自血光量子疗法对颅脑损伤者外周血脆性位点的影响

我们对接受自血光量子疗法治疗的颅脑损伤病人外周血脆性位点（ＦＳ）进行分析，并与正常人做对照。结果对照组与实验组治疗前比较无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。说明此病与ＦＳ无关。实验组治疗后３年与治疗前比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）；治疗结束时与治疗前比较有高度显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。治疗后３年与治疗结束时有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。前二者说明ＦＳ的升高与紫外线照射血液回输有关，后者说明３年后ＤＮＡ有恢复趋势。     

无症状心肌缺血和心绞痛患者血浆中内皮素、降钙素基因相关肽和P物质含量的变化

本文测定了无症状心肌缺血（ＳＭＩ）组（１４例）、心绞痛组（１１例）和对照组（７例）运动试验前后血浆内皮素（ＥＴ）、降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）和Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）的含量，探讨了这３种肽类物质在ＳＭＩ和心绞痛发生中作用的差异。结果显示：运动前３组之间血浆ＥＴ含量比较无显著性差异，运动后３组组血浆ＥＴ含量分别为７７．７０±１８．４４，１１１．３３±２４．８２，９４．３８±１２．５９ｎｇ／Ｌ心绞痛组显著高于ＳＭＩ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）．运动前３组之间和运动后３组之间血浆ＣＧＲＰ含量比较均无显著性差异。运动前３组之间血浆ＳＰ含量比较无显著性差异，运动后３组血浆ＳＰ含量分别为２．２５±０．２１、２．４６±０．２０、２．１８±０．１２ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ，心绞痛组明显高于ＳＭＩ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）和对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）．结果提示：血浆ＥＴ、ＳＰ含量升高可能参与了心绞痛的发生，而心肌缺血时无症状可能与血浆ＥＴ、ＳＰ未升高有关。     

短暂性脑缺血发作认知功能与事件相关电位研究

目的：探讨短暂性脑缺血发作（ＴＩＡ）病人事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ）的变化规律及其临床意义。方法：用听觉Ｏｄｄｂａｌ刺激序列ＥＲＰ、认知能力筛选试验（ＣＣＳＥ）和简易智力状态试验（ＭＭＳＥ）检测３２例ＴＩＡ病人和３０例年龄、性别、利手和教育程度相匹配的正常人。结果：病人组ＥＲＰ的Ｎ２和Ｐ３峰潜伏期较对照组显著延长（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ｎ２和Ｐ３波幅两组均无显著性差异，Ｐ３峰潜伏期（Ｐ３ＰＬ）异常率为２５％。病人组ＭＭＳＥ较对照组低（Ｐ＜０．０５），但与Ｐ３ＰＬ未见有相关性（ｒ＝－０．２４４，Ｐ＞０．１）；ＣＣＳＥ与对照组无显著差异，但与Ｐ３ＰＬ呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．４７３，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：ＴＩＡ病人存在不同程度的认知功能障碍。对认知功能障碍的早期发现，ＥＲＰ检则有临床实用价值     

DNA损伤修复与白血病存活关系的研究

本文以自发和ＭＭＣ诱发的ＳＣＥ值为指标，分析了临床完全缓解后白血病患者ＳＣＥ值的改变。结果显示，临床完全缓解８例患者自发ＳＣＥ值与正常对照无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＭＭＣ诱发的ＳＣＥ值两组间差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。说明患者的染色体仍有潜在的不稳定性，应继续巩固治疗。临床完全缓解４、５年以上者，自发和诱发ＳＣＥ值与正常对照均无差异（Ｐ＞０．５），提示临床缓解时间长，遗传物质相对稳定。     

