急性缺血性与出血性卒中危险因素的对比研究

目的通过对1个大样本的医院脑卒中注册资料的分析,观察各种危险因素在脑卒中患者中的发生率,并对脑梗死与脑出血的危险因素,特别是心脏和动脉病变的因素进行比较。方法研究资料来自瑞士洛桑卒中注册的卒中患者共3901例,其中脑梗死3525例,脑出血376例,均预先对各项临床和辅助资料进行编码,输入计算机数据库。所有病例均进行系统的临床和辅助检查,心脏病变经心电图和超声心动图证实;颈内动脉和椎基底动脉的病变采用彩色超声多普勒、磁共振血管成像或常规脑血管造影确诊。结果高血压在脑出血和脑梗死患者中的发生率分别为53.7%和46.7%,两者相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。高血压是本组脑卒中最突出的危险因素,其后依次是吸烟、轻度颈内动脉狭窄(≤50%)、高胆固醇血症、短暂性脑缺血发作、糖尿病以及心脏缺血。多因素分析研究发现,本组卒中患者无论是男性还是女性,吸烟、高胆固醇血症、短暂性脑缺血发作、心房纤颤、器质性心脏疾病以及动脉病变是脑梗死而非脑出血密切相关的危险因素。易患脑出血的惟一显著相关的危险因素是高血压(OR=0.64,P<0.01);心脏和动脉病变患者更容易发生脑梗死,但是,器质性心脏病和轻度颈内动脉狭窄在全体卒中患者中均特别常见。结论缺血性卒中和出血性卒中的危险因素并不一致,心脏和动脉病变是脑梗死而非脑出血的重要的危险因素,某些危险因素还存在性别差异。     

急性缺血性与出血性脑卒中危险因素的对比研究

目的 探讨各种危险因素在脑卒中患者中的构成比,并对脑梗死与脑出血的危险因素进行比较,为脑卒中防治提供依据.方法 收集1995-2002年福建医科大学附属第一医院急性脑卒中住院病例1875例,其中缺血性脑卒中1504例,出血性脑卒中371例;男1216例,女659例;平均年龄(73.42±10.35)岁,对两种脑卒中类型的多种危险因素进行描述性对比分析研究.结果 高血压、脉压增大是本组脑卒中患者突出的危险因素.相对于脑出血,与脑梗死相关更密切的危险因素依次是房颤(OR=3.942)、糖尿病(OR=3.674)、肥胖(OR=3.647)、高纤维蛋白原(OR=2.781)、高血压家族史(OR=2.573)、高LDL-C(OR=2.167)、高甘油三酯(OR=1.976)、吸烟(OR=1.849)、年龄增大(OR=1.588)、低Apo A(OR=1.460)(P＜0.05).相对脑梗死,仅高血压(OR=0.545)和饮酒(OR=0.662)与脑出血有更显著的相关性(P＜0.05).除共同危险因素外,高尿酸血症和低HDL-C血症与男性脑梗死关系更密切,而肥胖、高LDL-C及高纤维蛋白原血症与女性脑梗死相关性更强.结论 高血压、饮酒是脑出血患者主要的危险因素.相对于脑出血,与脑梗死相关密切的危险因素除了高血压外,依次为房颤、糖尿病、肥胖、高纤维蛋白原、高血压家族史、高LDL-C等.不同危险因素对男女脑梗死的影响不同.     

进展性脑梗死危险因素分析

目的 初步探讨进展性脑梗死的临床高危因素.方法 回顾性分析61例进展性脑梗死患者的临床资料,观察既往病史(包括高血压、糖尿病、烟酒史)、发病后降压治疗史、住院后体温、血压、血糖、血脂及颈内外动脉狭窄等12项临床指标,并与同期非进展性脑梗死60例患者进行比较.结果 进展性脑梗死组中合并发热者、颅内外动脉狭窄、发病后服降压药史、糖尿病史、入院时血糖水平共5项因素均明显高于对照组 (P<0.05或P<0.001).年龄、高血压史、吸烟饮酒史,入院时血压、甘油三酯、胆固醇与对照比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 发病后降压治疗、既往糖尿病史、血糖水平、发热及颅内外动脉狭窄是进展性脑梗死的高危因素,临床应予以关注和恰当处理.     

