低浓度布比卡因复合芬太尼硬膜外分娩镇痛的临床观察

目的：观察硬膜外低浓度布比卡因复合芬太尼行分娩镇痛的临床效果。方法：５０例产妇随机分为镇痛组（Ｅ组）和对照组（Ｃ组）。Ｅ组在宫口开至３～４ｃｍ时开始硬膜外注药，采用首量＋持续背景量＋ＰＣＡ（ＬＣＰ）模式。镇痛药为０．１２５％布比卡因（每毫升含２μｇ芬太尼）。宫口开至８～９ｃｍ时停药。Ｃ组按产科常规处理。结果：硬膜外镇痛对产妇的生命体征无明显影响。Ｅ组产妇疼痛感比Ｃ组显著良好（Ｐ〈０．０１）。运动不受影响，但对宫缩的感觉部分缺失，助产率显著高于Ｃ组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论：０．１２５％布比卡因复合芬太尼用于硬膜外分娩镇痛能取得良好的镇痛效果。     

低浓度罗哌卡因和布比卡因分娩镇痛的临床研究

目的 对比低浓度罗哌卡因和布比卡因自控硬膜外分娩镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）的效果。方法 ５２例单胎初产妇随机分为０．１％罗哌卡因－芬太尼组和０．０７５％布比卡因－芬太尼组。采取双盲法进行视觉模拟镇痛评分（ＶＡＳ）和下肢运动神经阻滞评分（ＭＢＳ）。记录产程时间、生产方式、胎儿心率（ＦＨＲ）及新生儿ＳｐＯ２。结果 两组产妇分娩镇痛效果良好且无显著性差别（Ｐ〉０．０５）。罗哌卡因组和布比卡因组中无运动神经阻滞者分     

布比卡因分别复合芬太尼、咪唑安定或曲马多用于术后硬膜外自控镇痛的比较

目的：比较布比卡因分别复合芬太尼,咪唑安定,曲马多行术后硬膜外自控镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）的临床效果。方法：６０例在腰麻加硬膜外麻醉下行择期妇科手术的病人分为四组。Ａ组：０．１２５％布比卡因：Ｂ组：０．１２５％布比卡因＋芬太尼,Ｃ组０．１２５％布比卡因＋咪唑安定,Ｄ组：０．１２５％布比卡因＋曲马多ＰＣＥＡ参数设置,负荷剂量６ｍｌ,单次剂量３ｍｌ,锁定时间３０分钟,持续剂量２ｍｌ／ｈ。术后分别记录２４小时用     

左旋布比卡因用于老年髋关节置换术后硬膜外自控镇痛的临床观察

左旋布比卡因（Levobupivacaine）为布比卡因左旋体,国外研究结果表明左旋布比卡因对心脏毒性明显小于布比卡因。本研究拟对比观察不同浓度的左旋布比卡因伍用芬太尼用于老年髋关节置换术后硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）的效果及不良反应。     

分娩第一产程时布比卡因硬膜外镇痛最低有效浓度的研究

目的：探讨并比较硬膜外布比卡因分娩镇痛在第一产程不同阶段的最低局麻药镇痛浓度（ＭＬＡＣ）。方法：随机将６０例产妇分为Ａ（潜伏期）、Ｂ（活跃期）组,首例均用０．１％布比卡因１５ｍｌ,其后根据前一例产妇对高或低浓度布比卡因药液的反应,依次变动局麻药的浓度,ＶＡＳ≤１０ｍｍ为有效。结果：Ａ组ＭＬＡＣ为０．０５％,Ｂ组ＭＬＡＣ为０．１４２％;Ｂ组ＭＬＡＣ显著高于Ａ组（Ｐ〈０．０００１）。结论：第一产程硬膜外布比卡因镇痛的有效浓度为０．０５％～０．１４２％,随产程进展而增高。     

