儿童扁桃体、腺样体低温等离子切除术后出血的临床研究

目的 探讨应用低温等离子手术或者传统手术方式行儿童扁桃体、腺样体切除术在术后出血方面存在的差异。方法 回顾性分析1597例接受手术治疗的儿童慢性扁桃体炎、腺样体肥大的患者资料,行等离子射频辅助的扁桃体和(或)腺样体切除术者793例(等离子组),行传统扁桃体切除和(或)腺样体者804例(传统组)。比较两组原发性及继发性出血的发生率、出血程度和出血部位的差异。结果 等离子组发生术后出血25例(3.2％),传统组出血19例(2.4％),两组间差异无统计学意义(χ2=3．34,P>0．05);其中等离子组原发性出血9例(1.1％),继发性出血16例(2.0％);传统组原发性出血11例(1.4％),继发性出血8例(1．0％),两者比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=9．45,P<0．01)。两组术后的出血部位经卡方检验,出血程度经Wilcoxon秩和检验,P值均>0．05,差异均无统计学意义。结论 低温等离子辅助行儿童扁桃体、腺样体切除术,在术后出血的发生率、程度、部位三个方面相对于传统的手术方法治疗,二者差异无统计学意义。     

低温等离子射频扁桃体部分切除术治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的:探讨低温等离子射频扁桃体部分切除术治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的可行性并观察疗效。方法:回顾性分析91例OSAHS患儿的临床资料,所有患儿无反复咽痛及扁桃体炎表现,主要阻塞病变为扁桃体及腺样体肥大,应用低温等离子射频行扁桃体部分切除术及腺样体消融术治疗。结果:术中出血1～2ml,无原发及继发性出血,术后疼痛轻微。随访12～22个月,所有患儿睡眠打鼾及张口呼吸均消失,无扁桃体再生及反复炎症发作。结论:低温等离子射频切除部分扁桃体治疗儿童OSAHS微创、安全、有效,适用于各年龄段的扁桃体为增生肥大病变的患儿,是一种较好的儿童OSAHS治疗方法。     

部分或整体扁桃体等离子射频切除术治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征疗效对比

目的 探讨利用等离子射频技术切除部分或全部扁桃体,以治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的可行性及疗效观察。方法 将参与对比的儿童OSAHS患者239例分为两组。A组183例,行等离子射频扁桃体切除术和腺样体切除术;B组56例,行等离子射频扁桃体部分切除术和腺样体切除术。分别对比两组手术时间、术后3d内每天的疼痛度、恢复正常进食的时间。结果 B组在手术时间、术后疼痛度、恢复正常进食时间均低于A组(U=2.685, 582.00, 84.00, 2519.00, 306.00, P<0.05)。随访6～12个月,两组患者睡眠打鼾、张口呼吸均消失。结论 利用等离子射频方法,部分扁桃体切除术比全部扁桃体切除治疗儿童OSAHS疗效较好。     

低温等离子刀扁桃体腺样体切除术后出血原因及预防的探讨

目的探讨应用低温等离子刀行儿童扁桃体及腺样体切除术后出血的原因及预防。方法回顾分析2010年11月～2013年2月188例患儿应用低温等离子刀行扁桃体及腺样体切除术,年龄19个月～12岁,平均（5.3±3.1）岁,其中单纯行扁桃体切除60例,同时行扁桃体及腺样体切除69例,单纯行腺样体切除59例。结果 4例发生术后出血,其中3例为术后7～10 d,1例为术后24 h内,均为扁桃体切除术后出血,无腺样体切除术后出血病例。结论患儿自身因素及术者的操作水平是导致术后出血的重要原因,术前及术后宣教及护理、术中充分止血及较高的手术技巧是减少术后出血的关键。     

低温等离子射频消融治疗小儿鼾症的临床分析

目的：探讨低温等离子射频消融切除扁桃体及腺样体在治疗小儿鼾症中的临床疗效。方法将54例小儿鼾症患者随机分为实验组与对照组,实验组用低温等离子射频消融刀同时切除扁桃体及腺样体,对照组用电凝刀切除扁桃体的同时用动力切割系统切除腺样体。结果两组患儿均在全麻下行扁桃体及腺样体摘除术,实验组较对照组手术时间短,术中出血量少,术后疼痛轻。术后三月复查两组患儿临床症状均完全缓解。结论低温等离子射频消融是治疗小儿鼾症的有效方法,具有手术时间短、术中出血少、术后疼痛轻等优点,值得临床推广。     