脑卒中急性期血压变化规律及影响因素的研究

目的 观察脑卒中急性期血压变化规律及其影响因素.方法 研究发病24h内入院的急性脑卒中患者704例.监测入院后7d内血压,收集详细病史资料,对病程中伴发疾病进行评分,记录入院后血压的管理方式及干预时间等.运用简单和多因素统计方法进行数据的统计分析.结果 脑卒中急性期血压升高,并且存在自发下降趋势,8h内下降最明显,36h趋于稳定.其中脑梗死患者血压在入院30h内趋于稳定,脑出血患者血压在入院96h内趋于稳定.出血性卒中患者血压要高于缺血性卒中患者.缺血性卒中患者TOAST分型和OCSP分型间血压无显著差异.神经功能缺损程度影响入院时和入院后36h内血压.独立影响入院时收缩压的因素有卒中类型、入院时NIHSS评分、心脏病史、高血压史,其中心脏病史与入院时血压成负相关.独立影响入院时舒张压的因素有卒中类型、年龄、入院NIHSS评分、高血压史.年龄与入院时舒张压呈负相关.独立影响7d内平均收缩压的因素有卒中类型、入院NIHSS评分、伴发疾病评分、心脏病史、高血压史、既往史评分.心脏病史与7d平均血压呈负相关.影响入院7d内舒张压的因素有卒中类型、年龄、伴发疾病评分、入院NIHSS评分、心脏病史.心脏病史和年龄与7d平均舒张压呈负相关.结论 脑卒中急性期血压升高,并有自发性下降趋势.卒中类型及高血压史与血压呈正相关,心脏病史及年龄与血压呈负相关.     

急性脑梗死后出血转化的危险因素分析

目的 探讨急性脑梗死后出血转化的相关危险因素。方法 选取2016年12月-2017年12月入住本院的140例急性脑梗死患者,其中急性脑梗死后出现出血转化者70例,其余为无出血转化者70例,分析2组患者在入院时首次空腹血糖、总胆固醇、同型半胱氨酸、尿酸水平、高血压病病史、糖尿病病史、房颤病史、饮酒史及既往脑卒中病史的差异,先进行单因素分析,对差异有统计学意义的指标进一步行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 急性脑梗死后出血转化组患者在入院时首次空腹血糖水平、心房颤动病史、高血压病史的例数均高于非出血转化组(P<0.05),而非出血转化组中总胆固醇水平高于出血转化组(P<0.05),2组同型半胱氨酸、尿酸水平、糖尿病病史、饮酒史、既往脑卒中病史无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 急性脑梗死患者入院时高空腹血糖水平(>6.1 mmol/l)、房颤病史、高血压病史是急性脑梗死发生出血转化的独立危险因素,而总胆固醇(TC)是防止出血转化的一个保护因素。     

卒中急性期血压的变化规律及影响因素研究

目的观察卒中急性期的血压变化规律以及影响血压变化规律的因素。方法研究入院距发病时间〈24h的急性脑梗死及脑出血的住院病人,进行基本数据收集,监测入院后7d内血压变化,对病程中伴发疾病进行评分,对入院后血压管理的方式及干预时间进行登记。结果（1）卒中急性期初期血压通常升高,入院后16h内血压下降较明显,前4h尤甚,16～48h血压逐渐平稳,各时点血压经方差分析无显著性差异;（2）脑出血患者的急性期血压较脑梗死患者的急性期血压高,P〈0.05;（3）TOAST各亚型脑梗死血压变化规律无明显差异;（4）原有高血压史的患者卒中后急性期血压较既往无高血压史的患者高;（5）经多因素相关分析,影响卒中急性期7d内平均收缩压的正相关因素有卒中类型、高血压史、伴发病评分;影响卒中急性期7d内平均舒张压的正相关因素有卒中类型、高血压史、伴发病评分,既往病史评分与卒中急性期7d内平均舒张压呈负相关。结论卒中急性期初期血压通常升高,脑出血、既往有高血压史、合并疾病多的卒中患者卒中后血压较高,入院后16h内血压下降较明显,入院后16～48h血压渐趋平稳。     

