PI3K/Akt信号通路与脑出血的研究进展

磷脂酰激醇3-激酶（PI3K）/蛋白激酶B（Akt）信号通路作为经典的细胞信号转导途径,在细胞生长、增殖、分化和凋亡等多种生物学过程中发挥作用。脑出血是一种高致残率和高致死率的脑血管疾病,该通路在脑出血发生发展中的研究也备受关注。该文以PI3K/Akt信号通路为主线,对该通路的结构及生物学特点、与脑出血之间的关系以及基于该通路探讨药物对脑出血的作用进行综述,为临床脑出血的治疗提供新的思路。     

PI3K/Akt信号传导通路与肿瘤多药耐药研究进展

磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B[phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt),PI3K/Akt]信号传导通路作为细胞生存重要通路之一,在促进细胞生长、增殖,促进细胞运动、侵袭,抑制细胞凋亡,促进血管生成,抵抗化疗和放疗等方面起重要作用.近年来,关于PI3K/Akt 信号通路与药物耐药性关系的研究越来越多,并被认为是化疗耐药治疗的新靶点.Akt是PI3K/Akt 通路中的关键性效应分子,多种肿瘤组织中都有Akt 的过度表达和活化.多项实验表明,化疗药物可增加Akt 磷酸化水平,使肿瘤细胞产生化疗耐受,深入研究其作用机制,可能为肿瘤的基因治疗、抗肿瘤药物开发提供新靶点.     

冠心通络方通过PI3K/Akt通路延缓氧化应激对糖尿病大鼠主动脉的影响

目的:观察冠心通络方对2型糖尿病大鼠主动脉粥样硬化的影响并探讨其机制.方法:选择符合食源性肥胖的大鼠以小剂量腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(1％STZ 28mg/kg)建立糖尿病大鼠模型,成模后随机分为空白组、模型组、冠心通络方组、阿托伐他汀钙片组,分别给予相应干预方式,12周后观察各组大鼠空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)水平,免疫蛋白印迹法(WB)检测主动脉组织中PI3K/Akt蛋白表达的水平.结果:与空白组比较,模型组大鼠空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、CRP、IL-6、MDA水平显著升高,SOD水平降低,主动脉组织中PI3K/Akt蛋白表达下降(P＜0.05);与模型组比较,冠心通络组大鼠空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、CRP、IL-6、MDA水平显著降低,SOD水平提高,主动脉组织中PI3K/Akt蛋白表达上升(P＜0.05).结论:冠心通络方可通过控制血糖、改善炎症反应及氧化应激反应,延缓糖尿病动脉粥样硬化,其作用机制可能是通过上调主动脉组织中PI3K/Akt的蛋白表达水平来实现的.     

电针刺激对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后PI3-K/Akt通路的影响*

目的：研究电针刺激百会和大椎两穴对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑神经细胞凋亡的影响, 并通过对皮质及纹状体缺血周围区PI3-K和Akt的检测, 进一步探讨电针刺激减少神经细胞凋亡的分子机制。方法：雄性SD 大鼠, 采用Zea Longa线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)模型, 缺血3h后再灌注。分为假手术组、模型组、电针组,分别于手术前12h、手术前30min、手术后每隔12h针刺百会、大椎穴1min,再通以电针治疗仪予疏密波治疗15min,直到48h后最后一批大鼠被处死;术后分第12、24、48小时三个时间点     

细胞凋亡在心肌缺血再灌注损伤中的研究进展

急性心肌梗死发病率和死亡率居高不下。随着现代医疗技术不断进步,溶栓、经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）等治疗使得急性心肌梗死病死率明显下降,但随之出现的再灌注损伤则会再次加重心肌损伤。再灌注损伤发生的机制复杂多样,其主要包括氧化应激、炎症、细胞凋亡,其中细胞凋亡起着关键作用,通过抑制细胞凋亡可有效减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤（MIRI）。本文重点介绍细胞凋亡在MIRI中的作用机制,旨在为提高MIRI临床治疗效果及改善预后提供新的策略。     