手术结束前升高血压对减少低温等离子扁桃体切除术后出血的疗效观察

目的　比较手术结束前升高血压检查扁桃体术腔与常规检查扁桃体术腔两种方法对扁桃体切除术后出血的影响。方法　对我院2008年1月～2016年1月行全麻下低温 等离子扁桃体切除术的患者1069例,采用回顾性临床病例对照研究方法,分为手术结束前升高血压检查扁桃体术腔组546例（治疗组）与常规检查扁桃体术腔组523例（对照组）,比较两组的术后出血发生率、术后出血量等。结果　治疗组原发性出血6例,发生率1.10%,继发性出血9例,发生率1.65%。对照组原发性出血17例,发生率3.25%,继发性出血5例,发生率0.96%。扁桃体切除后手术结束前升高血压检查扁桃体术腔,可减低术后原发性出血概率,而与术后继发性出血无明显相关。结论　手术结束前升高血压检查扁桃体术腔能有效减少低温等离子扁桃体切除术后原发性出血发生概率。     

儿童扁桃体腺样体低温等离子手术迟发性出血的初步研究

目的 比较低温等离子手术与常规手术方式在儿童扁桃体、腺样体手术后迟发性出血(手术24 h后)率及出血时间点的情况,初步探讨导致低温等离子手术迟发性出血的可能原因.方法 回顾性分析的方法研究采用传统手术和低温等离子手术行扁桃体切除和(或)腺样体刮除术1～14岁患儿术后迟发性出血率及出血时间点的差异.传统组为2005年4月至2006年7月行传统冷法手术(即传统手术刀切除,对周围组织没有热损伤的方法)的患儿,等离子组为2008年4月至2009年9月行低温等离子扁桃体切除和(或)腺样体消融术的患儿.结果 传统组患儿484例,术后迟发性出血2例,迟发性出血率为0.4%,出血时间点1例为术后2 d,另1例为术后3 d.等离子组患儿502例,术后迟发性出血11例,迟发性出血率为2.2%,出血时间点2～12 d,中位数为6.0 d.其中等离子刀初学者主刀手术的迟发性出血率为2.6%(10/385),技术操作熟练者手术的迟发性出血率为0.9%(1/117).等离子组迟发性出血率高于传统组(χ2=5.987,P=0.014),两组出血时间点差异无统计学意义(Mann-Whitney检验U=2.500,P=0.103).13例出血患儿中创面局部或上呼吸道感染者6例,术后进食不当的3例.结论 低温等离子技术应用于儿童扁桃体腺样体手术后迟发性出血的原因可能与手术技能经验不足、止血稳定性欠佳等有关,术后感染和进食不当也会造成迟发性出血,应引起临床重视.     

鼻内镜下腺样体低温等离子消融术和动力切割术的疗效比较

目的：分别通过低温等离子射频消融和鼻动力切割进行腺样体切除,观察两种手术方式的手术时间、出血量及疗效,分析两种手术方式的优缺点。方法收集2008年1月～2011年12月我院收治的儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）中,扁桃体和/或腺样体肥大的患儿共75例,其中30例行鼻动力切割腺样体切除术,45例行低温等离子射频消融腺样体切除术,统计两种术式的手术时间、出血量及术后半年疗效（儿童OSAHS疾病特异性生活质量调查（OSA-18））评估有无差异。结果鼻动力切割组与等离子消融组比较,两者切除腺样体手术时间差异无统计学意义,但是鼻动力切割组出血量明显多于等离子消融组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,两者手术方式对儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征都有治疗效果。结论两种术式术后都能改善患儿的生活质量,疗效满意;鼻内镜下等离子低温射频消融腺样体切除术较鼻动力切割手术出血明显减少,值得推广。     

