 and February 2007, 36 consecutive patients were treated by two-stage reimplantation using antibiotic-impregnated cement spacers (AICS) for infected TKAs. Static spacers were used in 20 knees and mobile spacers in 16 knees. Clinical outcomes included success rates of TKR revisions, ranges of motion (ROM), and Hospital for Special Surgery knee scores (HSS), pain and function scores of the Knee Society (KS), joint exposure methods, and bone loss. In this study, mobile spacers provided better ranges of motion and functional knee scores without concomitant increases in infection rate and bone loss in the initial and mid-term periods.     

可活动关节间隔垫技术治疗严重全膝关节置换术后感染

目的 探讨运用可活动关节间隔垫技术治疗有内科基础病及局部窦道形成的严重全膝关节置换术后感染的疗效和安全性.方法 2002年1月至2008年3月,10例全膝关节置换术后延迟感染患者,男3例,女7例;年龄23～73岁,中位年龄67岁.患者均采用二期再置换手术治疗:第一期手术,取出假体、彻底清创,并植入含抗生素的可活动间隔垫,切除窦道,封闭原窦道口.术后予以积极抗感染和功能康复治疗.待感染控制后行第二期手术,取出可活动间隔垫,植入新的关节假体.采用美国特种外科医院(the hospital for special surgery,HSS)膝关节评分以及膝关节活动度评价治疗效果.结果 1例患者治疗期间血糖控制不佳,一期手术后感染未得到控制而行关节融合术,另外9例患者感染均获治愈.随访时间24～90个月,平均50个月.随访期内无一例发生感染复发及并发症,患者无膝周肿痛等不适主诉.术前患膝HSS评分32～63分,平均48分;二期手术前HSS评分62～91分,平均79分;末次随访时HSS评分74～95分,平均89分.术前、二期术前以及二期术后患膝关节功能的优良率分别为0、80%和100%.术前膝关节活动度为13°～70°,一期术后膝关节活动度为8°～93°,末次随访时膝关节活动度为3°～110°.结论 可活动关节间隔垫技术是治疗全膝关节置换术后严重感染的一种安全、有效的方法,可在控制感染的基础上尽可能保留关节功能.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the efficiency and safety of articulating spacer for severe infected knee arthroplasty in patients with medical comorbidities and local sinus tracts. Methods Ten consecutive patients with medical comorbidities (rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, etc) or local sinus tracts,who were complicated with late infected TKA, were included in the study. All the patients underwent twostage revision using articulating spacers. All of the patients were debridement thoroughly and followed by implantation of an antibiotic-loaded cement articulated spacer. Two-stage revisions were not followed untill the infection were controlled. The hospital for special surgery (HSS) knee scoring system and range of motion were used to evaluate the outcomes. Results One patient underwent knee fusion because the infection was not controlled after first-stage surgery. The other 9 patients had no evidence of infection. The mean follow-up was 50 months (range, 24-90 months), no recurrent infection developed for these 9 patients. The mean modified HSS score had improved from 48 points (range, 32-63) before the resection surgery to 79 points (range,62-91) at the end of the spacer period. At the latest follow-up, the modified HSS score averaged 89 points (range, 74-95). The good and excellent rate was 0, 80% and 100%, respectively. The average range of motion had increased from 13°-70° preoperatively to 8°-93° prior to the revision. And at the latest follow-up, the range of motion averaged 3° to 110°. Conclusion The delayed two-stage revision using an articulating spacer is effective in the treatment of chronically infected TKA characterized by simple, good reproducible, high rate of infection control, better joint function after surgeries     

人工全膝关节置换术后感染的临床分析

目的　探讨全膝关节置换术后感染的原因、处理方法及临床效果。　方法　对 1987年～ 1999年 13例全膝关节置换术后感染患者的病因以及清创、一期或二期再置换等治疗方法进行总结分析。 13例患者术前膝关节平均活动度为 5 5°,HSS评分为 36 5分 ;平均随访 3年 5个月。　结果　13例感染患者经治疗后均未复发 ,80 %的患者对手术满意 ;膝关节活动度恢复至平均 85° ,HSS评分为73 5分。　结论　类风湿关节炎 (RA)、服用激素、合并糖尿病、使用铰链式假体及初次置换术前膝关节曾行其它手术是膝关节术后感染的高危因素 ;感染明确后 ,应积极进行清创合并应用敏感抗生素 ;二期置换的临床效果优于单纯清创及一期置换     

Temporary articulating spacer with antibiotic-impregnated cement for an infected knee endoprosthesis