缺血后处理对心肌缺血再灌注大鼠心肌功能和PI3K/AKT信号通路的影响

目的探讨缺血后处理(I-postC)对心肌缺血再灌注大鼠心肌功能及磷酸肌醇3激酶(PI3K)-蛋白激酶B(AKT)信号通路的影响,并对其中可能存在的机制进行研究。方法选择24只SD大鼠,随机均分为4组,每组6只。正常组:无缺血再灌注损伤。缺血再灌注组:采用Langendorff离体大鼠心脏建立缺血再灌注损伤模型。缺血后处理组:大鼠施行缺血后处理,缺血前灌注K-H液平衡20 min后,灌注4℃ST. Thomas停跳液,使全心停跳缺血40 min,然后续灌K-H液60 min。缺血后处理+抑制剂组:大鼠施行缺血后处理+LY294002(PI3K信号通路抑制剂)。观察各组大鼠平衡末及灌注末的心功能指标变化情况,TUNEL法及电子显微镜下观察各组大鼠心肌细胞凋亡与超微结构变化,Western-Blot检测细胞凋亡相关蛋白及PI3K/AKT信号通路相关蛋白表达水平。结果缺血再灌注组、缺血后处理组与缺血后处理+抑制剂组于灌注末时的心率(HR)、左室发展压(LVDP)、心脏收缩性和效率(dP/dt max)水平均较平衡末降低,左心室舒张末期压力(LVEDP)含量较平衡末升高;与正常组相比,其他3组大鼠的HR、LVDP、+dP/dt max水平降低,LVEDP含量、Flameng评分、心肌细胞凋亡率、Caspase-9/3/6/7、磷酸化AKT(p-AKT)蛋白水平升高(P 0. 05);与缺血再灌注组相比,缺血后处理组、缺血后处理+抑制剂组的HR、LVDP、+dP/dt max、p-AKT、Bcl-2蛋白上升,LVEDP含量、Flameng评分、心肌细胞凋亡率、Caspase-9/3/6/7、细胞色素-C(Cyto C)、Bax蛋白降低(P 0. 05)。结论缺血后处理可以改善心肌缺血再灌注大鼠心肌功能损伤,可能与降低心肌细胞凋亡、调节PI3/Akt信号通路有关。     

PI3K/Akt信号通路异常与白血病

PI3K/Akt途径作为细胞内重要信号转导通路之一,通过影响下游凋亡相关蛋白、细胞周期调节蛋白等效应分子的活化过程,在细胞内发挥着抑制凋亡、促进增殖的关键作用。PI3K/Akt通路分子的基因突变,或上游调控信号的异常放大,均可导致该通路过度激活,细胞生存与凋亡失衡,正常细胞发生恶性转化。近年来的研究发现,PI3K/Akt通路的持续性活化在白血病发病中起着重要作用,针对这一异常设计的靶向药物也已陆续在白血病治疗中得到应用。本文综述了PI3K/Akt通路异常与白血病关系的研究进展。     

抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路提高膀胱癌化疗效果的实验研究

目的:探讨通过抑制Akt信号通路提高抗癌药物紫杉醇对膀胱癌T-24的杀伤作用。方法:采用MTT法检测Akt抑制剂鱼藤素、紫杉醇单独以及两药联合应用对T-24细胞的增殖抑制率,采用流式细胞术(FCM)检测药物单独或联合作用对细胞周期的影响。结果:联合鱼藤素能够显著提高紫杉醇对T-24细胞的增殖抑制率(P<0.01),协同治疗指数<1,具有协同治疗作用;FCM结果显示联合鱼藤素使细胞阻滞在G0/G1期的比例增加,S期比例减少,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:抑制Akt信号通路能够显著提高紫杉醇对膀胱癌T-24细胞的杀伤作用。     

自噬与缺血再灌注损伤

自噬是存在于真核细胞生物中的一种细胞自我吞噬的现象。在生理状态下,可以维持机体内环境的稳定。在多种疾病的发生过程中,自噬也发挥重要作用。实验证明在缺血再灌注损伤的整个过程中,均有自噬的参与,但在缺血阶段和再灌注阶段,自噬有可能发挥不同的作用。在缺血阶段,自噬发挥保护细胞的作用,而在再灌注阶段,自噬可能会进一步加重细胞损伤甚至导致细胞死亡。     

