金雀异黄酮对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松性骨折愈合的实验研究

目的研究金雀异黄酮对去势大鼠发生骨质疏松性骨折愈合的影响。方法成年SD大鼠卵巢摘除后3个月开始制作左侧股骨中段闭合骨折内固定手术模型,并分为骨折组和骨折用药组,每组各20只骨折用药组注射金雀异黄酮,分别于大鼠折骨后15和30dX射线摄片、检测血清骨碱性磷酸酶(B鄄ALP)、I型前胶原羧基端肽(PICP)、骨钙素(BGP)等骨形成生化指标,并与骨折组比较。结果骨折用药组骨痂形成量多,骨折线模糊或消失,B鄄ALP、PICP和BGP水平显著下降(P<0.01)。结论金雀异黄酮可调节骨代谢,促进骨形成,加快大鼠骨折愈合的作用。     

植物雌激素对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松性骨折愈合的影响

目的观察植物雌激素对卵巢去势大鼠骨折愈合过程中骨痂骨密度的影响。方法复制卵巢去势大鼠骨质疏松模型并制造股骨中段闭合性骨折,然后进行克氏针髓腔内固定,观察大鼠骨折内固定后骨痂与近骨痂段股骨骨密度的变化。结果异黄酮组、雌二醇组和假手术组骨痂的骨密度高于无用药组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);而异黄酮组、雌二醇组和假手术组之间没有显著差别。结论植物雌激素能够显著提高骨质疏松大鼠骨痂及近骨痂段骨组织的骨密度、促进骨折愈合,与雌二醇组作用相近。     

金雀异黄酮对去卵巢大鼠认知能力的影响

目的　观察金雀异黄酮对去卵巢大鼠学习记忆的影响 ,寻找替代雌激素用于防治女性更年期后神经退行性变的药物。方法　 32只 3月龄雌性SD大鼠随机分为 4组 :假手术组 (0 9%NS 5 0 μl)、去卵巢对照组 (0 9%NS 5 0 μl)、金雀异黄酮组 (Gs2 5 0 μg)、苯甲酸雌二醇组 (EB 5 0 μg)各 8只 ,皮下注射给药 ,隔日一次 ,用Morris水迷宫检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力。 结果　金雀异黄酮组前 4次和后 5次的平均逃避潜伏期 ( x±s)分别为 (2 3 34± 7 2 9)s和 (8 5 4± 1 87)s;空间探索试验中大鼠穿越平台的次数为 6 0 0± 1 1 0次 ;与OVX组相比具有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　金雀异黄酮可提高去卵巢大鼠的空间学习记忆能力     

不同剂量大豆异黄酮对去卵巢大鼠骨密度和血脂影响的研究

目的探讨不同剂量的大豆异黄酮对去卵巢大鼠骨密度和血脂水平的影响.方法选用43只10w龄性成熟SD雌性大鼠行去势手术,2w后采用完全随机的方法分为5组:阴性对照组(溶媒花生油灌胃)、阳性对照组(戊酸雌二醇500ng/g·BW·d)、大剂量组(大豆异黄酮2500μg/g·BW·d)、中剂量组(大豆异黄酮500μg/g·BW·d)和小剂量组(大豆异黄酮50μg/g·BW·d).分别于给药前和给药6周后测量总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDC)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL),并测量腰椎和股骨的骨密度.结果给大豆异黄酮6周后,大、中、小剂量组和阳性对照组腰椎骨密度均高于阴性对照组;大剂量纽骨密度的增加,有显著性差异(P＜0.05);中剂量组骨密度增加的程度和阳性对照组(戊酸雌二醇组)相似,但与阴性对照组比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05);大豆异黄酮对股骨骨密度无明显影响.大鼠去卵巢后TC和LDL下降,给大豆异黄酮后使TC和LDL进一步下降,以大剂量组最为显著,中剂量组的作用与阳性时照组相似,小剂量组无作用.结论大豆异黄酮具有雌激素样作用,能增加去卵巢大鼠的腰椎骨密度,进一步降低由于去卵巢引起的血清TC和LDL下降,它的作用强度与剂量呈正比.因此大豆异黄酮的作用值得进一步研究,以确定它是否具有临床价值.     

