肿瘤患者导管相关性血栓的会诊与治疗体会

背景与目的 经外周穿刺中心静脉导管（PICC）为需要长时间输注化疗药物的肿瘤患者提供了一条安全的静脉治疗通道,然而,随着PICC在临床上的普及,血栓、感染、静脉炎、导管脱落、移位等相关并发症也越来越多,尤其是PICC导管相关性血栓（CRT）,严重干扰肿瘤相关科室的诊疗活动,同时影响患者的预后。本研究通过回顾性分析肿瘤患者CRT的会诊意见及处理结果,探讨肿瘤患者CRT的处理策略。方法 回顾性分析2014年4月23日—2020年1月10日由海南省人民医院血管外科会诊的92例放疗科CRT患者的临床资料。所有患者均由彩超检查明确诊断,其中无症状74例（80.4%）,感染症状9例（9.8%）,血栓症状9例（9.8%）。会诊的主要问题包括：拔管时机及能否续用;是否进行抗栓治疗;是否需要制动等。结果 48例（52.2%）建议直接拔除导管（无症状者43例、感染症状者3例、血栓症状者2例）;30例（32.6%）建议继续使用导管（无症状者23例、感染症状者3例、血栓症状者4例）;14例（15.2%）建议延迟拔管并暂停使用导管（无症状者8例、感染症状者3例、血栓症状者3例）。32例（34.8%）建议行抗凝和（或）抗血小板等的抗栓治疗（无症状者20例、感染症状者4例、血栓症状者8例）,另外60例（62.5%）未建议受抗栓治疗。共4例（4.3%）建议行患肢制动（感染症状者1例,血栓症状者3例）,余88例（95.7%）未建议患肢制动或会诊中未提及。所有92例患者遵照会诊意见处理,无症状性或致死性肺栓塞发生,无血栓新发或加重事件等发生。在74例无症状患者中分析显示,是否行抗栓治疗以及患肢是否制动均对该类患者肺栓塞的发生无明显影响（均χ²=0,P>0.05）。结论 无症状CRT患者可直接拔管或继续使用导管,并适当活动患肢,抗栓治疗无明显临床获益。合并感染患者应个体化处理,感染较重者,可适当抗凝、制动;感染较轻,不推荐抗凝,并可适当活动患肢。症状性CRT患者建议按上肢深静脉血栓的诊疗规范及相关指南行规律抗凝及制动等处理。     

急性混合型下肢深静脉血栓大腔导管取栓与单纯溶栓的疗效比较

目的:比较大腔导管取栓与单纯溶栓对急性混合型下肢深静脉血栓形成(LEDVT)的疗效。方法:回顾性分析11年间收治的458例急性混合型LEDVT患者的临床与随访资料。其中327例(A组)接受大腔导管血栓抽吸术,另131例(B组)接受尿激酶系统溶栓治疗。结果:A组术中无严重并发症发生,B组治疗中2例因出血而危及生命。平均住院时间A组6.5 d,B组9.5 d(P<0.05);治愈率A组94.8%,B组37.4%(P<0.05)。术后36~48个月,双下肢膝下15 cm处周径差A组为(0.53±0.42)cm,B组为(1.42±1.35)cm(P<0.05);水肿、色素沉着、溃疡等发生率,A组分别为27.83%,13.15%和0,B组分别为55.73%,83.97%和9.16%(均P<0.05);A组静脉通畅率为90.83%,瓣膜功能正常率为73.09%,均明显高于B组(37.41%和15.27%)(均P<0.05);A组和B组总有效率分别为100%和71.76%(P<0.05)。结论:大腔导管取栓对急性混合型下肢深静脉血栓形成的疗效优于单纯溶栓,尤其在保护静脉瓣膜功能方面更为明显。     

肾囊肿穿刺破裂致腰大肌巨大脓肿1例

患者，女38岁。因左肾囊肿穿刺术后左腰痛半年于2001年4月6日入院。半年前因左肾囊肿在外院行B超引导下囊肿穿刺，抽出淡黄色液体约200 ml，并注入无水乙醇100 ml，当时感到左腰部、左侧腹烧灼痛。2 d后出现腹胀、腹痛、发热。B超提示左肾上极囊性包块，左输尿管下段见7.4 cm×4.7 cm形态不规则暗区，输尿管从中穿过；CT提示左肾增强不明显，左腰大肌前可见造影剂积聚。考虑左肾囊肿穿刺术后破裂尿外渗并发感染。经抗感染等对症处理后效果不佳，症状逐渐加重而来我院就诊。体检：呈慢性贫血面容，心肺检查无异常，左肾区隆起，左侧腹可触…     