武汉地区脑梗死患者住院天数的影响因素分析

目的探讨武汉地区脑梗死患者住院天数及其影响因素。方法收集本院近5年间出院脑梗死患者的病例772份,排除院内感染及并发症患者。采取回顾性分析方法,按住院天数分为5~10d组,11~14d组,15~20d组三组,选取性别、意识状态、糖尿病史、心脏病史、脑卒中史、遗传倾向、中医治疗、神经康复等因素,进行Ridit统计分析,并对相关因素行住院天数的非条件logistic回归分析。结果 （1）不同性别、糖尿病史、入院时患者意识清楚与否、是否神经康复治疗患者的住院天数差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;（2）既往是否有心脏病史,脑梗死病史、脑卒中遗传倾向及住院期间是否接受过中医药治疗患者的住院天数上虽有差异,但无统计学意义;（3）糖尿病史和神经康复因素进入回归方程,二者均有统计学意义。结论脑梗死患者的住院天数与不同性别、糖尿病史、入院时不同的意识状态及神经康复治疗与否有关。其中糖尿病史和康复治疗可能为影响武汉地区脑梗死患者住院天数的重要因素。     

进展性脑梗死危险因素Logistic回归分析

目的探寻引起脑梗死进展的相关危险因素。方法所选病例均为本科2004年3月～2006年5月住院的急性脑梗死患者388例,根据入院后病情演变分为进展性脑梗死组(SIP)和非进展组。观察项目包括年龄、高血压病史、糖尿病史、冠心病史、脑卒中史、高脂血症史、吸烟史、饮酒史、入院时神经功能缺损评分、入院时高血压、入院后血压降低、发热、血脂、血糖、纤维蛋白原、红细胞压积、同型半胱氨酸、颈动脉狭窄、颅内动脉狭窄。首先用单因素分析对上述观察项目(自变量)进行筛选,然后对经单因素分析有显著意义的自变量作多因素Logistic回归分析。结果388例急性脑梗死患者中符合条件的进展性脑梗死患者120例,发生率为30.93%,其中发病后24h内发生SIP32例(26.7%),48h内40例(33.3%),72h18例(15.0%),96h24例(20.0%),120h3例(2.5%),144h3例(2.5%)。进展组和非进展组之间有19个因素行χ2检验或t检验,其中有8个因素的差异有显著性,分别是糖尿病史、脑卒中史、入院后血压降低、高血糖、纤维蛋白原增高、高同型半胱氨酸、颅内动脉狭窄、颈动脉狭窄。以脑卒中是否发生进展为因变量,对经单因素分析有显著意义的自变量作多因素Logistic回归分析,回归分析显示糖尿病史、入院后血压降低、颅内动脉狭窄、高同型半胱氨酸及高血糖有显著意义,而纤维蛋白原增高、颈动脉狭窄、脑卒中史无显著性意义。结论进展性脑梗死发生率高,糖尿病史、入院后血压降低、颅内动脉狭窄、高同型半胱氨酸、高血糖是引起脑梗死进展的危险因素,寻找与脑梗死进展有密切关系的危险因子对临床降低进展性脑卒中的发生率有一定指导作用。     

