141例中年期阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征合并高血压患者的睡眠监测分析

目的分析中年期阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS) 合并高血压患者的多导睡眠监测特点。方法对中年期OSAHS患者141例中并高血压者69例（高血压组）、血压正常者72例（对照组）,进行两组间多导睡眠监测(polysomnography,PSG)资料的比较。结果高血压组患者体块指数(body mass index,BMI)平均(30.67±3.46)kg/m2,与对照组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);高血压组呼吸暂停低通气指数 (apnea-hypopnea index,AHI)平均(54.59±26.48),明显高于对照组(P＜0.05);高血压组最低血氧饱和度明显低于对照组(P＜0.05)。睡眠结构比较显示,高血压组和对照组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论中年期高血压OSAHS患者呼吸暂停指数及最低血氧饱和度明显重于血压正常OSAHS患者,但睡眠结构紊乱的程度基本接近。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者血氧饱和度相关指标分析

目的分析阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome，OSAHS）患者的血氧饱和度相关指标，寻求能够更好地评估OSAHS患者严重程度及相关并发症的指标。方法选取2016年1月～2018年7月在北京大学人民医院耳鼻咽喉科门诊确诊为OSAHS的患者110例，回顾性分析其多导睡眠监测（polysomography ，PSG）结果。依据睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（apnea and hypopnea index，AHI）值将OSAHS患者分为轻度（AHI为5~15次/h）、中度（AHI为＞15~30次/h）、重度（AHI＞30次/h）3组，对比3组间血氧饱和度相关指标。将OSAHS患者根据是否合并高血压分为两组，对比其血氧饱和度指标。结果结果显示轻、中、重3组患者间最低血氧饱和度（lowest oxygen saturation，LSaO2）、平均血氧饱和度（average oxygen saturation,ASaO2）、氧减饱和度指数（oxygen desaturation index，ODI）经比较均有统计学差异（P均＜0.05），且与AHI密切相关，其中ODI与AHI相关性最强，呈高度相关（r=0.879），LSaO2与AHI呈强相关（r=0.613），ASaO2与AHI中等相关（r=0.525）。未合并高血压组与合并高血压组间患者LSaO2经比较没有统计学差异（P=0.266），ASaO2和ODI经比较有统计学差异，P值分别为0.035和0.009。结论ODI以及ASaO2是PSG监测中良好的筛查指标，可作为LSaO2的补充，应用于OSAHS的筛查诊断和严重程度分级。同时ODI以及ASaO2能够更好地反应出氧减饱和度事件的持续时间和频率，后者与OSAHS患者并发高血压的发病机制有关。     

肥胖与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的 探讨肥胖对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAHS）病情的影响.方法 经睡眠呼吸监测诊断的196例OSAHS患者,按体重指数（BMI）分为体重正常组（n=27）、超重组（n=94）及肥胖组（n=75）.结果 除了体重正常组与超重组在睡眠呼吸暂停指数（AHI）及超重组与肥胖组在最低血氧饱和度（MiO2）组间比较无差异外,其余组间两两比较均有统计学差异.体重指数与呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、血氧饱和度＜90％时间占监测总时间的百分比（TS90％）呈正相关,与最低血氧饱和度（MiO2）呈负相关.结论 肥胖与OSAHS严重程度密切相关,是其发病的主要因素之一。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与肾功能损害的相关性分析

目的 探讨中、重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者血清尿酸、肌酐、尿素氮水平的变化及临床意义,并分析其相关性。方法 选择中、重度OSAHS患者100例及对照组44例作为研究对象,观察各组血清尿酸、肌酐、尿素氮水平的变化,比较OSAHS不同程度间各观察指标的差异;对OSAHS组血清尿酸、肌酐水平与睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、最低血氧饱和度（LSaO2）进行相关性分析。结果 中、重度OSAHS组血清尿酸、肌酐水平与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。OSAHS组血清尿酸水平与AHI呈正相关(P<0.05）,与LSaO2（P<0.05）呈负相关。结论 中、重度OSAHS患者血清尿酸浓度随着AHI的增加和缺氧程度的加重而增高,血清尿酸、肌酐水平的升高预示OSAHS患者可能存在一定程度的肾脏损害。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者不同睡眠体位下呼吸暂停低通气指数和血氧饱和度下降指数的变化分析