罗比卡因的药理特点

罗比卡因是一种新型长效的酰胺类局麻药,其生化特性介于利多卡因和布比卡因之间。硬膜外阻滞时对感觉神经的阻滞程度与布比卡因类似,但对运动神经的阻滞程度弱于布比卡因,用于分娩镇痛时的临床效果优于布比卡因,临床应用浓度一般不超过1％。     

病人自控镇痛用于分娩镇痛的临床观察

本研究旨在观察ＰＣＡ技术用于分娩镇痛的镇痛效果和不良反应，报道如下。资料与方法８０例足月妊娠初产妇，ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级，均系单胎头先露，随机分为３组。Ａ组ｎ＝２０：于宫口开至３ｃｍ，固定后给０．１％布比卡因＋０．００１％芬太尼混合液３ｍｌ，５ｍｉｎ后无异...     

罗比卡因的药理特点

罗比卡因是一种新型长效的酰胺类局麻药，其生化特性介于利多卡因和布比卡因之间。硬膜外阻滞时对感觉神经的阻滞程度与布比卡因类型但对运动神经的阻滞程度弱于布比卡因，用于分娩镇痛时的临床效果优于布比卡因，临床应用浓度一般不超过１％。     

0.125%及0.2%罗比卡因与0.125%布比卡因用于分娩镇痛的比较

目的：比较０．１２５％及０．２％罗比卡因与０．１２５％布比卡因在病人自控硬膜外镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）分娩镇痛中应用的临床效果。方法：９０例ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级足月初产妇，随机分为三组。Ａ组采用０．１２５％罗比卡因（ｎ＝３０）；Ｂ组采用０．２％罗比卡因（ｎ＝３０）；Ｃ组采用０．１２５％布比卡因（ｎ＝３０）。三组均加入芬在μｇ／ｍｌ。首剂负荷量给予１０ｍｌ。采用电子镇痛泵调节持续量为５ｍｌ／ｈ，单次按压量每次２ｍｌ，锁定时间为１５分钟。于宫口开至８～９ｃｍ时再给药１０ｍｌ，宫口开全后停用麻醉药。结果：三组均能提供安全有效的分娩镇痛，产程时间无延长，阴道助产率无增加，剖宫产率显著下降，对胎儿、新生儿无不良影响。两组罗比卡因与布比卡因组比较，缩短产程时间明显，催产素使用率及阴道器械助产率无增加，对产妇下肢活动影响小。结论：与０．１     

布比卡因配伍地塞米松用于硬膜外分娩镇痛临床观察

用于分娩镇痛方法很多,硬膜外镇痛被认为是最有效的分娩镇痛方法之一。不仅镇痛效果理想,万一自然分娩失败,还可以继续用于剖宫产的麻醉。本院对两种不同混合液用于硬膜外分娩镇痛的时效,以及发生并发症情况进行观察比较。认为布比卡因配伍地塞米松混合液更适合于硬膜外镇痛分娩。1资料与方法1.1产妇资料:66例足月初产妇,年龄20～32岁,体重48～75公斤,均为健康产妇,自然分娩条件存在,估计胎儿可以从阴道分娩。产妇随机分为两组:A组34例,以0.125%布比卡因加地塞米松0.5mg/ml;B组32例,同等浓度布比卡因加芬太尼2ug/ml硬膜外给药。两组局麻药…     

A multicenter,randomized, controlled trial comparing bupivacaine with ropivacaine for labor analgesia