自制多侧孔溶栓导管经腘静脉入路治疗下肢深静脉血栓

目的探讨采用自制多侧孔溶栓导管经腘静脉入路留置溶栓的方法治疗下肢深静脉血栓的可行性及有效性。方法分析96例采用腘静脉顺行法穿刺留置导管溶栓治疗的下肢深静脉血栓患者的临床资料,通过治疗前后健、患肢周径差,静脉通畅率及静脉通畅评分等指标评价临床疗效。结果 96例患者介入手术技术成功率100%,术后经过5~14天留置导管溶栓后血栓大部分溶解,下肢肿胀消退;在手术及治疗过程中无严重并发症发生,溶栓治疗结束后双下肢周径差≤1.5cm,术后静脉通畅评分较术前明显改善[(9.71±2.42)分vs(3.41±1.92)分,Z=1.72,P0.05)],静脉通畅率为(71.42±14.13)%。82例患者通过3~12个月的随访,平均随访(5.11±3.33)个月,通过超声及临床症状体征的评估,介入治疗的有效率为95.12%(78/82)。结论采用经腘静脉入路留置自制溶栓导管是治疗下肢深静脉血栓的有效方法,成功率较高、术后并发症较少,其中远期效果有待进一步随访观察。     

感染性腹主动脉瘤误诊为腰大肌脓肿1例

患者男,43岁。因突发双下肢感觉运动功能障碍23 h入院。患者无明显诱因突然出现双下肢麻木、感觉异常、乏力,以右下肢为重,伴大小便失禁。既往有糖尿病史4年余,血糖控制不良;半个月前有阑尾炎病史,行保守治疗后治愈。体检:体温36.7℃;脉搏120次/min;呼吸18次/min;血压:183/108 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。痛苦面容,心肺腹未见明显异常。专科检查:全脊柱无明显叩压痛,双侧腹股沟平面以下感觉明显减退,双下肢肌张力低,双侧髂腰肌、股四头肌、足拇背伸     

急性肺动脉栓塞的肺动脉留置导管溶栓治疗56例经验

目的 总结肺动脉留置导管溶栓治疗急性肺动脉栓塞的疗效,以减轻肺栓塞症状、降低死亡率及慢性阻塞性肺病的发生.方法 回顾性分析201 1年6月至2013年6月内蒙古赤峰市立医院经CT确诊的56例急性肺动脉栓塞患者的临床资料,平均年龄(56±11)岁,行下腔静脉滤器植入与肺动脉造影,导管碎栓、溶栓治疗,术后联合应用低分子肝素和华法林,调整凝血酶原国际标准化率在2～3.结果 56例患者中,随访45例,随访率80.4％.随访时间3～24个月,平均随访时间(15±4)个月,平均肺动脉压(mPAP)从(43±7)mmHg降到(22 ±6) mmHg(P ＜0.05),动脉血氧分压(PO2)从(49±8)mmHg升到(83±9)mmHg (P＜0.05),即刻临床症状明显改善,显效51例,显效率91％ (51/56)有效率100％,56例患者45例获得随访,平均(15 ±4)个月,1例复发,无滤器移位、腔静脉血栓形成、慢性阻塞性肺病等并发症的发生.结论 肺动脉留置导管溶栓治疗急性肺动脉血栓栓塞症是安全有效的.     