Two-stage reimplantation remains the gold standard in the treatment of late infected total knee arthroplasties. The reported disadvantages include difficult exposure at the time of reimplantation and less functional outcome by using static spacers. Patients who receive an articulating spacer retain a functional joint before second-stage reimplantation. This may reduce the disadvantages of static spacers (ligament contracture, extensor lag, arthrofibrosis). There is no difference in the success rates of eradicating infection (range: 90-96%). In a prospective study 24 consecutive patients were treated with an articulating spacer. The articulating spacer is made by cleaning and autoclaving the removed femoral component and the tibial polyethylene insert. These are reinserted during the same operation with antibiotic-loaded cement. The average time during which the spacer was in place was 16 weeks (range: 7-28 weeks). During an average follow-up period of 14.8 months (range: 5-33 months) one patient had a secondary reinfection. Use of an articulating spacer is economical and decreases the risk of complications in reimplantation with good functional outcome.     

Two-stage Reimplantation in Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty Using a Re-sterilized Tibial Polyethylene Insert and Femoral Component

Infection in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a challenging complication. We reviewed 20 cases of infected TKAs treated by two-stage reimplantation procedure involving the use of a temporary articulating system composed of autoclaved femoral component, low temperature hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilized polyethylene insert, and antibiotic-impregnated bone cement. The knee and functional score of the Knee Society scoring system at the last follow (average, 64.8 months) up was 86.2 points and 78.8 points. The success rate in terms of eradication of infection was 95% (19/20 knees). Use of a temporary articulating system composed of the re-sterilized components with antibiotic-impregnated bone cement was an effective therapy not only for the eradication of the infection but also for the recovery of soft tissue health and knee function.     

Do Antibiotic Intramedullary Dowels Assist in Eradicating Infection in Two-Stage Resection for Septic Total Knee Arthroplasty?

BackgroundEvidence suggests approximately 40% of intramedullary (IM) canals are culture positive at resection for infected knee arthroplasty. While commonly utilized, no clinical data on the efficacy of antibiotic-eluding IM dowels exist. We quantified treatment success with and without the use of antibiotic-eluding IM dowels in two-stage treatment of periprosthetic knee infection using static and articulating antibiotic cement spacers.Methods109 consecutive patients who underwent two-stage treatment for periprosthetic knee infection were reviewed. Treatment failure, defined as repeat resection before reimplantation or recurrent infection within 6 months of reimplantation, was evaluated based on spacer type and use of IM dowels, accounting for infection type and systemic host and local extremity grade.ResultsAfter exclusions for confounds, articulating spacers without IM dowels were used in 49 (57.7%) cases, articulating spacers with IM dowels in 14 cases (16.5%), and static spacers with IM dowels in 22 (25.9%) cases. Treatment success regardless of infection classification was 85.7% for articulating spacers with IM dowels, 89.8% for articulating spacers without IM dowels, and 68.2% for static spacers with IM dowels (P = .074). In chronically infected poor hosts with compromised extremities, treatment success remained highest in patients with articulating spacers with (90.9%) or without (92.9%) IM dowels compared with static spacers with IM dowels (68.4%) (P = .061).ConclusionFindings suggest that the use of IM dowels did not enhance infection eradication above and beyond that observed for articulating spacers alone, including in the worst cases involving chronically infected poor hosts with compromised extremities.     

Articulating versus static spacers in revision total knee arthroplasty for sepsis. The Ranawat Award

Antibiotic laden spacer blocks frequently are used to treat an infected total knee arthroplasty. Static spacer blocks make exposure at reimplantation difficult secondary to quadriceps shortening. Unexpected bone loss attributable to migration of the spacer block also has been reported. To avoid these problems, a temporary articulating molded implant made of antibiotic cement was used in a consecutive series. The authors sought to determine whether its use would affect the reinfection rate, improve functional results, or prevent bone loss compared with static spacers. Twenty-five patients were treated with static nonarticulating spacers. Since 1996, 30 patients have been treated with tobramycin-laden articulating spacers. The knee arthroplasties in three patients treated with a static spacer became reinfected (12%). The knee arthroplasty in one patient with an articulating spacer became reinfected (7%). Fifteen of the 25 patients with static spacers had unexpected bone loss between stages. No appreciable bone loss could be measured in the patients who received articulating spacers. The average Hospital for Special Surgery score was 83 points in the patients with static spacers and 84 points for the patients with articulating spacers. Range of motion at final followup averaged 98 degrees in the patients who received static spacers and 105 degrees in the patients who received articulating spacers. Articulating spacers seem to facilitate reimplantation of infected total knee arthroplasty without additional risk of infection. Unexpected bone loss is no longer a concern with this two-stage technique. Articulating spacers offered no functional advantage over static spacers in this study group.     