健康青少年与老年人单音、图像、汉字结构识别的事件相关电位研究

目的了解不同类型刺激对健康老年及青少年的事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ）的影响。方法对６０名青少年及４７名老年健康志愿者做单音、图像及汉字结构识别视觉刺激的ＥＲＰ研究。结果１、外源性成分的比较：（１）单音：男性及女性的Ｐ２ＰＬ均是老年组长于青少年组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；（２）图像：男性Ｆｚ、Ｃｚ部位的Ｎ１ＰＬ和女性Ｐ２ＰＬ均是老年组短于青少年组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；（３）汉字结构：男性Ｐ２ＰＬ和女性Ｎ１、Ｐ２ＰＬ老年组短于青少年组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２、内源性成分及ＲＴ的比较：（１）单音：男性及女性Ｎ２、Ｐ３ＰＬ及ＲＴ均是老年组长于青少年组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；（２）图像：男性Ｎ２ＰＬ及Ｃ３、Ｐｚ部位的Ｐ３ＰＬ、ＲＴ和女性Ｐ３ＰＬ及ＲＴ，老年组长于青少年组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；（３）汉字结构：男性Ｐ３ＰＬ及ＲＴ，老年组长于青少年组（Ｐ＜０．０５），女性Ｆｚ部位的Ｎ２ＰＬ，老年组短于青少年组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；Ｐ３ＰＬ及ＲＴ，老年组长于青少年组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论ＥＲＰ的性别差异及年龄差异随刺激的不同而变化。     

CD3AK细胞在裸鼠体内抗转移作用的研究

目的研究肿瘤引流淋巴结的淋巴细胞在体外用ＣＤ３单克隆抗体激活（ＣＤ３ＡＫ）后在体内是否仍然具有抗肿瘤作用。方法取卵巢癌病人盆腔引流淋巴结淋巴细胞,在体外用ＣＤ３单抗激活后输注载高转移人卵巢癌裸鼠体内实验性治疗。实验分４组：顺铂组,ＣＤ３ＡＫ组,联合治疗组,对照组。治疗于接种移植瘤后１０天开始,历时８０天。结果观察到ＣＤ３ＡＫ组１只裸鼠移植瘤消退,２／７只出现转移灶,与对照组８／１０只裸鼠出现转移灶比较差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＣＤ３ＡＫ组肿瘤体积（０．５７８８±０．２５４９）与对照组（１．５６８５±０．２８３０）比较差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＣＤ３ＡＫ组抑瘤率达６３．１％。ＣＤ３ＡＫ组裸鼠的血清孕酮含量（３．３８４３±０．５３１４）明显低于对照组（６．３４８０±０．７６１５）,两组比较差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＣＤ３ＡＫ组淋巴结窦性组织细胞增生（５９／６９枚）明显多于对照组（５５／９４枚）,两组比较差异有非常显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论ＣＤ３ＡＫ细胞在裸鼠体内具有抗肿瘤生长和抗转移作用,同时有提高宿主免疫功能的作用。     

地奥心血康对心肌缺血再灌犬血清肾上腺素含量，心脏指数及总外周血管阻力的影响

杂种犬随机分为地奥心血康治疗组（ＤＫＧ）及生理盐水对照组（ＣＧ）。应用荧光法测定血清去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）含量，定时测定平均动脉压（ＭＢＰ），心输出量（ＣＯ），计算总外周血管阻力（ＴＰＶＲ），心脏指数（ＣＩ）。结果显示：（１）再灌后的ＭＢＰ在ＤＫＧ与ＣＧ之间无明显差异，Ｐ＞０．０５；（２）再灌２４０ｍｉｎ时，ＤＫＧ中ＣＩ值高于ＣＧ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＮＥ值与ＴＰＶＲ值明显低于ＣＧ（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）；（３）ＤＫＧ中ＮＥ与ＣＩ无相关性，ＣＧ中二者呈负相关，ｒ＝－０．６８３１，Ｐ＜０．０１；（４）两组ＣＩ与ＴＰＶＲ均呈负相关，ｒ＿（ＣＧ）＝－０．７７８３，Ｐ＜０．００１，ｒ＿（ＤＫＧ）＝－０．５２１８，Ｐ＜０．００１。     