血管内介入取栓联合局部溶栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓1例

患者女,35岁,因"无明显诱因头痛、头晕伴恶心、呕吐3天,加重伴右侧肢体乏力8h"入院;既往体健。查体:伸舌右偏,颈稍抵抗,右上肢肌力2级,右下肢肌力3级,右侧腱反射亢进,右侧Babinski征(+)。头部CT示右枕部条索状高密度影,CT值74HU,考虑血管影(图1A);CTA见矢状窦不显影,考虑静脉窦血栓形成。实验室检查:D-二聚体明显升高(5.02mg/L),活化部分凝血活酶时间72.5s,凝血酶时间75s。     

导管接触溶栓治疗四肢非开放性外伤后动脉血栓形成

目的：探讨应用导管接触溶栓（CDT）治疗四肢外伤（非开放性）后动脉血栓形成的临床效果。 方法：回顾性分析2005年3月—2013年3月收治的152例四肢外伤后动脉血栓形成行CDT治疗患者（152条肢体）的临床资料。患者均接受CDT治疗,其中单纯CDT 89例,CDT+腔内球囊扩张成形（PTA）51例,CDT+PTA+支架置入12例。 结果：全组导管溶栓时间为1~7 d,平均（4±1.5）d。治愈105例（69.1%）,其中单纯CDT 72例,CDT+PTA 21例,CDT+PTA+支架置入12例;有效30例（19.7%）,均施行CDT+PTA治疗;无效17例（11.2%）,其中一期截肢15例（9.9%）。5例（3.3%）溶栓过程中发生二次栓塞,调整导管位置后继续溶栓;23例（15.1%）术后发生小腿骨筋膜室综合征行骨筋膜室切开减压术,均保肢成功。随访132例（86.8%）,随访时间12~108个月,平均（50±22）个月。除2例行二期截肢外,余随访患者均无症状加重或复发。 结论：CDT治疗四肢外伤后动脉血栓形成是一种安全、有效、微创的方法。     

经颈内静脉植入输液港:导管尖端处于不同位置时1年内并发症发生率与导管通畅率

目的 对比观察经颈内静脉（IJV）入路植入完全植入式静脉输液港（TIVAP）后,导管尖端处于不同位置时1年内并发症发生率及导管通畅率。方法 回顾性分析2 104例接受经IJV入路植入TIVAP的肿瘤患者,将接受经右IJV入路者（R组,n=1 903）分为导管尖端位于右心房上部［即上腔静脉（SVC）与右心房交界（CAJ）下方0.5～1.0 cm亚组（R1亚组,n=376）］与位于SVC下1/3至CAJ间亚组（R2亚组,n=1 527）,将接受经左IJV入路者（L组,n=201）相应分为L1亚组（n=64）及L2亚组（n=137）;记录2组内各亚组患者基本资料、植入TIVAP 1年内并发症发生率及导管通畅率,并进行亚组间比较。结果 2组内亚组间患者性别、年龄、临床诊断及肿瘤分期,以及气胸/血气胸、局部皮肤损伤、TIVAP感染、导管相关性血栓、药物外渗、导管移位及心律失常等并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）。R1（94.15%）与R2亚组（93.78%）（χ²=0.069,P=0.793）、L1（98.44%）与L2亚组（89.78%）1年内导管通畅率差异均无统计学意义（Yates连续性校正χ²=3.563,P=0.059）。结论 经左或右IJV入路植入TIVAP后,导管尖端位于右心房上部与SVC下1/3与CAJ之间时,1年内并发症发生率及导管通畅率均无明显差异。     

直肠癌根治术后股动脉血栓形成1例

患者　男,74岁。因“直肠癌”在全麻下取截石位行直肠癌低位前切除(Dixon手术)。手术顺利,手术时间为2h。术后2h自觉左下肢疼痛、酸麻、烦躁不安。检查左下肢苍白,感觉迟钝,足背动脉不能触及。诊断为“股动脉血栓形成”。经非手术治疗无明显效果,患肢疼痛逐渐加重,浅感觉基本消失。10h后急行手术探查。术中见股动脉无搏动,色青紫,触之质硬,无弹性。纵行切开股动脉,无鲜红动脉血喷出,见血管腔充满暗红色血栓。取一长度约80cmFogart导管,首先插入动脉远端,穿过血栓,充起球囊,逐步将栓子移动到导管插入处,并予取除。取出血栓呈圆柱状,色暗红。…     

Portal vein thrombosis after laparoscopic colectomy: thrombolytic therapy via the superior mesenteric vein

Portal vein thrombosis is a rare but well-reported complication after laparoscopic surgery. We present a case of portomesenteric venous thrombosis that occurred 8 days after a laparoscopic-assisted right hemicolectomy. Systemic anticoagulation failed to improve symptoms. The early postoperative state precluded the use of transarterial thrombolytic therapy. Transjugular intrahepatic catheter-directed infusion of urokinase into the superior mesenteric vein resulted in clearance of thrombus and resolution of symptoms. The published data on laparoscopy-induced splanchnic venous thrombosis and transjugular intrahepatic intramesenteric thrombolysis are discussed.     