BACKGROUND: A meta-analysis of studies comparing high doses of bupivacaine with ropivacaine for labor pain found a higher incidence of forceps deliveries, motor block, and poorer neonatal outcome with bupivacaine. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a difference in these outcomes when a low concentration of patient-controlled epidural bupivacaine combined with fentanyl is compared with ropivacaine combined with fentanyl. METHODS: This was a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, including term, nulliparous women undergoing induction of labor. For the initiation of analgesia, patients were randomized to receive either 15 ml bupivacaine, 0.1%, or 15 ml ropivacaine, 0.1%, each with 5 microg/ml fentanyl. Analgesia was maintained with patient-controlled analgesia with either local anesthetic, 0.08%, with 2 microg/ml fentanyl. The primary outcome was the incidence of operative delivery. We also examined other obstetric, neonatal, and analgesic outcomes. RESULTS: There was no difference in the incidence of operative delivery between the two groups (148 of 276 bupivacaine recipients vs. 135 of 279 ropivacaine recipients; P = 0.25) or any obstetric or neonatal outcome. The incidence of motor block was significantly increased in the bupivacaine group compared with the ropivacaine group at 6 h (47 of 93 vs. 29 of 93, respectively; P = 0.006) and 10 h (29 of 47 vs. 16 of 41, respectively; P = 0.03) after injection. Satisfaction with mobility was higher with ropivacaine than with bupivacaine (mean +/- SD: 76 +/- 23 vs. 72 +/- 23, respectively; P = 0.013). Satisfaction for analgesia at delivery was higher for bupivacaine than for ropivacaine (mean +/- SD: 71 +/- 25 vs. 66 +/- 26, respectively; P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in the incidence of operative delivery or neonatal outcome among nulliparous patients who received low concentrations of bupivacaine or ropivacaine for labor analgesia.     

The addition of fentanyl to epidural bupivacaine in first stage labour

Epidural analgesia was studied in 100 healthy Chinese women with uncomplicated pregnancies in first stage labour. Patients were randomly allocated to receive 8 ml of one of the following five solutions: bupivacaine 0.125% with fentanyl 50 micrograms or fentanyl 100 micrograms, bupivacaine 0.25% plain, bupivacaine 0.25% with fentanyl 50 micrograms or fentanyl 100 micrograms. There was no difference in quality of analgesia among groups as measured by the reduction of visual analogue pain scores 20 minutes after the epidural dose. The duration of analgesia was similar among groups with the overall median duration being 105 minutes. There was no difference in method of delivery or neonatal Apgar scores. The least concentrated mixture providing good quality analgesia for the first stage of labour was the combination of bupivacaine 0.125% with fentanyl 50 micrograms.     

Ambulatory labor epidural analgesia: bupivacaine versus ropivacaine

Dilute concentrations of bupivacaine combined with fentanyl have recently been used to initiate labor epidural analgesia in an attempt to balance adequate analgesia and minimal maternal motor blockade. Similar concentrations of ropivacaine have not been evaluated. This prospective, randomized, double-blinded study was designed to compare the efficacy of 20 mL of either 0.08% bupivacaine plus 2 microg/mL fentanyl or 0.08% ropivacaine plus 2 microg/mL fentanyl to initiate ambulatory labor epidural analgesia. Forty nulliparous women in early ( 0 but < 20 at 20 min. The time (mean +/- SD) to visual analog scale score = 0 was BF (n = 18): 12.0 +/- 4.5 min and RF (n = 19): 12.4 +/- 4.0 min (P > 0.05). Spontaneous micturition was observed in 65% (13 of 20) BF compared with 100% (20 of 20) RF (P < 0.01), and ambulation was demonstrated in 75% (15 of 20) BF compared with 100% (20 of 20) RF (P < 0.03). The incidence of forceps delivery was 35% (7 of 20) BF compared with 10% (2 of 20) RF (P < 0.04). The results of this study indicate that dilute ropivacaine combined with fentanyl effectively initiates epidural analgesia while concurrently preserving maternal ability to void and ambulate. Implications: As compared with a similar dilute concentration of bupivacaine, 20 mL of dilute (0.08%) ropivacaine combined with fentanyl (2 microg/mL) effectively initiates epidural analgesia in nulliparous women in early, established labor while preserving their ability to micturate and ambulate. Of importance, it appears that a true ambulatory epidural analgesic for women in labor is now possible.     