大豆异黄酮对去卵巢大鼠抗氧化及骨形态学影响的研究

目的 研究大豆异黄酮(SI)对去卵巢大鼠抗氧化及骨形态学的影响.方法 70只雌性SD大鼠按血清总胆固醇水平随机分为7组:高脂、雌激素,低、中、高剂量SI干预、假手术及正常对照组.对前5组摘除双侧卵巢后恢复1周开始干预,实验周期为12周,灌胃给药,每周称重1次,分别在去卵巢及处死时(12周)抽取尾静脉血,实验结束后取内脏及骨骼标本,分别测定血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性(GSH-Px)及骨密度等指标,共63只大鼠完成实验.结果 SI干预组股骨重量高于高脂与正常对照组,干预可提高AKP、GSH-Px酶活性.高剂量干预对维持大鼠股骨密度的作用与雌激素相似.SI干预可缓解因去卵巢造成的骨丢失.结论 大豆异黄酮对去卵巢大鼠的抗氧化、骨代谢酶活性及骨转化存在一定影响,适量干预能逆转因去势造成的骨密度下降.考虑到植物雌激素与哺乳动物的雌激素受体(ER)结合能力低下,采用SI在临床开展干预的剂量与远期效果尚待进一步研究.     

异黄酮与骨质疏松

异黄酮是一类植物雌激素,因具有和雌激素相似的化学结构,能与雌激素受体结合发挥抗骨质疏松的作用,而无明显的雌激素对乳腺和子宫内膜的副作用,从而提供了治疗绝经后骨质疏松的新途径。临床调查归纳近来异黄酮临床试验不同的结果,动物实验和基础研究进一步阐明异黄酮最重要两个单体———染料木素和大豆苷元抗骨质疏松的机制。     

去卵巢大鼠骨组织的变化

目的:观察去卵巢对大鼠骨组织的改变,以建立妇女绝经后骨质疏松的动物模型。方法:选用3月龄SD雌性大鼠16只,随机分为对照组和去卵巢组。去卵巢组大鼠的双侧卵巢被切除,对照组做假手术,持续90天。用骨矿测定仪测量大鼠股骨的骨密度及在半自动图像分析仪观测胫骨近端骨小梁的静、动态指标,并在扫描电镜下观察大鼠股骨松质骨结构的改变。结果:与对照正常组比较,去卵巢组大鼠股骨的远端的骨密度降低(P<0.05)。胫骨骨小梁的面积减少,骨小梁间隙增大。股骨的骨小梁变少,变细,断裂,连接不紧密,表面常见骨吸收形成的陷窝。结论:用切除卵巢的方法造成雌激素缺乏,导致骨质疏松,作为研究因绝经引起的原发性骨质疏松的可靠动物模型。     

金雀异黄酮对去卵巢大鼠海马突触体素表达的影响

目的：研究金雀异黄酮对去卵巢大鼠海马突触体素的影响,以探讨金雀异黄酮对女性更年期后中枢神经系统退行性变的作用机制。方法：用免疫组化结合图像分析的方法,测量分析去卵巢后不同时间点以及给予金雀异黄酮替代治疗后海马CA1～3区辐射层和齿状回分子层突触体素免疫阳性产物的平均光密度变化。结果：去卵巢后大鼠CA1～3区辐射层和DG分子层突触体素免疫阳性产物的平均光密度值逐渐降低,4周后与假手术组和苯甲酸雌二醇组相比有显著差异;金雀异黄酮组治疗后海马突触体素免疫阳性产物平均光密度恢复。结论：金雀异黄酮能恢复去卵巢大鼠海马突触密度,延缓女性更年期后中枢神经系统的退行性变。     

大豆异黄酮干预去势大鼠骨密度及成骨细胞雌激素受体α的表达

背景：大豆异黄酮是一类植物雌激素,对绝经后骨质疏松症治疗具有重要意义。 目的：进一步验证大豆异黄酮对去势大鼠骨密度和成骨细胞雌激素受体α表达的影响。 方法：将12月龄去势雌性SD大鼠随机分为3组,大豆异黄酮组和对照组大鼠摘除双侧卵巢,假手术组只进行手术入路,不切除卵巢。大豆异黄酮组切除卵巢后,每日灌胃大豆异黄酮,连续40 d。对照组喂等量生理盐水。 结果与结论：喂饲40 d后对照组大鼠左侧股骨骨密度值显著低于假手术组(P < 0.05),提示骨质疏松模型成功。大豆异黄酮组大鼠左侧股骨骨密度高于对照组(P < 0.05);大豆异黄酮组雌激素受体α的表达量高于对照组(P < 0.05)。提示大豆异黄酮可增加去势大鼠骨密度,提高去势大鼠成骨细胞雌激素受体α的表达,促进成骨细胞增殖。     

