充血性心力衰竭患者血浆肾上腺髓质素与内皮素、血管紧张素Ⅱ关系的初步研究

目的：研究充血性心力衰竭患者血浆肾上腺髓质素（ＡＭ）含量变化及其与血浆内皮素、血管紧张素Ⅱ的关系。方法：用放射免疫法测定了９５例心力衰竭患者（心力衰竭组）和５０例正常人（正常对照组）的血浆ＡＭ、内皮素和血管紧张素Ⅱ含量，同时用彩色超声心动图测定了５６例心力衰竭患者的左心室射血分数。结果：心力衰竭组患者血浆ＡＭ含量高于正常对照组（５０．６４±２３．１３ｎｇ／Ｌ比１６９２±４．０９ｎｇ／Ｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１）；心力衰竭患者血浆ＡＭ、内皮素、血管紧张素Ⅱ含量升高程度与心力衰竭严重程度相平行；心力衰竭患者血浆ＡＭ与内皮素、血浆ＡＭ与血管紧张素Ⅱ含量均呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．７２１８，Ｐ＜０．００１；ｒ＝０．６５６６，Ｐ＜０．００１）；血浆ＡＭ含量与左心室射血分数呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．６２５８，Ｐ＜０．００１）；血浆ＡＭ与心力衰竭的原发病因无关。结论：ＡＭ参与了心力衰竭的病理生理过程，血浆ＡＭ升高可能与血浆内皮素和血管紧张素Ⅱ含量升高有关     

严重充血性心力衰竭患者自主神经功能与心率变异的…

对２５例重度充血性心力衰竭（ＣＨＦ）患者在地高辛治疗前后测定血浆去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）及心率变异（ＨＲＶ）。结果显示：ＮＥ基础值与ＨＲＶ时域指标基础水平均呈负相关（Ｐ〈０．０５或〈０．０１）。地高辛治疗前后的ＮＥ相比（２９１±８０ｐｇ／ｍｌｖｓ２１３±８２ｐｇ／ｍｌ），Ｐ〈０．００１。２４小时平均ＲＲ间期及２４小时正常Ｒ间期标准差由治疗前的７２７±１２３ｍｓ及６７．７±２１．８ｍｓ分别增加于７７７《     

老年非溃疡性消化不良患者血清胃泌素、血浆胃动素及生长抑素的检测及其意义

本文采用放射免疫法对３１例老年非溃疡性消化不良（ＮＵＤ）患者和２０例对照者在空腹状态下进行了血清胃泌素、血浆胃动素及生长抑素的测定。结果显示：老年人ＮＵＤ组胃泌素浓度为８５．７２±２２．０３ｐｇ／ｍｌ，较对照组的９０．４２±１５．０６ｐｇ／ｍｌ，差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）；胃动素浓度为４２７．７４±９５．８５ｐｇ／ｍｌ，较对照组的５４５．７３±１１５．８０ｐｇ／ｍｌ，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）；生长抑素浓度为６９．４７±１８．７５ｐｇ／ｍｌ，较对照组的５４．７６±１３．３２ｐｇ／ｍｌ，差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示胃动素，生长抑素在老年人ＮＵＤ发病机理中起一定作用，而胃泌素则无明显作用。     

高血压患者硝苯地平治疗前后血浆内皮素和降钙素基因相关肽的变化

目的观察硝苯地平降压治疗对血浆内皮素（ＥＴ）和降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）水平的影响。方法３１例原发性高血压（ＥＨ）患者口服硝苯地平控释片４０ｍｇ／ｄ×１４，用放免法直接测定治疗前后的血浆ＥＴ和ＣＧＲＰ水平。结果ＥＨ患者血浆ＥＴ水平明显高于对照组（８５．６±２１．０ｖｓ４２．１±２０．３ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１）；ＣＧＲＰ水平明显低于对照组（２３．０±８．１ｖｓ５５．４±１７．８ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１）。舒张压与ＥＴ水平呈正相关（ｒ＝０．５３０２，Ｐ＜０．００５），ＥＴ与ＣＧＲＰ呈弱的负相关（ｒ＝０．３７０７，Ｐ＜０．００５）。治疗后，血压和ＥＴ水平明显下降（Ｐ均＜０．００１），ＣＧＲＰ水平显著增高（Ｐ＜０．００１）。结论硝苯地平是一种有效的降压药，它可通过调节ＥＨ时多种血管活性多肽之间的平衡关系，对器官保护具有重要作用     

食管癌及胃癌患者血浆和癌中生长抑素含量变化

本文采用放免测定法研究了生长抑素（ｓｏｍａｔｏｓｔａｔｉｎ，ｓｓ）在胃及食管癌患者血浆与癌组织中的变化。结果表明：食管癌和胃癌患者血浆和癌组织中ｓｓ的含量（食管癌：１７．８７±５．３１ｐｇ／ｍｌ，４０．４１±１３．２６ｐｇ／ｍｇ；胃癌：１１．２４±５．１１ｐｇ／ｍｌ，１３０．１８±３７．７３ｐｇ／ｍｇ）显著低于正常人（２６．８３±５．９２，２１２．６２±４７．４６ｐｇ／ｍｇ）Ｐ＜０．０１，提示：ｓｓ的减少可能与上消化道癌肿形成有关。     