Comparison of bupivacaine 0.2% and ropivacaine 0.2% combined with fentanyl for epidural analgesia during labour

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Recent clinical studies comparing ropivacaine 0.25% with bupivacaine 0.25% reported not only comparable analgesia, but also comparable motor block for epidural analgesia during labour. An opioid can be combined with local anaesthetic to reduce the incidence of side-effects and to improve analgesia for the relief of labour pain. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of epidural bupivacaine 0.2% compared with ropivacaine 0.2% combined with fentanyl for the initiation and maintenance of analgesia during labour and delivery. METHODS: Sixty labouring nulliparous women were randomly allocated to receive either bupivacaine 0.2% with fentanyl 2 microg mL(-1) (B/F), or ropivacaine 0.2% with fentanyl 2 microg mL(-1) (R/F). For the initiation of epidural analgesia, 8 mL of the study solution was administered. Supplemental analgesia was obtained with 4 mL of the study solution according to parturients' needs when their pain was > or = 4 on a visual analogue scale. Analgesia, hourly local anaesthetic use, motor block, patient satisfaction and side-effects between groups were evaluated during labour and at delivery. RESULTS: Sixty patients were enrolled and 53 completed the study. No differences in verbal pain scores, hourly local anaesthetic use or patient satisfaction between groups were observed. However, motor block was observed in 10 patients in the B/F group whereas only two patients had motor block in the R/F group (P < 0.05). The incidence of instrumental delivery was also higher in the B/F group than in the R/F group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that epidural bupivacaine 0.2% and ropivacaine 0.2% combined with fentanyl produced equivalent analgesia for pain relief during labour and delivery. It is concluded that ropivacaine 0.2% combined with fentanyl 2 microg mL(-1) provided effective analgesia with significantly less motor block and need for an instrumental delivery than a bupivacaine/fentanyl combination at the same concentrations during labour and delivery.     

A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial Comparing Bupivacaine with Ropivacaine for Labor Analgesia

Background: A meta-analysis of studies comparing high doses of bupivacaine with ropivacaine for labor pain found a higher incidence of forceps deliveries, motor block, and poorer neonatal outcome with bupivacaine. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a difference in these outcomes when a low concentration of patient-controlled epidural bupivacaine combined with fentanyl is compared with ropivacaine combined with fentanyl.

Methods: This was a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, including term, nulliparous women undergoing induction of labor. For the initiation of analgesia, patients were randomized to receive either 15 ml bupivacaine, 0.1%, or 15 ml ropivacaine, 0.1%, each with 5 [mu]g/ml fentanyl. Analgesia was maintained with patient-controlled analgesia with either local anesthetic, 0.08%, with 2 [mu]g/ml fentanyl. The primary outcome was the incidence of operative delivery. We also examined other obstetric, neonatal, and analgesic outcomes.

Results: There was no difference in the incidence of operative delivery between the two groups (148 of 276 bupivacaine recipients vs. 135 of 279 ropivacaine recipients;P = 0.25) or any obstetric or neonatal outcome. The incidence of motor block was significantly increased in the bupivacaine group compared with the ropivacaine group at 6 h (47 of 93 vs. 29 of 93, respectively;P = 0.006) and 10 h (29 of 47 vs. 16 of 41, respectively;P = 0.03) after injection. Satisfaction with mobility was higher with ropivacaine than with bupivacaine (mean +/- SD: 76 +/- 23 vs. 72 +/- 23, respectively;P = 0.013). Satisfaction for analgesia at delivery was higher for bupivacaine than for ropivacaine (mean +/- SD: 71 +/- 25 vs. 66 +/- 26, respectively;P = 0.037).     

A comparison of epidural infusions in the combined spinal/epidural technique for labor analgesia

