东洞庭湖湿地保护区环境高致病性禽流感监测分析

目的了解东洞庭湖湿地保护区环境标本中禽流感病毒分布情况。方法根据（（2011岳阳市东洞庭湖湿地保护区职业暴露人群感染禽流感的风险研究项目工作方案》的要求,采集环境水及禽类粪便等环境标本,采用Real-timePCR（实时反转聚合酶链反应）对环境标本进行H5、H9禽流感病毒核酸检测。结果东洞庭湖湿地保护区环境标本中存在A型流感病毒。其中核心区环境标本fluA阳性率的12．47％、H5及H9阳性率分别为0．28％和3．23％;缓冲区环境标本中fluA样本阳性率为14．75％,H5及H9阳性率分别为1．33％和0．83％。结论东洞庭湖湿地保护区环境中存在H5、H9禽流感病毒,岳阳市洞庭湖区及周边地区暴露人群存在感染禽流感病毒的风险。     

高效液相色谱法测定工作场所空气中五氯酚的方法研制

目的：建立检测工作场所空气中五氯酚浓度的方法。方法：微孔滤膜与气泡吸收管串联后采样，甲醇稀释解吸，高效液相色谱仪测定。采用ODS-3色谱柱，乙腈-磷酸为流动相，室温下分离，紫外检测器检测，以保留时间定性，峰面积或峰高定量。结果：空气中五氯酚浓度在0～5．6mg/m^3范围（采样体积按180L计）内线性关系良好，r=0．9997，最低检出浓度为0．07mg/m^3（以采集15L空气样品计），相对标准偏差为0．1％～3．2％，采样效率〉97％。样品在室温下可稳定保存8d。结论：方法操作简单，灵敏度高，结果准确，可用于工作场所空气中五氯酚浓度的测定。     

亳州市首例人感染H7N9禽流感病原学调查分析

目的了解毫州市首例人感染H7N9禽流感病毒来源,为毫州市禽流感防控提供依据。方法采集患者接触过的活禽交易市场、活禽养殖市场以及病人家的鸡和环境标本91份,应用liT—PCR方法进行核酸检测。结果共检测标本9l份,H5、H7、H9、N9亚型流感病毒核酸阳性,阳性率分别为2．2％（2／91）、26．4％（24／91）、27．5％（25／91）、6．6％（6／91）,H7、H9混合感染率为15．38％（14／91）。结论引起人感染H7N9流感病毒可能来源于活禽市场,加强活禽市场管理,减少人感染H7N9流感病毒的风险。     

气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中氯萘

目的：建立用硅胶管采集工作场所空气中氯萘的毛细管气相色谱分析方法。方法：硅胶管吸附空气中氯萘，样品经正己烷解吸，气相色谱检测。结果：当空气中氯萘浓度范围在0．33～6．67mg／m^3（参照国标PC-TWA0．5mg／m^3）时，相关系数r〉0．999，检出限0．3μg／ml，以采集7．5L空气样品计，最低检出浓度0．04mg／m^3。平均解吸效率90％，硅胶吸附10．0μg氯萘，样品放置7d后，回收率仍达90％。在本实验条件下与萘等化合物有较好的分离。结论：本方法可用于工作场所空气中氯萘的检测。     

火腿、鳗鲞中敌百虫和敌敌畏的气相色谱快速检测

目的：建立一种应用气相色谱仪同时测定火腿或鳗鲞样品中敌百虫、敌敌畏残留量的快速检测方法。方法：样品先用乙腈提取，再利用敌百虫和敌敌畏在不同溶剂中分配系数的不同，对提取液进行净化．最后利用气相色谱仪的毛细管色谱柱和火焰光度检测器（或氮磷检测器）对样品进行分离和检测。结果：利用该方法，敌百虫和敌敌畏均能得到良好分离．在0．2—20．0μg／ml（FPD）和0．01—10．0μg／ml（NPD）的线性范围内．相关系数均大于0．999，最低检出量分别为0．2864、0．0406（FPD）和0．0101、0．0045（NPD），当样品添加浓度为0．05～2．0mg／kg时，方法回收率分别为69．92％-95．76％（火腿）和64．33％-83．76％（鳗鲞）。结论：该方法操作简便，灵敏度高，重现性和选择性好，分离效果良好，最低检出量和回收率均符合农药残留分析的要求，是检测脂肪类样品中敌百虫和敌敌畏的有效定性、定量方法。     