Treatment of superior mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis with direct thrombolytic infusion via an operatively placed mesenteric catheter

Acute superior mesenteric vein (SMV) and portal vein (PV) thrombosis can be a complication of hypercoagulable, inflammatory, or infectious states. It can also occur as a complication of medical or surgical intervention. Management of mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis includes both operative and nonoperative approaches. Operative interventions include thrombectomy with thrombolysis; this is often employed for patients who present with signs of peritoneal irritation. Nonoperative approaches can be either noninvasive or invasive. Treatment with anticoagulation has been shown to be efficacious, though its rate of recanalization is not as high as with intravascular infusion of thrombolytics. Intravenous catheterization and thrombolytic infusion has the advantage of direct pharmacologic thrombolysis of clot, with decreased infusion required and the possibility to carry out dilation or thrombectomy concurrently. We report the use of recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator (rt-PA) infusion via an operatively placed multi side-hole catheter/5-Fr introducer sheath into the right portal and superior mesenteric vein clot, inserted through a small jejunal vein, in a patient who presented with acute gangrenous appendicitis and thrombosis of the main portal trunk and superior mesenteric vein. A temporary abdominal closure was maintained until 36 hours after the start of infusion of the rt-PA. At this time venous system had normal flow, with complete recanalization of the right portal and superior mesenteric veins.     

Infrainguinal reconstruction with arm vein,lesser saphenous vein,and remnants of greater saphenous vein: A report of 257 cases

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of infrainguinal reconstructions with arm vein, lesser saphenous vein, and remnants of greater saphenous vein (ectopic vein grafts). Methods: The records of 222 patients who underwent 257 bypasses were retrospectively reviewed. Most of the grafts were placed for rest pain or tissue loss (88%) and were secondary reconstructions (70%) to the infrapopliteal level (90%). Single-length vein grafts were constructed in 66% of cases, whereas 34% were composite vein grafts. Results: Secondary graft patency was 70%, 52%, and 43% at 1, 3, and 5 years. Single-length grafts had significantly better patency rates at all intervals: 78% versus 56% at 1 year (p = 0.001), 60% versus 39% at 3 years (p = 0.004), and 52% versus 29% at 5 years (p = 0.002). The limb salvage rate was 69% at 5 years. Conclusions: Ectopic vein grafts with primarily arm vein are an acceptable alternative for infrainguinal reconstruction in the absence of suitable ipsilateral greater saphenous vein. (J VASC SURG 1994;20:451-7.)     

Pancreatic pseudocyst extending into psoas muscle mimicking acute complicated diverticulitis: A case report

Introduction and importancePancreatic pseudocysts (PP) are known sequelae of pancreatitis. In this case, we present a patient with a pancreatic pseudocyst extending to the left psoas muscle, initially masquerading as acute complicated diverticulitis.Case presentationA 43-year-old male with previous episode of pancreatitis presented with a one-week history of abdominal pain. Physical examination revealed left lower quadrant tenderness. A computed tomography (CT) showed a large intraperitoneal fluid collection extending to the left psoas muscle with segmental inflammation of the descending colon. The patient was managed medically with empiric antibiotic therapy for concern of complicated diverticulitis. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage was performed and fluid analysis showed lipase >20,000 U/L. The patient was discharged home with the drain. At one month follow up a repeat CT showed resolution of the left psoas fluid collection. The drain was removed and the patient remained asymptomatic at two month follow-up.Clinical discussionPancreatic pseudocysts are well-known complications of pancreatitis. In this case, we describe extension of a pseudocyst to the left psoas muscle. We identified twelve previously reported patients diagnosed with PP involving the psoas muscles. Our case is unique as there is no previously published case in which a pseudocyst masqueraded as complicated diverticulitis. In analysis of the literature, most patients were managed with percutaneous drainage. Only 50% had documented complete resolution on follow up; of those 75% had undergone percutaneous drainage.ConclusionPancreatic pseudocysts that extend to the psoas muscle can mimic acute complicated diverticulitis upon presentation. These may be effectively managed with percutaneous drainage.     