PI3K/Akt参与内皮祖细胞分化的体外观察

背景:内皮祖细胞分化为成熟内皮细胞的分子机制尚不清楚,要通过包括PI3K/Akt信号通路在内的多个信号通路调节细胞内部多种基因的表达来完成.目的:分析PI3K/Akt信号传导通路在内皮祖细胞分化中的作用.设计、时间及地点:分组对照体外实验,于2007-09/2008-03在中国医科大学附属盛京医院病理实验室完成.材料:4～6周龄Wistar大鼠,雌雄不限.方法:采用密度梯度离心法从大鼠骨髓分离内皮祖细胞,经差速取二次贴壁细胞接种于培养瓶内.收集培养5 d的内皮祖细胞,用激光共聚焦显微镜鉴定,AC133和vWF双染阳性细胞为正在分化的内皮祖细胞.主要观察指标:应用Western blot和反转录-聚合酶链反应检测培养0,3,7,10,14 d的内皮祖细胞中AC133,vWF,P13K,Akt蛋白和mRNA表达水平.结果:经Western blot和反转录-聚合酶链反应检测,AC133在培养0 d表达最强,3 d有弱表达,7,10,14 d几乎没有表达(P < 0.05):vWF在堵养过程中表达强度没有明显变化(P>0,05):P13K和Akt在培养0 d表达最强,3 d表达稍弱,随着培养时间的延长,表达逐渐减弱.P13K/Akt与AC133表达趋势一致.结论:在内皮祖细胞分化为内皮细胞过程中,可能有信号传导通路PI3K/Akt的参与.     

Tamoxifen reduces P-gp-mediated multidrug resistance via inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in ER-negative human gastric cancer cells

Multidrug resistance (MDR), mediated by overexpression of drug efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), is a major problem limiting successful chemotherapy of gastric cancer. Tamoxifen (TAM), a triphenylethylene nonsteroidal antiestrogen agent, shows broad-spectrum antitumor properties. Emerging studies demonstrated that TAM could significantly reduce the MDR in a variety of human cancers. Here we investigated the effects and possible underlying mechanisms of action of TAM on the reversion of MDR in ER-negative human gastric cancer cells. Our results demonstrated that in MDR phenotype SGC7901/CDDP gastric cancer cells TAM dramatically lowered the IC₅₀ of CDDP, 5-FU and ADM, increased the intracellular Rhodamine123 accumulation and induced G0/G1 phase arrest, while G2/M phase decreased accordingly. Furthermore, at the molecular level, TAM substantially decreased the expression of P-gp, p-Akt and the Akt-regulated downstream effectors such as p-GSK-3β, p-BAD, Bcl-XL and cyclinD1 proteins without affecting the expression of t-Akt, t-GSK-3β, t-BAD proteins in SGC7901/CDDP cells. Thus, our findings demonstrate that TAM reverses P-gp-mediated gastric cancer cell MDR via inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.     

Tanshinone IIA protects against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway

ObjectiveTo determine the mechanism by which Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) relieves myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) in rats via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.MethodsSprague-Dawley (SD) rats received an intravenous injection of Tan IIA and LY294002 and were divided into the sham, control (myocardial ischemia reperfusion), Tan-L (low-dose Tan IIA), Tan-H (high-dose Tan IIA), Tan-L + LY (low-dose Tan IIA + LY294002), Tan-H + LY (high-dose Tan IIA + LY294002) and LY (LY294002) groups. Cardiomyocytes obtained from neonatal rats were treated with hypoxia reoxygenatin, Tan IIA and LY294002 and divided into the blank, control, Tan-L, Tan-H, Tan-L + LY, Tan-H + LY and LY groups. Creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in serum and cardiomyocytes were measured. Area of necrosis/area at risk (AN/AAR) was determined with double staining of TTC and Evan’s blue; viability and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes with MTT and TUNEL assays; SOD, MDA, H₂O₂, SDH and COX levels in heart mitochondria together with PI3K/Akt/mTOR and eNOS expressions and phosphorylation with Western blotting.ResultsThe Tan-L and Tan-H groups showed a remarkable decrease in AN/AAR, serum CK-MB and LDH, mitochondrial MDA and H₂O₂ levels but an increase in SOD activity, SDH and COX levels compared with the control group. However, compared with the Tan-L and Tan-H groups, the Tan-L + LY, Tan-H + LY and LY groups indicated an inverse tendency of those indicators. As shown by MTT and TUNEL, the control group had more severe cell damage than the blank group. Furthermore, cell damage and apoptosis were less severe in the Tan-L and Tan-H groups than in the control group, while the Tan-L + LY, Tan-H + LY and LY groups showed an opposite tendency when compared with the Tan-L and Tan-H groups. Meanwhile, the Tan-L and Tan-H groups showed significantly higher expression levels of PI3K, p-Akt/Akt, mTOR and p-eNOS/eNOS than the control group, whereas the Tan-L + LY, Tan-H + LY and LY groups had lower expression levels than the Tan-L and Tan-H groups.ConclusionOur study provided evidence that Tan IIA could activate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to relieve MIRI in rats.     

低温致乳鼠心肌细胞损伤中Bim蛋白的作用及PI3K/Akt相关机制

背景:寒冷刺激可引发心血管疾病或导致其加重,研究极端气候条件下心血管疾病的发病规律及其分子生物学机制对制定有效的防范和治疗措施有重要意义。目的:观察低温对心肌细胞凋亡率、乳酸脱氢酶活性及促凋亡蛋白Bim表达的影响,并从PI3K/Akt信号通路探讨低温影响心肌细胞中Bim表达的可能途径。方法:将体外培养的心肌细胞在4℃冷水浴中处理1h后,放入37℃CO2培养箱中继续培养0,4,8,12,16,24h,AnnexinV-FITC/PI双染检测细胞凋亡率,MTS/PMS法检测细胞存活情况,全自动生化分析仪测细胞培养基中乳酸脱氢酶活性。Western blot测定Bim在心肌细胞中的表达情况,并在Bim蛋白开始表达的时间点向培养的心肌细胞中加入PI3K/Akt阻断剂LY29004,观察心肌细胞凋亡率、乳酸脱氢酶活性及Bim、p-PI3K蛋白表达的变化。结果与结论:冷处理后,心肌细胞凋亡率增加、存活率降低、培养基中乳酸脱氢酶活性增高、Bim表达增加(P<0.05),均在冷处理后24h达到极点。加入LY29004后,心肌细胞凋亡率增加更明显,培养基中乳酸脱氢酶活性及Bim表达也有所增加,p-PI3K表达降低(P<0.05)。说明低温能够通过促进Bim表达诱导心肌细胞凋亡,而PI3K/AKT信号通路可能参与了Bim的诱导表达。     

Aldosterone alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by regulating epithelial sodium channel through PI3K/Akt/SGK1 signaling pathway

Reduced alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) is a major pathological feature of acute lung injury (ALI). Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) plays a key role in regulating the transport of Na⁺ and clearing alveolar edema fluid effectively. ENaC has been reported to be regulated by aldosterone in the distal collecting tube of the kidney. We hypothesized whether aldosterone regulated ENaC in alveolar epithelium and correspondingly played a role in ALI. In this study we found that the expression of aldosterone synthesis encoding gene, CYP11B2, and ENaC were decreased in the lung tissue of LPS-induced ALI mice. Furthermore, aldosterone alleviated ALI by increasing the expression of ENaC-α and relieving pulmonary edema. Besides, we found that aldosterone upregulated ENaC-α through PI3K/Akt/SGK1 pathway. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that aldosterone attenuated pulmonary edema by upregulating ENaC-α through the PI3K/Akt/SGK1 pathway in LPS-induced ALI, indicating that aldosterone might be a promising adjuvant drug for ALI treatment.     