Antibiotic-loaded cement articulating spacer for 2-stage reimplantation in infected total knee arthroplasty: a simple and economic method

We presented a simple and economic method of preparing articulating antibiotic-loaded cement spacers for treatment of infection after total knee arthroplasty. From 1996 to 2004, 28 infected total knee arthroplasties were treated with 2-stage reimplantation. Static spacers were used in 7 knees, and articulating spacers were used in 21 knees. A minimum of 2 years' follow-up after final treatment was evaluated. In the static group, 1 (14%) knee had recurrence of infection. In the articulating group, 2 (9%) knees had recurrence of infection with the original organism. Patients receiving articulating spacer had better range of motion, better knee score, and less bone loss than patients with static spacer.     

Application of an articulating spacer in two‐stage revision for severe infection after total knee arthroplasty

Objective: To investigate the efficiency and safety of articulating spacer for severe infection after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with medical comorbidities and local sinus tracts. Methods: Between January 2002 and March 2008, ten consecutive patients with late stage infected TKA complicated by local sinus tracts and medical comorbidities, were treated in our hospital by delayed two‐stage reimplantation using articulating spacers. The modified Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee scoring system was used to evaluate the results. Results: One patient underwent knee fusion as the infection could not be controlled after first‐stage surgery. Infection was eradicated in the other nine patients. The mean follow‐up was 50 months (range, 24–90 months), no recurrent infection developing in these nine patients. The average modified HSS score was 48 points (range, 32–63) before the first‐stage surgery, 79 points (range, 62–91) at the end of the spacer period, and 89 points (range, 74–95) at the latest follow‐up, and the good to excellent rate was 0%, 80% and 100%, respectively. The average range of motion had improved to 8° to 93° at the end of the spacer period, and 3° to 110° at the last follow‐up, compared to 13° to 70° preoperatively. Conclusion: Delayed two‐stage reimplantation using an articulating spacer is effective for treating infected TKA in patients with medical comorbidities or local sinuses.     

The ball and socket articulating spacer for infected total knee arthroplasty

Articulated antibiotic impregnated cement spacers permit knee motion and may facilitate patient mobilization during 2-stage treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, molds for articulating knee spacers are not always readily available. We have treated 13 infected total knee arthroplasties with large bone defects or collateral ligament loss using the rubber bulb portion of an irrigation syringe and a bipolar trial to create a ball and socket articulating spacer. This technique was successful in controlling infection in 9 of 13 knees. All patients were able to ambulate independently with the spacer in place using a walker or crutches, including one patient with bilateral spacers. At an average follow-up of 28 months after reimplantation, average knee flexion was 98 degrees .     

Short‐term Follow‐up of Antibiotic‐loaded Articulating Cement Spacers in Two‐stage Revision of Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Case Series

Objective

Infection of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a rare but devastating complication. Two‐stage revision is an effective treatment for late infected TKA. This study aimed to assess the short‐term results of two‐stage revision using articulating antibiotic‐loaded spacers.

Methods

Twenty‐five patients (10 men and 15 women) were diagnosed with late infections after TKA and treated with two‐stage revision from April 2006 to August 2010; 19 of these patients had TKA for osteoarthritis and 6 for rheumatoid arthritis. Median age was 64.9 (range, 56–83) years. In the first‐stage surgery, the prosthesis and all bone cement was removed. After thorough debridement, bone cement with vancomycin and tobramycin was put into a die cavity and made into temporary femoral and tibial spacers, respectively. In the cases of good knee range of motion, the temporary spacers were affixed to the bone surface using the same antibiotic bone cement. In the second surgery, gentamycin Refobacin Bone Cement with vancomycin was used to fix the prosthesis. After two‐stage revision, patients were followed up clinically and radiologically at 1, 3, and 6 months, and then annually. Knee Society Score (KSS), knee function score, knee pain score, and knee range of motion (ROM) were assessed.

Results

Among the group, all spacers were easily removed, and bone defect degree showed no obvious change compared with pre‐implant, 24 (96%) patients had been debrided once, and 1 patient had been debrided twice before reimplant prosthesis. Mean follow‐up was 64.2 (range, 52–89) months. There was no infection recurrence at final follow‐up. Compared with preoperative data, the KSS (66 [59, 71], 83 [80, 88] vs 46 [43, 57], P < 0.01), knee function score (43 [42, 49], 78 [73, 82] vs 32 [25, 37], P < 0.01), knee pain score (34 [33, 37], 42 [40, 45] vs 18 [16, 23], P < 0.01), and knee ROM (92° [86°, 96°], 94° [90°, 98°] vs 78° [67°, 86°], P < 0.01) were all improved during follow‐up and at final visit. Three patients experienced complications in the interval period: one case had knee dislocation, one had knee instability, and one had a chip in the femoral component of the spacer.