胎儿胸腺细胞悬液腹腔移植防治内源性哮喘临床及免疫学研究

报告用胎儿胸腺细胞悬液移植注射防治内源性哮喘患儿３４例。结果：治愈６７．６５％，显效２６．４７％，有效２．９４％，与胸腺素组（治愈６０％，显效２２．８６％，有效１１．４３％）比较无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），与常规治疗组（治愈０％，显效２５％，有效４０．６３％）比较总有效率和治愈率均有非常显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。患儿ＣＤ＿３、ＣＤ＿８明显低于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＣＤ＿４轻微升高（但Ｐ＞０．０５）．ＣＤ＿４／ＣＤ＿８明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），提示患儿存在细胞免疫功能不全和免疫调节紊乱。经胎儿胸腺治疗后３个月患儿细胞免疫功能恢复正常，与正常对照组比较Ｐ＞０．０５。这些结果提示：胎儿胸腺具有调节机体细胞免疫功能，防治内源性哮喘反复发作的作用，且方法简单、安全，可作临床上一种防治手段。     

DNA复制错误阳性大肠癌的临床病理特点

目的探讨ＤＮＡ复制错误（ＲＥＲ）与大肠癌发生发展的关系。方法采用银染ＰＣＲ单链构象多态性（ｓｉｎｇｌｅｓｔｒａｎｄｃｏｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｓｍ，ＳＳＣＰ）和ＰＣＲ－变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶（ＰＡＧ）技术检测６０例大肠癌及其相应正常组织的第２、５、１７号染色体的４个位点的微小卫星ＤＮＡ不稳定性（ｍｉｃｒｏｓａｔｅｌｉｔｅｉｎｓｔａｂｉｔｙ，ＭＳＩ），有至少２个位点的ＭＳＩ则诊断为ＲＥＲ阳性。结果６０例大肠癌中，１９例为ＲＥＲ阳性（３１７％）。结合家族史，根据Ａｍｓｔｅｒｄａｎ标准，６０例病例中有４例被诊断为遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌（ｈｅｒｅｄｉｔａｒｙｎｏｎｐｏｌｙｓｉｓｃｏｌｏｒｅｃｔａｌｃａｎｃｅｒ，ＨＮＰＣＣ）。ＲＥＲ阳性率在ＨＮＰＣＣ中为３／４例与散发性大肠癌的２８５％比差异有显著性（Ｐ＜００５）。ＲＥＲ阳性大肠癌与ＲＥＲ阴性大肠癌比较大多为分化不良型腺癌（Ｐ＜００１），多位于右半结肠（Ｐ＜００５），有家族史（Ｐ＜００５），ＤｕｃｋｅｓＡ、Ｂ期较ＤｕｃｋｅｓＣ、Ｄ期患者所占比例高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论ＲＥＲ阳性大肠癌与ＲＥＲ阴性大肠癌有不同的生物学特性。     

失血性休克再灌注后血浆内皮素的变化及磷脂酶A_2阻断剂对它的影响

家兔出血性休克再灌注（Ｓ／Ｒ）后，放免分析发现血浆内皮素逐渐升高，同失血前比较第６ｈ有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５），假手术组没有改变。磷脂酶Ａ_２阻断剂氯喹、磷酸萘酚喹和抗氧化剂黄芪酮于失血后再灌注前使用可抑制Ｓ／Ｒ后２ｈ内血浆内皮素增高，后两者可更明显降低Ｓ／Ｒ后３０ｍｉｎ的内皮索水平，与失血前比较差异非常好著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。同时，ＨＣＯ~－_３和碱贮备（ＳＢＣ）显著降低，上述三种药物治疗显著增加ＨＣＯ~－_３和ＳＢＣ的含量，它们在Ｓ／Ｒ后２４ｈ明显高于Ｓ／Ｒ组的水平（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果提示，Ｓ／Ｒ后血浆内皮素上升可能与代谢性酸中毒加重有一定联系。磷脂酶Ａ_２阻断剂和抗氧化剂可能通过早期抑制内皮素的释放，从而减轻２４ｈ后代谢性酸中毒程度。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.