目的　探谈不同程度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea hyndrome,OSAHS）患者夜间不同睡眠体位下呼吸暂停低通气指数（apnea hypopnea index,AHI）和血氧饱和度下降指数（oxygen desaturation index,ODI）的差异及变化特点。方法  回顾性分析经多导睡眠图（polysomnography,PSG）监测确诊的OSAHS患者及部分正常体检患者113例,对各组中不同体位的AHI及ODI值进行统计学分析。结果　正常组：AHI、ODI值仰卧位时明显高于左、右侧卧位;轻中度组：OSAHS组中AHI、ODI值仰卧位略高于左侧卧位,仰卧位明显高于右侧卧位;重度组：仰卧位与左侧卧位相比差异无统计学意义,仰卧位与右侧卧位相比差异明显。结论　不同程度OSAHS患者夜间睡眠中仰卧位时AHI及ODI均高于侧卧位;在侧卧位中,右侧卧位比左侧卧位更能降低呼吸暂停或低通气次数以及血氧饱和度下降次数发生的优势。并且,ODI对反映OSAHS患者病情严重程度与AHI表现出一致性。     

正压通气治疗对改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术后疗效的影响

目的 研究重度睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）患者行改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术（H-uvulopalato phargngoplasty,H-UPPP）术后短期应用持续正压通气（continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP）治疗对疗效的影响.方法 38例重度OSAHS患者分为两组,治疗组18例于手术后一周开始配戴CPAP治疗,平均应用34.3天.20例单纯行H-UPPP手术患者为对照组.两组患者于术后6个月行多导睡眠监测复查,并与术前进行比较.结果 治疗组及对照组术后6个月与术前PSG监测相比,AHI及夜间最低血氧饱和度明显改善（P＜0.001）;治疗组术后6个月与对照组术后6个月相比,夜间最低血氧饱和度明显升高（P＜0.001）,AHI之间的差异无显著性意义（P＞0.05）;睡眠结构中,治疗组的浅睡眠期和慢动眼睡眠期改变较对照组明显（P＜0.05）,而深睡眠期、觉醒指数及睡眠效率的改变无显著性意义（P＞0.05）.结论 改良UPPP术后行CPAP治疗可改善患者夜间低血氧的情况,使慢动眼睡眠期延长,减少浅睡眠期,对提高手术疗效有辅助作用.     

糖皮质激素受体mRNA在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者外周血单个核细胞中的表达

目的　探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者外周血单个核细胞（peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC）中糖皮质激素受体（glucocorticoid receptor,GR）mRNA的表达及其意义。方法　采用实时荧光定量PCR检测30例中重度男性OSAHS患者和27例正常男性PBMC中GRα mRNA和GRβmRNA的表达,探讨其与呼吸暂停低通气指数、体质量指数、颈围、腰围、最低动脉血氧饱和度、平均动脉血氧饱和度、Epworth嗜睡量表评分、空腹血糖、心率及血压之间的关系。结果　OSAHS组的GRα mRNA表达水平较对照组低（t =2.25,P <0.05）;GRβ mRNA的表达水平在两组间无显著差异（t =1.43,P >0.05）。在OSAHS组中并未发现GRαmRNA的表达与各参数之间存在显著相关性。结论　中重度男性OSAHS患者PBMC中GRα mRNA的表达水平较对照组下降,这种改变的机制目前尚不清楚。     

血清脂肪型脂肪酸结合蛋白及表皮型脂肪酸结合蛋白与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的相关性研究[论著]