低强度脉冲超声经PI3K/Akt通路调控兔膝骨性关节炎软骨细胞凋亡的作用机制研究

目的:探讨低强度脉冲超声(LIPUS)对兔膝骨性关节炎(OA)软骨细胞凋亡的影响及有关作用机制。方法:共选取30只新西兰大白兔,随机分为正常对照组(A组)、OA模型组(B组)、OA+LIPUS组(C组)、OA+LY294002(PI3K/Akt抑制剂)组(D组)、OA+LY294002+LIPUS组(E组),每组各6只。采用右后膝前交叉韧带切断术(ACLT)造模。于造模后第6周时采用空气栓塞法处死实验兔,切取软骨组织进行组织学观察,并进行Mankin评分;提取软骨细胞进行体外培养并采用免疫组化染色法鉴定;应用western blot检测各组软骨细胞中Ⅱ型胶原(COL2)、MMP-13、Akt、pAkt、P53、Bcl-2蛋白表达情况。结果:B组COL2、pAkt、Bcl-2蛋白含量较A组降低,MMP-13、P53蛋白含量较A组增高(P<0.05)。与B组相比,C组COL2、pAkt、Bcl-2蛋白含量增高,MMP-13、P53蛋白含量下降(P<0.05);D组COL2、Bcl-2、pAkt蛋白含量下降,MMP-13、P53蛋白含量升高(P<0.05),E组COL2、MMP-13、P53、Bcl-2、pAkt蛋白含量无明显变化,但与C组、D组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。各组Akt蛋白表达无明显差异。结论:LIPUS能通过PI3K/Akt通路降低兔膝骨性关节炎软骨细胞凋亡率,促进抗凋亡基因Bcl-2表达,下调促凋亡基因P53水平,促进关节软骨损伤修复。     

电针对去神经支配骨骼肌萎缩大鼠PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的影响

目的:研究电针对去神经支配骨骼肌萎缩大鼠PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的影响,探讨电针延缓去神经支配骨骼肌萎缩的治疗机制。方法:SD雄性大鼠63只随机分为假手术组(n=21)、模型组(n=21)和电针组(n=21)。模型组、电针组通过暴露并切断坐骨神经的方法制作去神经支配腓肠肌动物模型,假手术组暴露坐骨神经但不切断。术后1d,电针组术侧进行电针治疗,其余两组不做任何处理。分别在术后7d、14d和21d取材,测定术侧腓肠肌湿重比,Masson染色测定腓肠肌纤维直径、截面积,Western Blot检测PI3K、Akt以及mTOR蛋白表达、Akt以及mTOR蛋白磷酸化,PCR检测PI3K、Akt和mTOR基因表达。结果:模型组与电针组大鼠腓肠肌的湿重比、肌纤维截直径以及面积均显著低于假手术组(P0.001),且模型组与电针组比较,差异具有显著性(P0.05);电针组的PI3K、p-Akt、p-mTOR蛋白表达量均高于模型组与假手术组(P0.05);电针组的PI3K、Akt、mTOR m RNA表达也明显高于其余两组(P0.05)。结论:电针可延缓去神经性骨骼肌萎缩,其作用机制可能与电针激活PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路有关。     

The tumor-suppressor gene LZTS1 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation by impairing PI3K/Akt pathway

BackgroundTo study the role of LZTS1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) proliferation and the molecular mechanism involved.MethodsLZTS1 expression was studied in 10 HCC cell lines and 1 normal hepatocyte cell line by western blot analysis and qRT-PCR. One HCC cell line was selected and transfected with LZTS1 lentivirus. Cell proliferation and cell cycle were then determined by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. LZTS1, cyclin D1, CDK1, Cdc25C, pS473 Akt, and pT308 Akt mRNA and protein expressions were measured. PS473 Akt and pT308 Akt expression level was also compared with the HCC cells treated with LY294002.ResultsCompared with the normal hepatocyte cells, LZTS1 expression in HCC cells was significantly lower. After the transfection with LZTS1 lentivirus, HCC cell proliferation ability decreased markedly and HCC cells were blocked at G2/M phase. Cyclin D1 and CDK1 expression were both decreased but not significantly. Cdc25C expression was increased significantly. PS473 Akt and pT308 Akt expression level was increased significantly as well, which were almost the same with those transfected with LY294002.ConclusionLZTS1 could inhibit HCC cell proliferation by impairing PI3K/Akt pathway.