芹菜素治疗去卵巢骨质疏松模型大鼠的作用与剂量

文题释义： 芹菜素：主要存在于瑞香科、马鞭草科、卷柏科植物中,如芫花,卷柏中含量较大。芹菜素属于黄酮类,具有抑制致癌物质的致癌活性;作为治疗HIV和其他病毒感染的抗病毒药物;MAP激酶的抑制剂;治疗各种炎症;抗氧化剂;镇静、安神;降压。与其他黄酮类物质(槲皮素、山奈黄酮)相比具有低毒、无诱变性等特点。 骨密度：全称是骨骼矿物质密度,是骨骼强度的一个重要指标,以g/cm³表示,是一个绝对值。在临床使用骨密度值时由于不同的骨密度检测仪的绝对值不同,通常使用T值判断骨密度是否正常。T值是一个相对值,正常参考值在-1和+1之间。当T值低于-2.5时为不正常。骨密度,是骨质量的一个重要标志,反映骨质疏松程度,预测骨折危险性的重要依据。 背景：研究证实芹菜素具有抗病毒、抗炎、抗氧化、镇静安神等功效。 目的：研究不同剂量芹菜素对大鼠骨质疏松的疗效并探讨其机制。 方法：实验方案经南方医科大学动物实验伦理委员会批准。成年雌性SD大鼠42只,通过卵巢切除法建立大鼠骨质疏松模型,实验分为7组,每组6只大鼠,分别为假手术组、芹菜素20,40,60和80 mg/kg组、对照组、阳性对照组。假手术组未摘除卵巢,阳性对照组每天灌胃烯雌酚(0.02 mg/kg)、维生素D和钙;对照组给予同等量纯净水皮下注射;芹菜素各组分别给予相应剂量的芹菜素皮下注射;1次/d,用药8周。分别检测干预后第4周和第8周大鼠股骨密度和血清中钙、磷、骨碱性磷酸酶、Ⅰ型前胶原氨基末端前肽、β-Ⅰ型胶原C-末端肽的水平。 结果与结论：①与对照组比较,芹菜素剂量为40,60和80 mg/kg时,大鼠的骨密度、血清中钙、磷在第4周和第8周时均较高(P < 0.05),Ⅰ型前胶原氨基末端前肽、β-Ⅰ型胶原C-末端肽、骨碱性磷酸酶较低(P < 0.05);②与阳性对照组比,芹菜素剂量为60 mg/kg和80 mg/kg时,大鼠的骨密度、血清中钙、磷和骨碱性磷酸酶、Ⅰ型前胶原氨基末端前肽、β-Ⅰ型胶原C-末端肽在第4周和第8周时均无明显差别(P > 0.05),剂量为 20 mg/kg和 40 mg/kg时,骨密度、血清中钙、磷、均比阳性对照组低(P < 0.05),Ⅰ型前胶原氨基末端前肽、β-Ⅰ型胶原C-末端肽比阳性对照组高(P < 0.05);③对照组和假手术组比较,在第4周和第8周时大鼠骨密度、 血清中钙、磷均比较低(P < 0.05),Ⅰ型前胶原氨基末端前肽、β-Ⅰ型胶原C-末端肽均比较高(P < 0.05);④结果说明,去卵巢法建立大鼠骨质疏松模型确实有效;芹菜素对骨质疏松的治疗作用和剂量相关,一定剂量的芹菜素具有类似烯雌酚样的抗骨质疏松效果。 ORCID: 0000-0002-9167-5286(赖丽金) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

强骨康疏胶囊对去卵巢骨质疏松大鼠骨细微结构及骨代谢的影响

目的:观察强骨康疏胶囊对去卵巢骨质疏松大鼠的骨密度、OPG及RANKL蛋白表达、骨组织形态计量学参数及骨组织细微结构的影响。方法:制备去卵巢骨质疏松大鼠模型后,分组:正常对照组、模型空白组、中药低剂量预防组、中药高剂量预防组、雌激素预防组。给药1月后,检测各组股骨骨密度值,显微镜下观察股骨骨小梁的结构变化,并检测骨组织形态计量学参数。采用免疫组织化学染色法检测大鼠股骨OPG及RANKL蛋白表达。结果:模型空白组大鼠股骨骨密度减少,骨小梁厚度、面积、面积百分数均减少,骨小梁间距增大,股骨OPG蛋白平均光密度值显著降低,RANKL蛋白平均光密度值明显增高;雌激素预防组、中药低剂量组、中药高剂量组对上述指标均有明显改善。结论:强骨康疏胶囊能有效提高骨量,维持骨小梁立体空间结构,改善大鼠股骨远端松质骨的显微结构,能够提高骨OPG蛋白表达及抑制RANKL蛋白表达。     