Conclusion

Using articulating antibiotic‐loaded spacers showed benefits for treating infected TKA in selected patients. No infection recurrence was observed during follow‐up.

     

应用抗生素骨水泥间隔体二期翻修治疗人工全膝关节置换术后迟发感染

目的探讨应用抗生素骨水泥间隔体二期翻修治疗人工全膝关节置换术后迟发感染的临床疗效。方法 2007年1月-2009年12月,收治23例(23膝)人工全膝关节置换术后迟发感染患者。男15例,女8例;年龄43～75岁,平均65.2岁。置换术后至出现感染时间为13～52个月,平均17.3个月;发生感染至入院翻修时间为15 d～7个月,平均2.1个月。一期清创、取出假体,植入含庆大霉素抗生素骨水泥间隔体;8～10周感染控制后二期植入假体。分别采用美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分及膝关节学会评分系统(KSS)评价翻修前后患膝功能,并统计总体感染控制率。结果术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。2例二期翻修术后发生再感染,余21例感染控制,总体感染控制率91.3%。患者均获随访,随访时间2～5年,平均3.6年。HSS评分由术前(60.6±9.8)分提高至末次随访时(82.3±7.4)分,KSS评分由术前(110.7±9.6)分提高至末次随访时(134.0±10.5)分,手术前后比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。X线片复查示假体位置良好,无松动、断裂、假体周围透亮影等异常表现。结论应用抗生素骨水泥间隔体二期翻修能有效控制人工全膝关节置换术后迟发感染,并能较好恢复患膝功能。     

Treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty using an articulating spacer: 2- to 12-year experience

Fifty consecutive patients with late infected total knee arthroplasties were treated by debridement and removal of all components and cement, preserving the collateral ligaments. At the time of debridement, an articulating spacer was made to allow partial weightbearing and range of motion of the knee during rehabilitation. This spacer was implanted using antibiotic-impregnated bone cement. For this purpose, 4.8 g powdered tobramycin was mixed with 40 g Simplex cement. Cement was applied early to the components, but applied late to the femur, tibia, and patella to allow molding to the defects and bone without adherence to bone. Patients had tailored intravenous antibiotic therapy for 6 weeks for treatment of various gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. All patients had cemented revision total knee arthroplasty using antibiotic-impregnated cement with standard cementing techniques. Range of motion before reimplantation was 6 degrees -91 degrees . Followup averaged 73 months (range, 24-150 months). The average modified Hospital for Special Surgery knee score after revision was 89 points (range, 70-100 points) with 90% good to excellent results, excluding the results of patients with reinfection. Range of motion after reimplantation was 4 degrees -104 degrees. Six patients had recurrences of infection, and one patient with a poor postoperative range of motion had a fusion. Use of an articulating spacer achieved soft tissue compliance, allowed for ease of operation, reduced postoperative pain, improved function, and eradicated infection equal to standards reported in the literature.Level of Evidence: Therapeutic study, Level IV (case series-no, or historical controls).     

Custom-made Articulating Spacer in Two-stage Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty. An Early Follow-up of 14 Cases of at Least 1 Year After Surgery

Total knee replacement (TKR) infection represents only a small percentage of all the potential complications in joint replacement, but one that can lead to disastrous consequences. Two-stage revision, which has been proven to be the most effective technique in eradicating infection, includes prosthesis removal, positioning of an antibiotic-loaded spacer, and systemic antimicrobial therapy for at least 6 weeks. It has been suggested that there is better performance in terms of range of motion, pain, extensor mechanism shortening, and spacer-related bone loss if articulating spacers are used instead of fixed spacers. In this paper, we describe our results in two-stage revision of infected total knee arthroplasty with a minimum follow-up of 12 months on 14 patients treated by antibiotic-loaded custom-made articulating spacer as described by Villanueva et al. (Acta Orthop 77(2):329–332, 2006). The mean flexion achieved after the second stage of the revision was 120°, ranging from 97° to 130°. The mean Hospital for Special Surgery score was 84. At 1 year after surgery, none of the knees showed any evidence of recurrence of the infection. Articulating spacers are a suitable alternative to fixed spacers with good range of motion after reimplantation and effectiveness against total knee replacement deep infections.     