扁桃体部分切除术治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的临床应用

目的分析经低温等离子射频行扁桃体部分(囊内)切除术(Tonsillotomy, TT)治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停的临床应用效果。方法回顾分析2016年5月至2017年4月因腺样体和扁桃体肥大入院患者122例,年龄3～10岁,均以儿童OSA入院。分为扁桃体部分切除组(TT组72人)、扁桃体全切组(TE组50人),分别行扁桃体部分切除术和全切除术,同时均联合腺样体切除术治疗,对比两组扁桃体手术后患者的治疗效果。TT组和TE组比较内容包括:手术时间;术后疼痛指数;术后恢复进食时间;总住院时间;伪膜脱落时间;术后原发性和继发性出血时间;并对扁桃体部分切除患儿术后7天、14天、1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月分别进行随访,有无扁桃体残体再感染及复发。结果两组患儿在手术时间、术后疼痛指数、住院时间、术后恢复进食时间上有显著性差异(P0.05);患儿的手术时间明显减少,患儿的疼痛指数降低,随访无再感染及复发。在术中术后出血、伪膜脱落时间、扁桃体残体或咽部再感染方面无明显差异。结论经低温等离子射频行扁桃体部分(囊内)切除术治疗儿童OSA不仅患儿术后鼻塞、打鼾症状明显改善,而且对术后生活质量改善有着积极的意义,可作为针对因扁桃体肥大造成OSA患儿的首选手术治疗方案。     

等离子辅助下扁桃体及腺样体切除术治疗儿童鼾症术后出血的危险因素分析

目的 探讨等离子辅助下扁桃体及腺样体切除术治疗儿童鼾症术后出血的危险因素,为降低术后出血提供理论参考依据。方法　选取信阳市中心医院2017年1月~2019年12月等离子辅助下扁桃体及腺样体切除术治疗的740例鼾症患儿作为研究对象,观察术后是否出血分为出血组（32例）和未出血组（708例）,对比两组临床资料,同时采用多因素Logistic回归分析确定患儿等离子辅助下扁桃体及腺样体切除术后出血的危险因素。结果　740例患儿术后出血32例,出血率为4.32%。出血组与未出血组单因素分析,年龄、身体 质量指数Z分数（body mass index Z score,BMIZ）、红细胞计数、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、鼾症家族史、扁桃体嵌入程度、术前诊断情况、平均手术时间、抗生素使用、手术医师对等离子熟练程度以及饮食配合度差异均有统计学意义（P 均<0.05）;多变量Logistic 回归分析表明患儿年龄≥6岁、术前诊断情况、扁桃体嵌入程度、饮食配合度以及抗生素使用是治疗儿童鼾症术后出血的危险因素（P 均<0.05）。结论　等离子辅助下扁桃体及腺样体切除术治疗儿童鼾症疗效较好,但术后出血危险因素诸多且复杂,年 龄、术前诊断情况、扁桃体嵌入程度、饮食配合度及抗生素使用情况均会影响术后出血,可重点关注以降低术后出血风险,促进术后康复。     

Postoperative tonsillectomy bleeding complications in children: A comparison of three surgical techniques

Objective & hypothesisStated in the Null form: There will be no difference in primary or secondary hemorrhage rate in children undergoing tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy across three surgical techniques: PEAK Plasmablade, electric monopolar cautery, coblation.Study designRetrospective chart analysis.SettingAcademic Medical Center: Children's Hospital.Subjects & methodsElectronic chart data were collected from patient's age 2–18 years who underwent tonsillectomy, with or without adenoidectomy, at a tertiary pediatric hospital between June 2011 to May 2013 by electric monopolar cautery, coblation, or PEAK PlasmaBlade. Treatment outcomes following each of these surgical approaches, relative to rate of post-operative primary and secondary bleeding, hospital admission, and emergency department visits were compared.ResultsA total of 1780 patients that had tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy were evaluated. There was a significant difference in bleed rate by age with older patients having more bleeding post-procedure than their younger counterparts. There was also a difference in bleeding frequency by diagnosis. Patients with a diagnosis of OSA were less likely to experience a postoperative bleed than children with either recurrent tonsillitis or both. Significance was evident between post-op hemorrhage rate and instrumentation (χ² = 11.17, df = 2, p = 0.004). The majority of bleeds occurred with coblation (58.9%), while PEAK had only 17.8% and cautery 23%.ConclusionThe null hypothesis was rejected. That is, PEAK PlasmaBlade was safe and effective, with statistically less postoperative bleeding and ED visits, especially when compared to coblation techniques. Coblation patients had the highest rates of postoperative bleeding.     