目的　探讨血清脂肪型脂肪酸结合蛋白（adipose fatty acid-binding protein,A-FABP）、表皮型脂肪酸结合蛋白（epidermal fatty acid-binding protein,E-FABP）与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）之间的相关性。方法　选取OSAHS患者60例作为实验组,健康体检者30名作为对照组。根据睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）的数值将实验组分为轻度组（5次/h≤AHI＜15次/h）和中重度组（AHI≥15次/h）。测量两组AHI、最低血氧饱和度（LSaO2）、血清A-FABP及E-FABP等相关数值,测量实验组治疗后3个月AHI、血清A-FABP及E-FABP数值。结果  ①A-FABP与体重、体质量指数（BMI）、甘油三脂（TG）、AHI、E-FABP呈正相关（P 均＜0.05）,与LSaO2呈负相关（P＜0.05）;②E-FABP与年龄、总胆固醇（TC）呈正相关（P 均＜0.05）;③轻度组治疗后较治疗前A-FABP、E-FABP、AHI均降低（P 均＜0.05）;④中重度组治疗后较治疗前A-FABP、AHI均降低（P 均＜0.05）。结论　OSAHS患者血清A-FABP水平高于健康人群对照组,并且OSAHS病情越重,血清A-FABP水平越高;OSAHS患者AHI、血清A-FABP水平在通过有效治疗后均降低。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿血清中胰岛素样生长因子-1和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3的表达

目的　分析阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrom,OSAHS）患儿血清胰岛素样生长因子（insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1）、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3（insulin-like growthfactor-binding protein 3,IGFBP-3）水平的变化。方法　随机选择3～6岁OSAHS患儿50例,选择10例健康儿童作为对照组,检测所有儿童血清的IGF-1和IGFBP-3水平,应用SPSS17进行统计学处理。结果　重度组OSAHS患儿血清IGF-1水平与对照组比较有显著性差异（t =4.275,P＜0.05）,其余OSAHS组与对照组比较均无显著差异（P 均＞0.05）。重度组OSAHS患儿的血清IGF-1水平与呼吸暂停低通气指数（apnea hypopnea index,AHI）呈负相关（r =-0.505,P＜0.05）,中、重度组OSAHS患儿血清IGF-1水平与平均最低血氧饱和度（lowest oxygen saturation,LSaO2）呈正相关（r =0.61、0.553,P＜0.05）。各组OSAHS患儿血清IGF-1水平与慢波睡眠（slow wave sleep,SWS）无显著相关（P均＞0.05）。各组OSAHS患儿血清IGFBP-3水平与AHI、平均LSaO2、SWS睡眠均无显著相关（P 均＞0.05）。结论　儿童血清IGF-1水平较血清IGFBP-3水平易受OSAHS的影响,OSAHS患儿生长发育迟缓可能与血清IGF-1水平降低有关。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者手术前后性功能变化

目的 探讨内皮素（ET）和一氧化氮(NO)在阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS) 合并性功能障碍发病中的作用。方法 对OSAHS合并性功能障碍者30例和OSAHS性功能正常者32例手术前后测评其性功能、多导睡眠监测指标、血浆ET和血清NO,同时取健康男性10例作对照。结果 1. OSAHS性功能障碍组和OSAHS性功能正常组的睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、ET均高于健康对照组,最低血氧饱和度（SaO₂）、NO均低于健康对照组(P＜0.01）。OSAHS性功能障碍组的最低SaO₂、NO低于性功能正常组,AHI高于性功能正常组（P＜0.05）。两组ET差异无统计学意义（P＞s0.05）;2. OSAHS患者的国际勃起功能指数5（IIEF-5）与最低SaO₂和NO呈正相关,与AHI和ET呈负相关（P＜0.05）;3. OSAHS合并性功能障碍组手术后与手术前比较,AHI和ET均降低,IIEF-5、最低SaO₂和NO升高（P＜0.01）。结论手术治疗可以改善OSAHS合并性功能障碍患者的性功能。NO在OSAHS患者并发性功能障碍的过程中发挥一定作用。     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.