Implementation of a CT-based navigation system in two-stage reimplantation for infected total knee arthroplasty

Femorotibial alignment is an important factor affecting patient outcome after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). It was the aim of this study to report our first results using a CT-based navigation system in two-stage revision surgery for infected TKA. Two patients with chronic deep infection after primary TKA underwent two-stage revision arthroplasty with temporary articulating cement spacers followed by prosthesis re-implantation using a CT-based navigation system. Postoperative radiographs showed accurate alignment of the femoral and tibial components. CT-based navigation systems offer the opportunity for preoperative planning and accurate intra-operative navigation of cutting blocks. They can be considered of value for primary TKA but even more so for two-stage revision arthroplasty.     

The results of articulating spacer technique for infected total knee arthroplasty

In 19 patients with infected total knee arthroplasties, 21 knees were treated with debridement, component removal, and insertion of articulating spacer followed by second-stage total knee arthroplasty revision. A modified V-Y quadricepsplasty was to obtain adequate exposure in 6 cases. Average length of follow-up was 52.2 months. The mean knee score with the articulating spacer was 60.5 points. The mean knee score after revision was 80.6, with good--to--excellent results achieved for 80.9% of the knees. The average range of motion was 85 degrees for the knees with articulating spacer and 97.6 degrees after reimplantation. There was one recurrence of infection at the final follow-up. We conclude that the articulating spacer can improve knee mobility and function during the interval between stages without incurring additional risk of infection.     

术中自制临时关节型抗生素骨水泥占位器治疗人工膝关节置换术后感染

目的:研究术中自制临时关节型抗生素骨水泥占位器治疗人工膝关节置换术后感染的有效性。方法:使用自制压模器术中制备临时关节型抗生素骨水泥占位器。自2002年3月至2007年3月共使用此占位器治疗22例膝关节置换术后感染患者,男10例10膝,女12例12膝,平均年龄59.6岁(33～75岁)。初次置换到感染症状出现时间间隔平均6.7个月(1～14个月)。临床症状,血象、血沉、C-反应蛋白等血液感染指标及膝关节穿刺涂片和培养用以明确假体周围感染,两期手术后均监测感染指标变化,定期随访复查X线片,功能评价使用HSS评分系统。结果:所有患者获得随访,平均占位器植入间隔时间为4.7个月(3～9个月),Ⅱ期术前感染控制率为100%。Ⅱ期术后平均随访时间29.8个月(10～64个月),无感染复发。Ⅰ期术后膝关节HSS评分由术前的平均40.5±5.9提高到65.8±7.5,Ⅱ期术后最近随访时达平均88.7±5.1。9例对治疗结果满意,12例非常满意。结论:此方法制备的膝关节临时关节型占位器具有治疗期间保留较好关节功能、降低Ⅱ期手术难度、无须长期灌注及可靠的感染控制力等优点,治疗人工膝关节置换术后感染效果可靠。     

Cruciate-Retaining vs Posterior-Stabilized Antibiotic Cement Articulating Spacers for Two-Stage Revision of Prosthetic Knee Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study

BackgroundAntibiotic cement articulating spacers are recommended during 2-stage revision for prosthetic knee infection because of increased range of motion (ROM) and improved function; however, spacer mechanical complications have been reported. We aimed to determine the association between different constraints of articulating spacers and the rate of complications and infection eradication, functional outcomes, and ROM.MethodsA retrospective study of prosthetic knee infection using cruciate-retaining (CR) or posterior-stabilized (PS) spacers was conducted between 2011 and 2018. The rate of spacer mechanical complications, infection eradication after reimplantation and reoperation, Hospital of Special Surgery (HSS) knee score, and ROM during the interim stage were analyzed. All patients were regularly followed up for 2 years.ResultsOne hundred forty-one patients were included, with 66 CR and 75 PS spacers. Overall mechanical complication rate was lower in PS (9.3%) than in CR spacers (45.5%) (P < .001), especially in joint dislocation (1.3% vs 30.3%, respectively, P < .001). Overall reoperation rate was lower in PS (16.0%) than in CR spacers (36.4%) (P < .001), especially for mechanical complications (1.3% vs 24.2%, respectively, P < .001). HSS knee score was higher in PS (72.3) than in CR spacers (63.8) (P < .001). ROM was greater in PS (90.3°) than in CR spacers (80.6°) (P = .005), especially at maximum flexion (102.4° vs 89.6°, respectively, P = .003). Infection eradication was comparable between the spacers.ConclusionBoth spacers can control infection; however, PS spacers had a lower rate of mechanical complications and reoperation, better HSS knee scores, and greater ROM than CR spacers.