Unusual extension of lung cancer into the left atrium via the pulmonary vein

Four operative cases of lung cancer with intra-atrial extension via the pulmonary vein were reviewed. Three of them had circulatory as well as respiratory symptoms, and their performance status (PS) was extremely poor. In two cases, after assessment of the cardiac involvement using two-dimensional echocardiography and/or CT-scan, we successfully removed the tumor en bloc through combined left atrial resection and radical left pneumonectomy with cardiopulmonary bypass. In both cases, the postoperative course was uneventful, and PS was improved. However, seven months later one patient died of widespread metastases, while the other is alive but has recurrence. The other two patients underwent ordinary lobectomy because there were no abnormal findings in the hilar examinations. However, the lumens of the resected pulmonary veins were filled with tumor tissue. One patient developed a massive embolism, never regained consciousness, and died on the second postoperative day. The last case was discharged without trouble, although the intra-atrial portion of the tumor dislodged intraoperatively into the circulation. As a result, he developed multiple brain metastases four months after the operation. There were no clear patterns in terms of the histological type or tumor location in these cases. On the other hand, all the tumors showed rapid growth and comprised a large mass in the lung parenchyma. Especially the cardiac and intravascular portions of each tumor were less differentiated and more necrotic than the primary focus in the lung. We conclude that radical surgery using a cardiopulmonary bypass for lung cancer patients with such intracardiac involvement is effective for improvement of PS and reduces the risk of sudden death due to cardiac failure or tumor emboli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

大隐静脉曲张刨吸术53例报告

目的探讨刨吸术(TriVex,transillum inated powered phlebectomy)治疗大隐静脉曲张的疗效。方法2003年3月~2005年6月,我院对53例(74条肢体)大隐静脉曲张行TriVex治疗。所有患肢术前均行Dopp ler超声证实深静脉通畅,腰麻下高位结扎并抽剥大隐静脉主干,对曲张的分支采用TriVex系统进行刨吸。结果53例手术均获成功。单条肢体手术时间24~65 m in,(38.1±7.2)m in;切口数量3~6个,(4.8±0.8)个,住院时间4~15 d,(9.5±2.2)d。术后患肢出现皮下淤血42条,血肿3条,肢体局部麻木感29条,无深静脉血栓形成。49例(68条肢体)随访2~24个月,(6.0±4.3)月,皮下淤血及血肿消退,肢体局部麻木感消失20条,减轻9条,患肢小腿部无明显手术瘢痕;原有溃疡愈合,色素沉着减轻,沉重感缓解,无静脉曲张复发。结论TriVex治疗下肢静脉曲张具有创伤小、美容效果好的特点,但仍有一定的并发症需要防治。     

A rare anomaly of left renal vein drainage into the left common iliac vein: A case report

IntroductionHerein, we describe a case of sigmoid colon cancer with a rare anomaly of the left renal vein located between the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and the left common iliac artery.Case presentationA 57-year-old woman with sigmoid colon cancer underwent three-dimensional computed tomography angiography for a preoperative assessment; the results revealed a rare variant of the left renal vein. There were two left renal veins: one retroaortically drained into the inferior vena cava, and the other was located between the IMA and the left common iliac artery and drained into the left common iliac vein. Laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy was performed safely while carefully avoiding any injury to the left renal vein located posterior to the IMA.DiscussionSeveral variations of the left renal vein have been reported, such as retroaortic or circumaortic left renal veins. The variants of renal vessels, which are frequently overlooked in the preoperative assessment, is rarely affected in colorectal surgery. However, if the surgeon is unaware of such renal vessel anomalies, an injury can occur, resulting in severe bleeding.ConclusionIt is important that surgeons identify retroperitoneal vessel variants before performing colorectal surgery.     

Ventriculoatrial shunting via the superficial temporal vein. A new technique

A new approach for access to the right atrium via the superficial temporal vein is proposed. We prefer this route whenever anterior neck veins cannot be used to place the catheter into the right atrium, e.g., in patients with tracheostomy.The results seem to be as good as those obtained with conventional techniques.