Coblation tonsillectomy versus dissection tonsillectomy: postoperative hemorrhage

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Coblation tonsillectomy is a recently introduced surgical technique. To measure its benefits against traditional tonsillectomy techniques, it is necessary to compare their complication rates. The study aims to identify differences in reactionary and secondary hemorrhage proportions, comparing coblation with dissection tonsillectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational cohort study. METHODS: Rates of reactionary and delayed postoperative hemorrhage were measured, comparing 844 coblation tonsillectomies with a control group of 743 tonsillectomies performed by blunt dissection with bipolar diathermy hemostasis. RESULTS: The secondary hemorrhage rate with coblation-assisted tonsillectomy was 2.25% compared with 6.19% in the control group (P <.05). The rate of secondary hemorrhage in children following coblation tonsillectomy was 0.95% compared with 4.77% in the control group (P <.05). The difference was also significant (P <.05) in the adult population (4.40% vs. 8.81%, respectively). No difference was found in the reactionary hemorrhage proportions. CONCLUSION: In the study, coblation tonsillectomy was associated with a lesser incidence of delayed hemorrhage, more significantly in the pediatric population. The new technique using tissue coblation for tonsil dissection offers significant advantages in the postoperative period compared with dissection tonsillectomy with bipolar diathermy hemostasis. Coblation is associated with less postoperative pain and early return to daily activities. Also, there are fewer secondary infections of the tonsil bed and significantly lower rates of secondary hemorrhage with coblation. These results and the disposable nature of the coblation equipment promote coblation tonsillectomy as the authors' preferred dissection method.     

Hemorrhage rate after coblation tonsillectomy: a meta-analysis of published trials

After the surgical procedure of tonsillectomy, hemorrhage ranks among its serious postoperative complications. In this systematic review, we analyze hemorrhage following tonsillectomies performed using the coblation technique. 24 prospective, randomized, and controlled studies were included in the meta-analysis. Data of 796 patients who had undergone coblation tonsillectomy were analyzed. Hemorrhages occurred in 33 patients: 2 classified as primary and 26 as secondary hemorrhages. 5 could not be classified into either group. Overall, the total hemorrhage rate for the coblation procedure was 4.1% with a 95% confidence interval from 2.8 to 5.5%. The overall hemorrhage rate of 4.1% found in this meta-analysis shows that coblation is a safe and effective technique for tonsillectomies with a secondary bleeding rate similar to what is reported for comparable techniques such as bipolar diathermia.     

Coblation tonsillectomy: is it inherently bloody?

The aim of the study was to compare a single surgeon’s post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage rates using cold steel dissection and coblation tonsillectomy techniques. Retrospective study on patients, who underwent tonsillectomy at West Wales General Hospital (WWGH) performed by a single surgeon from 2006 to 2010 employing both cold steel and coblation tonsillectomies. Data were analysed using Mann–Whitney and Chi-squared tests. The nominated surgeon performed 239 tonsillectomies at WWGH from 2006 to 2010. 119 patients underwent cold steel dissection and 120 had coblation tonsillectomy. There was no demographic difference between the two groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the length of hospital stay between the two groups (median 1 day in each group). 6/119 (5.0%) patients in the cold steel group, and 7/120 (5.8%) in the coblation group had post-operative bleeding (p = 1.00). The return to theatre rate for cold steel dissection was 1/119 (0.84%) and for coblation surgery was 1/120 (0.83%) (p = 1.00). Among the first 60 cases of coblation tonsillectomies, 4 patients (6.6%) had post-operative haemorrhage and the latter 60 cases had 3 patients (5%). There was no evidence of a difference in the overall post-operative bleeding between those who had cold steel dissection and coblation tonsillectomies. These data suggest that higher post-operative haemorrhage is not inherent to coblation tonsillectomy.     