进展性脑梗死相关危险因素分析

目的探寻引起脑梗死进展的相关危险因素。方法对我院2008年5月-2011年5月住院的急性脑梗死患者246例,根据入院后病情演变分为进展性脑梗死组(PCI)和非进展性脑梗死组(NPCI)。观察项目包括年龄、高血压史、糖尿病史、冠心病史、脑卒中病史、高脂血症史、吸烟史及饮酒史,入院时神经功能评分、入院时高血压、入院后血压降低、发热、血脂、血糖、红细胞压积、颈动脉狭窄及颅内动脉狭窄进行分析。结果 PCI组的糖尿病史、早期不适当降压治疗、颅内动脉狭窄、颈动脉狭窄、入院后24小时内最高体温、白细胞计数、空腹血糖及侧脑室旁梗死差异有显著统计学意义。结论糖尿病病史、早期不适当降压治疗、发热、白细胞计数增高、空腹血糖增高、劲内动脉和颅内动脉狭窄及侧脑室旁梗死是引起脑梗死进展的主要危险因素。     

缺血性脑卒中患者二级预防现状及再发脑卒中的危险因素分析

目的探讨缺血性脑卒中患者二级预防现状,并对其再发脑卒中危险因素及干预对策进行分析,以降低再发脑卒中的发生率。方法对2012-06—2013-06收治的278例脑卒中患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中再发性脑卒中61例为观察组,未再发性脑卒中217例为对照组,采用Logistic逐步回归分析,分析其再发脑卒中的危险因素及干预对策。结果脑卒中患者再次发生脑卒中的发病率为24.10%(67/278),相关危险因素方面,2型糖尿病病史和高血压患病率较高,均为85.61%,控制率较低,分别为49.58%、49.16%,超重肥胖和总胆固醇水平异常的阳性率也较高,控制率也较低;单因素分析结果显示,缺血性脑卒中患者发生脑卒中有统计学意义的相关危险因素包括高血压、2型糖尿病、房颤病史、总胆固醇水平异常等相关因素;本研究中多因素分析进一步表明,再发缺血性脑卒中的独立相关危险因素是总胆固醇异常(OR=3.472)、2型糖尿病血糖未控制(OR=2.237),高血压未控制(OR=2.851)和房颤病史(OR=1.945)等。结论缺血性脑卒中患者在2型糖尿病和高血压控制率低,总胆固醇升高和超重肥胖发生率较高,总胆固醇水平升高、房颤病史及血糖、血压控制欠佳与脑卒中再发显著相关。     

影响急性脑梗死出血性转化的危险因素

目的 探讨急性脑梗死的出血性转化的危险因素。方法 收集2012年1月～2015年1月在湖北省恩施州利川市人民医院神经内科住院的急性脑梗死患者的临床及实验室检查资料,并在入院后10 d内行头颅CT复查,采用多变量logistic回归分析确定出血性转化的独立危险因素。结果 共纳入345例急性脑梗死患者,其中男205例,女140例,101例发生出血性转化。出血性转化组的年龄、脑梗死体积、脑卒中史或TIA史、高血压病、糖尿病、抗凝药和房颤的比例均显著高于非出血性转化组(P<0.05),而2组抗血小板聚集药、他汀类、高脂血症史、吸烟或饮酒史无明显差异(P>0.05)。多变量logistic回归分析显示年龄(OR=1.168,95%,CI=1.059～3.412; P=0.021)、梗死体积(OR=3.461,95%C1=1.317～6.270; P=0.044)和房颤(OR=1.284,95%C1= 1.117～2.903; P=0.015)为出血性转化的独立危险因素。结论 急性脑梗死患者出血性转化的发生率为29.3%,年龄、脑梗死体积和房颤为出血性转化的独立危险因素,绝大多数出血性转化不会加重临床症状,临床症状加重的患者主要是脑实质血肿型。     