We compared the clinical effects of three epidural infusions initiated after subarachnoid medication was administered as part of the combined spinal/epidural technique for labor analgesia. Fifteen minutes after administering subarachnoid fentanyl 25 microg and 1 mL of bupivacaine 0.25%, and 5 min after an epidural test dose of 3 mL of bupivacaine 0.25%, women were randomized to receive an epidural infusion of saline, bupivacaine 0.125%, bupivacaine 0.0625%, or bupivacaine 0.04% with epinephrine 1:600,000. All epidural infusions were started at 10 mL/h, and all except the Saline Group also received fentanyl 2 microg/mL. The end point of the study was delivery or request for additional medication for analgesia. We found that time until request for additional analgesia was longest in women who received bupivacaine 0.125% (median duration, 300 min) versus saline (median duration, 118 min) (P = 0.0001) and was intermediate for bupivacaine 0.0625% and bupivacaine 0.04% (median duration, 162 and 180 min, respectively) (P = 0.0001 versus saline). Women who received bupivacaine 0.125% had the most motor block. We conclude that all the bupivacaine-based infusions we tested maintained the analgesia from subarachnoid medication longer than saline, with the longest duration, but the most motor block, from bupivacaine 0.125%. IMPLICATIONS: In this prospective, randomized, and double-blinded study we found that initiating an epidural infusion of bupivacaine 0.125% with fentanyl 2 microg/mL at 10 mL/h 15 min after subarachnoid fentanyl 25 microg with 1 mL of bupivacaine 0.25%, followed by an epidural test dose of 3 mL of bupivacaine 0.25%, maintained the analgesia for longer but with more motor block than with either bupivacaine 0.04% or bupivacaine 0.0625%.     

Continuous infusion epidural analgesia during labor: a randomized, double-blind comparison of 0.0625% bupivacaine/0.0002% fentanyl versus 0.125% bupivacaine

The analgesic efficacy of the continuous epidural infusion of 0.0625% bupivacaine/0.0002% fentanyl was compared with the infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine alone in a randomized, double-blind study of nulliparous women. Each patient received, in sequence: 1) 3 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine; 2) 6 ml of study solution 1 (bupivacaine-fentanyl group: 0.125% bupivacaine/0.0008% fentanyl; bupivacaine-only group: 0.25% bupivacaine alone); and 3) a continuous epidural infusion of study solution 2 at a rate of 12.5 ml/h (bupivacaine-fentanyl group: 0.0625% bupivacaine/0.0002% fentanyl; bupivacaine-only group: 0.125% bupivacaine alone). The epidural infusion was discontinued at full cervical dilatation, but patients who lacked perineal anesthesia received one or two 5-ml boluses of study solution 3 (bupivacaine-fentanyl group: 0.0625% bupivacaine alone; bupivacaine-only group: 0.125% bupivacaine alone). During the first stage of labor, 36 of 41 (88%) women in the bupivacaine-fentanyl group, and 37 of 39 (95%) women in the bupivacaine-only group, had analgesia of excellent or good quality (P = NS). During the second stage, 22 of 37 (59%) women in the bupivacaine-fentanyl group, and 23 of 35 (66%) women in the bupivacaine-only group, rated their analgesia as excellent or good (P = NS). Women in the bupivacaine-only group were more likely to have motor block at full cervical dilatation (P less than .001). There was no significant difference between groups in duration of the second stage of labor, duration of pushing, position of the vertex before delivery, method of delivery, Apgar scores, or umbilical cord blood gas and acid-base values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Comparison of fentanyl and sufentanil in combination with bupivacaine for patient-controlled epidural analgesia during labor

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of fentanyl plus bupivacaine with sufentanil plus bupivacaine for treatment of pain during labor and delivery using patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA). DESIGN: Prospective, double-blind, clinical investigation. SETTINGS: University-affiliated hospital. PATIENTS: 226 ASA physical status I and II laboring patients. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to receive 0.125% bupivacaine with fentanyl (2 micro g.ml(-1)) or 0.125% bupivacaine with sufentanil (0.25 micro g.ml(-1)) through PCEA. MEASUREMENTS: Maternal analgesia assessed by visual analog scale was recorded before epidural block, 1 and 3 hours after epidural block, at full cervical dilation, and at delivery. Motor blockade assessed by Bromage scale was recorded at delivery. MAIN RESULTS: Nine patients in group fentanyl, and 11 in group sufentanil were excluded from the study. Overall analgesia was good and no difference was observed between the two groups. Total boluses of 4 mL bupivacaine-opioid administered and the number of supplementary top-up injections of 5 mL 0.25% bupivacaine were similar in both groups. In group sufentanil, motor blockade and pruritus were significantly lower than in group fentanyl. Nausea was not recorded in any patients. Mode of delivery was similar in both groups, i.e., cesarean section, vacuum or forceps, or spontaneous vaginal delivery. No difference was observed in Apgar scores. CONCLUSIONS: Sufentanil is preferable to fentanyl during bupivacaine PCEA as there is less incidence of motor blockade and pruritus.     