工作场所空气中铅测定质量控制的方法探讨

[目的]建立工作场所空气中铅测定的质量控制方法。[方法]通过对样品采集、样品处理、样品检测全过程的质量控制,确保原子吸收光谱法测定工作场所空气中铅及其化合物浓度的准确性。[结果]通过现场采样过程的质量控制,使采样效率达到98.3％（97．6％～98．6％）,方法线性范围0．2～100．0μg／mL,相关系数均为0．9999,1％浓度的方法特征灵敏度为0．082μg／mL,微孔滤膜的平均空白测定值为（0．1104±0．0144）μg／mL,经质控样GBW（E）080211和GBW（E）080212检测,结果为（3．3±0．1）μg/张[参照值（3．1±0．6）μg/张]和（16．8±0．9）μg/张[参照值（17．0±1．5）μg/张],测定误差在容许范围内,高、低二套标准曲线直接测定比较（n=10,t=0．248,P〉0．05）,两法无统计学差异。[结论]该方法可作为工作场所铅测定质量控制的参考。     

用灿烂甲酚蓝测定人血清白蛋白的电化学研究

目的：建立一种测定人血清白蛋白的新方法。方法：线性扫描伏安法。结果：在pH6．5的B—R缓冲溶液中，灿烂甲酚蓝在-0．18V（vs．SCE）有一个良好的二阶导数伏安还原峰，加入人血清白蛋白（HSA）后，其峰电位负移且峰电流下降，峰电流的下降值同HSA的浓度呈良好的线性关系，用于实际人血清样品的测定，结果令人满意。结论：该方法具有较好的选择性、较宽的线性范围和较高的灵敏度，适用于临床检测。     

人及禽类禽流感病毒蛋白芯片检测方法建立

目的建立可同时检测人及禽类禽流感病毒的蛋白芯片方法。方法采用醛基化玻璃载体蛋白芯片和双位点模式,将禽流感病毒H1、H3、H5、H7、H9、N1、N2、NP、NS1等9种亚型抗原以最佳浓度,点样于玻璃载体表面,构建相应抗体的检测芯片,分别用于禽类不同类型禽流感病毒血清及随机选择的人血清检测,并对特异性、敏感性及重复性进行测试,与血凝抑制法进行双向验证比较。结果探针H1、H3、H5、N1、N2、NP、NS1亚型抗原的最佳浓度为1 mg/mL,H7、H9亚型抗原最佳浓度为0.5 mg/mL;检测禽类禽流感病毒及人禽流感病毒使用的酶标抗体浓度分别为1:1 000和1:1 500;方法具有较好的特异性,对H7N7阳性血清的检测限为1:40稀释度;重复性检测的变异系数均<2%;血凝抑制法和蛋白芯片法的检测结果一致。结论所建立的蛋白芯片法可用于人类和禽类禽流感病毒的检测。     

免疫亲和柱-高效液相色谱法检测玉米中的玉米赤霉烯酮

目的：建立了检测玉米中玉米赤霉烯酮的快速、准确方法。方法：采用免疫亲和柱净化，高教液相色谱法进行毒素的定性和定量。玉米样品采用乙腈-水（9＋1）提取，将提取液用水稀释后过Vicam ZearalaTest免疫亲和柱，甲醇洗脱后以反相高效液相色谱荧光检测器检测，激发波长为274nm，发射波长为440nm，流动相采用乙腈-水-甲醇（46＋46＋8）。ZearalaTest免疫亲和柱的吸附效率高于95％，最大吸附容量为4．0μg。结果：在玉米样品中，本方法在0．005—0．5mg／kg添加水平范围内的平均回收率为82．9％-94．4％，相对标准偏差〈10％，最低检出限为0．005mg／kg（S／N=5）。结论：方法灵敏度高，选择性好，准确度高，用于玉米样品中玉米赤霉烯酮的测定，获得了满意的结果。     

川芎嗪对人肾间质成纤维细胞增殖和形态的影响

目的：观察川芎嗪（TMP）对肾间质纤维化来源的人肾间质成纤维细胞（hRIFs）体外增殖和形态的影响。方法：组织块培养法体外培养hRIFs；MTT比色法分别检测对照组及不同浓度TMP（0．25、0．50、1．00和2．00mg／m1）组hRIFs在培养的d1、3、5、7、9的增殖情况；用倒置相差显微镜观察TMP作用下bRIFs形态的改变。结果：与对照组相比，0．25mg／ml或0．50mg／ml的TMP作用于hRIFs后5～9d、1．0mg／ml的TMP作用于hRIFs后3～9d、2．00mg／ml的TMP作用于b．RIFs后1～9d对hRIFs体外增殖有显著的抑制作用，用药后FBS形态也发生明显变化。结论：TMP对hRIFs体外增殖具有明显抑制作用．且有时间、浓度依赖性：同时TMP可使体外培养hRIFs出现形态异常。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.