Cardiovascular risk factors in patients aged 85 or older with ischemic stroke

OBJECTIVES: To define a cardiovascular risk factor profile in very old patients with ischemic stroke. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from a prospective hospital-based stroke registry was collected. Demographic characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors in individuals aged 85 years or older with ischemic stroke (n=303) were compared with patients under 85 years (n=1537). RESULTS: The study population accounted for 16.5% of all cases of ischemic stroke. The mean (S.D.) age was 88.2 (2.8) years (70% women). Hypertension occurred in 44.9% of patients, atrial fibrillation in 42.6%, diabetes in 16.2%, and congestive heart failure in 15.5%. The most frequent stroke subtypes were cardioembolic (36%) and atherothrombotic (31.4%) infarction. Congestive heart failure (odds ratio [OR]=3.62), chronic renal disease (OR=2.54), female sex (OR=2.27), previous cerebrovascular disease (OR=1.71), and atrial fibrillation (OR=1.38) were significantly associated with ischemic stroke, whereas diabetes (OR=0.68), hypertension (OR=0.61), hyperlipidemia (OR=0.45), and heavy smoking (OR=0.21) occurred more frequently in patients under 85 years. CONCLUSION: Adequate treatment of potentially modifiable risk factors, including congestive heart failure, chronic renal disease, and atrial fibrillation may contribute to prevent ischemic stroke in very old people.     

Comparison of population-based models of risk factors for TIA and ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a difference in the risk factors for ischemic stroke and for TIA. BACKGROUND: TIA is associated with a high risk for ischemic stroke, but some have considered TIA as mild ischemic stroke. Prevention of disabling stroke is sufficient reason to label TIA as a precursor for stroke, but some risk factors may be more or less associated with TIA than with ischemic stroke, suggesting differences in mechanism. METHODS: The medical records linkage system for the Rochester Epidemiology Project provided the means of identifying first episodes of TIA in the Rochester, MN population among those who had not had ischemic stroke. Control subjects were selected from an enumeration of the population through the medical records. The exposure to various risk factors was ascertained. The conditional likelihood approach to estimate the parameters of a multiple logistic model permitted estimation of the OR for TIA for each risk factor while adjusting for confounding variables. RESULTS: The multivariable logistic regression model for TIA shows that the estimates of the ORs for ischemic heart disease, hypertension, persistent atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, and cigarette smoking are similar to the ORs for those variables in the ischemic stroke model. However, the OR for mitral valve disease in the TIA model is 0.4, suggesting that mitral valve disease is unlikely to be associated with cerebral ischemic episodes that are brief enough to be called TIA.     

Early recurrence of ischemic stroke in Japanese patients: the Japan standard stroke registry study

BACKGROUND: To determine the factors that contribute to early ischemic stroke recurrence in Japanese patients. METHODS: A multicenter stroke registration study based on a computerized database from 54 Japanese institutes, involving 8,036 patients with brain infarction who were hospitalized within 48 h after symptom onset between January 2000 and March 2004. RESULTS: Within 30 days after the initial stroke, 395 patients (4.9%) developed a recurrent stroke. Recurrence most frequently occurred in atherothrombotic patients (6.6%), followed by cardioembolic patients (6.2%). Overall, hypertension (OR 1.348, 95% CI 1.071-1.696) and atrial fibrillation (OR 1.503, 95% CI 1.177-1.918), but not diabetes mellitus, were independently predictive of early recurrence. In atherothrombotic patients, diabetes mellitus (OR 1.485, 95% CI 1.058-2.085) and atrial fibrillation (OR 1.998, 95% CI 1.231-3.244) were independently related to early recurrence. At hospital discharge, the modified Rankin Scale score was higher in patients who had an early recurrence (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This study was based on a large number of Japanese patients and confirmed that hypertension and atrial fibrillation contribute to early ischemic stroke recurrence. In addition, analysis by stroke subtype showed that diabetes mellitus was independently related to early recurrence in atherothrombotic patients.     