A comparison of epidural analgesia with 0.125% ropivacaine with fentanyl versus 0.125% bupivacaine with fentanyl during labor

We previously found that the extent of an epidural motor block produced by 0.125% ropivacaine was clinically indistinguishable from 0.125% bupivacaine in laboring patients. By adding fentanyl to the 0. 125% ropivacaine and bupivacaine solutions in an attempt to reduce hourly local anesthetic requirements, we hypothesized that differences in motor block produced by the two drugs may become apparent. Fifty laboring women were randomized to receive either 0. 125% ropivacaine with fentanyl 2 microg/mL or an equivalent concentration of bupivacaine/fentanyl using patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) with settings of: 6-mL/hr basal rate, 5-mL bolus, 10-min lockout, 30-mL/h dose limit. Analgesia, local anesthetic use, motor block, patient satisfaction, and side effects were assessed until the time of delivery. No differences in verbal pain scores, local anesthetic use, patient satisfaction, or side effects between groups were observed; however, patients administered ropivacaine/fentanyl developed significantly less motor block than patients administered bupivacaine/fentanyl. Ropivacaine 0.125% with fentanyl 2 microg/mL produces similar labor analgesia with significantly less motor block than an equivalent concentration of bupivacaine/fentanyl. Whether this statistical reduction in motor block improves clinical outcome or is applicable to anesthesia practices which do not use the PCEA technique remains to be determined. Implications: By using a patient-controlled epidural analgesia technique, ropivacaine 0.125% with fentanyl 2 microg/mL produces similar analgesia with significantly less motor block than a similar concentration of bupivacaine with fentanyl during labor. Whether this statistical reduction in motor block improves clinical outcome or is applicable to anesthesia practices which do not use the patient-controlled epidural analgesia technique remains to be determined.     

The clinical effectiveness of epidural bupivacaine, bupivacaine with lidocaine, and bupivacaine with fentanyl for labor analgesia

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of bupivacaine alone and in combination with lidocaine or fentanyl for epidural analgesia during labor. DESIGN: Randomized, single-blind study. SETTING: Labor and delivery unit at a university medical center. PATIENTS: Forty-five primiparas requesting epidural analgesia. INTERVENTIONS: Following epidural placement at L3-4 interspace, patients received either bupivacaine 0.5% (Group 1, n = 15), bupivacaine 0.25% with lidocaine 1% (Group 2, n = 15), or bupivacaine 0.5% with fentanyl 50 micrograms in 10 ml of saline (Group 3, n = 15). Patients in Groups 1 and 2 received 6 to 10 ml of local anesthetic depending on patient height, while patients in Group 3 received 5 ml of local anesthetic plus 50 micrograms of fentanyl in 10 ml of saline. All solutions contained epinephrine 1:200,000. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients were assessed at regular intervals following administration of the epidural solution. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores were used to measure onset of analgesia, time to complete pain relief, duration of analgesia, and patient satisfaction with therapy. The frequency of shivering and pruritus and the extent of sensory/motor block also were evaluated. There were no intragroup differences in time to complete pain relief or patient satisfaction. However, patients in Group 3 noted the most rapid onset and longest duration of pain relief. Patients in Group 3 also experienced significantly less shivering and had the lowest degree of motor block. Two patients in Group 3 experienced mild pruritus. CONCLUSIONS: Epidurally administered fentanyl safely extended the duration of labor analgesia while reducing bupivacaine dose requirements and magnitude of motor block. In this setting, the combination of bupivacaine and lidocaine offered no clinical advantage over bupivacaine alone.