胃、十二指肠溃疡患者内皮素Ⅰ水平初步探讨

本文研究３２例胃、十二指肠溃疡患者血浆、胃液及胃、十二指肠溃疡缘与正常胃粘膜组织中内皮素Ⅰ的水平，并以１９例健康人作对照。结果表明：胃溃疡患者血浆内皮素Ⅰ水平为４．４８±０．７８ｐｇ／ｍｌ，明显高于健康对照组血浆水平２．５６±０．１７ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０５。胃溃疡缘组织中内皮素Ⅰ含量为４１．６３±４．３６ｐｇ／ｍｇ，明显高于自身正常胃粘膜２１．８４±１．７３ｐｇ／ｍｇ和健康对照组内皮素Ⅰ含量２１．７８±１．６８ｐｇ／ｍｇ，Ｐ值均＜０．００１。提示内皮素Ⅰ可能作为局部因素参与胃溃疡的形成，并说明胃溃疡患者有血管收缩和舒张因子的代谢不平衡。而十二指肠溃疡患者血浆、胃液、组织中内皮素Ⅰ水平与健康对照组无明显差异，提示内皮素Ⅰ在十二指肠溃疡发病中并不起重要作用。     

感染日本血吸虫小鼠血浆心钠素水平动态变化及心房特殊颗粒形态学改变的研究

应用放射免疫同步检测小鼠感染日本血吸虫尾蚴后１０ ｄ、８ ｗｋ、１３ ｗｋ、１８ ｗｋ 血浆心钠素（ＡＮＰ） 水平，电镜观察右心耳心房特殊颗粒（ＡＳＧ） 。结果显示，感染后第８ ｗｋ、１３ ｗｋ、１８ ｗｋ 血浆ＡＮＰ水平［（３７７．３１±１１３ ．２６）ｐｇ／ｍｌ，（５３８ ．２１ ±１３６．５５） ｐｇ／ｍｌ，（７２２ ．７８ ±２０３ ．５４） ｐｇ／ｍｌ］，均显著高于对照组［（２３８ ．３８±７６．３２） ｐｇ／ｍｌ，（２４６．７１±６９．５６） ｐｇ／ｍｌ，（２６２．４３±８６ ．３３） ｐｇ／ｍｌ］ ，且逐渐升高；感染组右心耳ＡＳＧ数目减少，且多见膜溶解、断裂，半月形排空和颗粒膜与肌膜靠近、融合现象。提示日本血吸虫感染后，ＡＳＧ 释放增加，血浆ＡＮＰ水平升高，ＡＮＰ在小鼠血吸虫病的发展过程中起着一定作用。     

苯那普利对充血性心力衰竭患者血浆内皮素的影响

用放射免疫法测定了36例充血性心力衰竭患者的血浆内皮素（ET）浓度，并观察了经苯那普利治疗后血浆ET的变化。结果显示：心力衰竭患者血浆ET明显高于正常组（P＜0．001），经苯那普利干扰后，较非干扰组（对照组）血浆ET下降更为显著（P＜0．01）。提示苯那普利在治疗充血性心力衰竭时，可改善内皮素的代谢紊乱状态。     

氨力农对充血性心力衰竭患者神经内分泌的影响

目的：探讨氨力农对充血性心力衰竭（ＣＨＦ）患者甲状腺激素（ＴＨ）、心钠素（ＡＮＦ）、内皮素（ＥＴ）浓度的影响。方法：选择２０例ＣＨＦ患者，用氨力农（由山东齐鲁制药厂提供）１ｍｇ／ｋｇ加生理盐水２０ｍｌ释放后５ｍｉｎ内静脉推注，继以７．５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１．ｍｉｎ＾－１持续静脉滴注３６０ｍｉｎ，每日一次，共１周。治疗前后分别测定ＴＨ、ＡＮＦ、ＥＴ的浓度，并加以比较。结果：ＣＨＦ患者治疗后Ｔ３水平较治疗     

急性心肌梗塞后内皮素的变化及其内分泌作用

采用放射免疫法，对１８例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）后血浆平均内皮素（ＥＴ）、肾素活性（ＰＲＡ）、血管紧张素Ⅱ（ＡⅡ）、心钠素（ＡＮＰ）浓度变化进行动态观察，并以同期健康成人作对照。结果显示，ＡＭＩ后血浆平均ＥＴ值明显升高（Ｐ＜０．００１），２４小时内升高最显著（７４．２３ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１），２周后逐渐恢复正常。Ｋｉｌｌｉｐ分级Ⅰ～Ⅳ中ＥＴ值均有明显升高（３７．３８ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．００２；４９．１ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１；５５．８５ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１；２０４ｐｇ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．００１）。ＥＴ与ＰＲＡ、ＡⅡ、ＡＮＰ的变化具有相关性，相关系数（ｒ）分别为０．８６、０．８４、０．６７。说明ＡＭＩ后血浆ＥＴ浓度升高，其升高幅度与心功能状态有关，ＥＴ与其它内分泌激素的相关关系证实了ＥＴ的内分泌功能及心脑－内皮反馈机制在ＡＭＩ发病机理中起到了重要作用。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.