Different vascular risk factor profiles in ischemic stroke subtypes: a study from the "Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry"

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the vascular risk factor profiles in different subtypes of ischemic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 1473 consecutive ischemic stroke patients collected in a prospective stroke registry. The prevalence of vascular risk factors in each stroke subtype was analyzed independently and in comparison with other subtypes of stroke pooled together by means of univariate analysis and logistic regression models. RESULTS: Hypertension was present in 52% of patients followed by atrial fibrillation in 27% and diabetes in 20%. The pattern of risk factors associated with atherothrombotic stroke included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (odds ratio [OR] = 2.63), hypertension (OR = 2.55), diabetes (OR = 2.26), transient ischemic attack (OR = 1.61), and age (OR = 1.03). Previous cerebral hemorrhage (OR = 4.72), hypertension (OR = 4.29), obesity (OR = 2.45), and diabetes (OR = 1.73) were strong predictors of lacunar stroke. In the case of cardioembolic stroke, atrial fibrillation (OR = 22.24), valvular heart disease (OR = 10.97), and female gender (OR = 1.66) occurred more frequently among patients with this stroke subtype than among the other stroke subtypes combined. CONCLUSION: Different potentially modifiable vascular risk factor profiles were identified for each subtype of ischemic stroke, particularly COPD in the case of atherothrombotic stroke and previous cerebral hemorrhage and hypertension in the case of lacunar infarction.     

缺血性脑卒中早期复发的临床特点和危险因素预测

目的：探讨缺血性脑卒中患者早期复发的临床特点和危险因素。方法：对594例缺血性脑卒中在30天内复发的22例患者进行了临床分析和病例－对照研究。结果：早期复发率为3．7％（22／594），其中脑血栓复发率为3．3％（18／552），脑栓塞复发率为9．5％（4／42）。72．73％（16／22）复发在原患侧，多为同类型脑卒中复发（86．36％，19／22）。经统计学分析发现高血压、TIA史与复发有显著关系（OR＝4．9，OR＝7．1），而缺血性心脏病、糖尿病、入院时高血糖、房颤、高血脂、吸烟、颈部血管斑块与复发无显著关系。结论：缺血性脑卒中早期复发多为同类型脑卒中、同部位的复发，高血压、TIA史可能为脑卒中早期复发的重要危险因素。     

Pre-admission warfarin use in patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: The appropriate use and barriers to oral anticoagulant therapy

INTRODUCTION: Warfarin reduces the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Despite strong guideline recommendations, studies continue to demonstrate the under-use of warfarin in clinical practice. PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence and predictors of warfarin use in patients presenting with atrial fibrillation and acute ischemic stroke who do not have a documented contraindication to anticoagulants. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients admitted to the Hamilton General Hospital with a primary diagnosis of ischemic stroke and a coded diagnosis of atrial fibrillation between 1999 and 2004. Using a standardized data abstraction form, the following variables were recorded: baseline demographics, past medical history including risk factors for stroke and major bleeding and known predictors of warfarin under-use. In cases where warfarin was not prescribed, charts were also reviewed for documented contraindications to warfarin use. The following were considered valid contraindications to warfarin: patient refusal, non-compliance with INR monitoring, bleeding diathesis, history of major bleeding or significant alcohol consumption. RESULTS: In total, 196 patients with ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation were identified. Of these patients, 106 were considered to be appropriate candidates for anticoagulation after excluding patients with no known diagnosis of atrial fibrillation prior to admission (N=59), a valid contraindication to warfarin use (N=18), a CHADS2 score <1 (N=6) or a competing diagnosis for warfarin use (N=7). Of the patients deemed to be suitable candidates for warfarin, 57 (54%) were receiving warfarin therapy on admission. On multivariable analyses, increasing age (OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.5-0.9) was associated with a reduced odds of warfarin use while a history of stroke or TIA (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.1-6.5) and a history of congestive heart failure (OR 3.2; 95% CI 1.1-9.0) were associated with an increased odds of warfarin use in patients without a contraindication to warfarin. While 75% of patients <75 years old were anticoagulated, only 33% of those >85 years were prescribed warfarin on admission to hospital. CONCLUSIONS: early half of all patients presenting with atrial fibrillation and acute ischemic stroke who were suitable candidates for anticoagulation were not prescribed warfarin. In patients not prescribed warfarin, very few had a documented contraindication. Advanced age appears to be the strongest predictor of warfarin non-use.     