Post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage in children: a single surgeon’s experience with coblation compared to diathermy

The aim of this study was to compare coblation and diathermy techniques with respect to secondary post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage (PTH). A total of 1,397 children underwent tonsillectomies with or without adenoidectomy by a single surgeon in a single center from June 2005 through December 2011. A diathermy tonsillectomy was performed on 315 patients for the first 2 years, while a coblation tonsillectomy was performed on 1,082 for the next 5 years. All patients were followed-up within 28 days of surgery by the same surgeon. The characteristics of primary and secondary PTH were analyzed with a retrospective chart review. Primary PTH did not occur in both surgical technique groups. Secondary PTH occurred in 9 patients (2.9 %) in the diathermy group and in 30 patients (2.8 %) in the coblation group. The secondary PTH rates were 1.2, 2.5, 3.8, 3.1 and 4.5 % in the first, second, third, fourth and fifth years after employment of the coblation tonsillectomy, respectively (P = 0.243). Sex, age, tonsil size and severity of tonsillar embedding were not significant factors for PTH. The coblation technique was associated more with late secondary PTH than diathermy technique (odds ratio 9.14, P = 0.049). Analysis of the time of onset of PTH showed that secondary PTH occurred most commonly between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. In summary, coblation technique has similar secondary PTH rate with diathermy technique although it has increased late secondary PTH rate in children. Coblation technique can be a good alternative to the diathermy technique.     

成年人扁桃体切除术三种手术方式的临床比较

目的 比较分析成年人3种扁桃体切除术的临床应用价值。 方法 将90例行扁桃体切除术的患者分为等离子扁桃体切除术组(等离子组)、电刀扁桃体切除术组(电刀组)、常规扁桃体剥离术组(剥离组),各30例,记录各组手术时间、术中及术后出血量、术后咽痛程度、住院医疗费用等。 结果 3组手术时间、术中出血量、术后1~4 d咽痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),其中等离子组和电刀组手术时间、术中出血量及VAS评分明显少于剥离组(P<0.001),而等离子组与电刀组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。剥离组术后见原发性出血1例,等离子组及电刀组未见术后出血发生。3组护理及检疗费、术后用药费比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);电刀组及剥离组住院总费用明显低于等离子组(P<0.001),而电刀组与剥离组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 成年人扁桃体切除术各有优势及不足,临床应根据疾病特点、患者意愿和经济能力、手术者技术水平以及医疗器械等因素选择最恰当的,从而达到最佳治疗效果。     

Return to theatre in secondary post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage: a comparison of coblation and dissection techniques

The aim of this study is to examine the incidence of return to theatre (RTT) for post-operative haemorrhage following coblation and dissection tonsillectomy and to investigate those that required RTT more than 10 days post-surgery. Retrospective review of post-tonsillectomy haemorrhages requiring RTT from April 2005 to March 2009 was conducted. Of 2,541 tonsillectomies performed, 81% were by coblation and 19% by dissection methods. The overall RTT rate was 1.7%. No difference was found in the overall RTT rates for primary and secondary haemorrhage between the two techniques. However, the overall RTT rates for primary and secondary haemorrhage were higher in adults than children (P = 0.0456 and P = 0.0215, respectively). RTT for secondary haemorrhage during the first ten post-operative days occurred in both coblation and dissection tonsillectomy with no significant difference. After the first post-operative week, late secondary bleeding requiring RTT occurred only in the coblation group (P = 0.0676). Four patients required blood transfusion; all were in the coblation group, three of which were required during RTT in the late secondary haemorrhage (after 10 days). The post-operative RTT rates for coblation tonsillectomy did not reveal a change of trend over the 4-year study period. Our RTT rate for secondary haemorrhage is higher than earlier published results. A learning curve could not be identified in RTT for coblation tonsillectomy haemorrhage. Late secondary haemorrhages requiring surgical intervention have only been identified in cases performed by coblation and could potentially be life threatening as 33% (3/9) required blood transfusion. This phenomenon may be explained by a particular physiological healing process associated with coblation.