急性缺血性视网膜病与急性大脑半球缺血事件危险因素对比研究

目的 比较急性视网膜缺血事件（acute retinal ischemic event，ARIE）与急性大脑半球缺血事件（acutehemisphere ischemic event，AHIE）危险因素异同，为针对性预防干预提供依据。方法 单中心临床病例横断面描述性研究。收集2008年1月至2009年1月确诊的ARIE连续病例（ARIE组）和同期AHIE住院的连续病例（AHIE组）。采集所有入组患者临床基本信息及危险因素情况，比较两组的危险因素。结果 共收集ARIE病例124例，AHIE病例126例。ARIE组与AHIE组比较发现，ARIE组平均年龄53±16岁，较AHIE组平均年龄67±12岁低（P<0.01）；性别、吸烟史、饮酒史、高脂血症、缺血性心脏病史在ARIE与AHIE组差异无统计学意义。高血压（P<0.01）、糖尿病（P =0.016）、心脏瓣膜病（P =0.048）、卒中史（P =0.001）、心房颤动（P =0.007）在ARIE组比AHIE组少见，而重度颈动脉狭窄（≥70%）或闭塞在ARIE组较AHIE组常见［ARIE对于AHIE：优势比（odds ratio，OR），2.3；95%可信区间（confidence interval，CI）1.110～4.682，P =0.025］。结论 ARIE发病年龄相对较低，高血压、糖尿病、心脏瓣膜病、卒中史、心房颤动在AHIE多见，而重度颈动脉狭窄多见于ARIE。     

Trends in risk of stroke in patients with a hospital diagnosis of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: National Cohort Study in Denmark, 1980-2002

AIM: We examined trends in incidence of stroke of any nature (ischemic and/or hemorrhagic) in subjects with a hospital diagnosis of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or flutter in Denmark from 1980 to 2002 by sex, age and conditions of comorbidity. METHODS: We identified all individuals, aged 40-89 years, with an incident hospital diagnosis of atrial fibrillation or flutter and no history of stroke or heart valve disease in the Danish National Registry of Patients, and subjects were followed in the Danish National Registry of Patients for occurrence of an incident diagnosis of stroke of any nature (ischemic and/or hemorrhagic) and in the Danish Civil Registration System (emigration and vital status). We used multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to estimate trends in incidence of stroke. RESULTS: Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or flutter was diagnosed in 141,493 subjects (75,126 men and 66,367 women), and during follow-up 15,964 subjects had an incident diagnosis of stroke. The hazard ratios for stroke in the last 3-year period compared to the first 5-year period, adjusted for 10-year age group, conditions of comorbidity, and general stroke trend in the Danish population were 0.78 (95% CI 0.70-0.86) in men, and 0.80 (95% CI 0.72-0.88) in women. The reduction in risk of stroke by calendar year was most prominent in patients aged 40-74 years. CONCLUSION: We observed a modest decrease in risk of stroke in subject with atrial fibrillation in Denmark during calendar years 1980-2002. However, we could not control for any changes in diagnostic performance, admission practice, and medical management of patients with atrial fibrillation.     

Stroke in young adults: analysis of 164 patients

We retrospectively analyzed the epidemiological features of 164 out-clinic patients with a first-onset stroke between 15 and 49 years old. Ischemic stroke occurred in 141 patients, hemorrhagic stroke in 16 patients, and venous thrombosis in 7 patients. Forty-eight percent of ischemic strokes were atherothrombotic, but no etiology was found in 32% of patients with ischemic stroke. Systemic arterial hypertension was the most frequent etiology in the hemorrhagic stroke group. The most frequent risk factors were systemic arterial hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, alcoholism and diabetes mellitus. Although stroke in young adults deserves some specific etiological investigation, we found that ordinary risk factors such as hypertension, tobacco use, hypercholesteremia and diabetes were prevalent in our population. It seems that prevention campaigns should be the target of our work.