5mg唑来膦酸静滴治疗骨质疏松症24h安全性及不良反应的临床研究

目的探讨5 mg唑来膦酸静滴治疗骨质疏松症24小时的安全性及不良反应。方法本研究回顾性分析2016年5月至2017年2月于我院我科就诊、收治且符合纳入标准的骨质疏松症患者17例,年龄57~83岁,平均年龄70.12±7.53岁,男4例,女13例,其中4例曾口服阿仑膦酸钠治疗骨质疏松症。所有患者均予以5 mg唑来膦酸静滴治疗,骨化三醇及钙片600 mg口服,收集患者静滴唑来膦酸前及静滴后24小时后肝肾功能、血常规、CRP、ESR等生化指标、临床不良反应进行统计分析。结果静滴5 mg唑来膦酸前及静滴后24小时体温、钙、磷、中性粒细胞百分比和淋巴细胞百分比差异具有统计学意义,值均0.001,其中静滴5 mg唑来膦酸后24小时的体温和中性粒细胞百分比较静滴前升高,钙、磷和淋巴细胞百分比较较静滴前稍有下降;CRP、肌酐有统计学差异,其中CRP较静滴前升高,肌酐较静滴前降低。白细胞总数在静滴前后的差异没有统计学意义。临床出现发热11例,占64.71%,其中最高温度39.3℃;心慌伴厌食1例,占5.89%;乏力、肌痛等流感症状2例,占11.76%;2~3天电话随访均恢复正常,未再出现临床症状。结论 5 mg唑来膦酸静滴治疗骨质疏松症对机体无明显不良影响,且使用方便,适合推广,可以在门诊推荐使用,提高骨质疏松症治疗的依从性以及治疗效果。     

The role of physical activity in the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women—An update

Context and objective

Osteoporosis causes an increase in bone fragility. Its clinical significance mainly refers to (hip) fractures secondary to (low or moderate) trauma. In Europe and North America about 6% of men and 21% of women aged 50–84 years are classified to have osteoporosis. Although it is well accepted that exercise is essential for the management of osteoporosis, the exact role of physical activity in the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures is still controversial.

Methods

The MEDLINE database and reference lists of selected publications were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies, respectively, published since January 2000 regarding the association of physical activity and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

Results

Two prospective cohort studies indicate the clinical relevance of this association by showing an inverse relationship between physical activity and the risk of hip fracture. There is convincing evidence that physical activity effectively slows bone loss in postmenopausal women in a dose-dependent manner. Exercise programs may increase bone mineral density.

Conclusion

In order to maximize the goals of public health most effective, individually adapted, intense, high impact exercise programs are needed. However, they may be complicated to communicate and adherence on the population level may be hard to achieve. These programs must be weighed against popular and applicable existing programs (e.g. aerobic classes, Tai Chi, and walking) which appear to be easier to adhere to but appear to be less effective in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures in the individual postmenopausal women.     

康力龙对类固醇性大鼠骨质疏松骨密度和生物力学的影响

目的　从生物力学和骨矿含量测定角度研究康力龙对类固醇性大鼠骨代谢的影响。方法　采用 3月龄雄性SD大鼠 2 8只 ,随机分为基础对照组、年龄对照组、激素模型组和康力龙预防组。后两组给醋酸泼尼松 4 5mg·kg-1,ig ,2次 /周 ;预防组还给康力龙 0 5mg·kg-1·d-1,ig。 3个月后取股骨和第 5腰椎行骨密度测定 ,再行扭转、3点弯曲和压缩试验。结果　与年龄对照组比较 ,激素模型组股骨和第 5腰椎的总骨密度减少了 14 6 4 % (P <0 0 1) ;股骨干在 3点弯曲试验时所承受的载荷减少了17 1% (P <0 0 5 ) ;其余的力学参数都出现减少的趋势。与激素模型组比较 ,康力龙预防组股骨和第 5腰椎的总骨密度有所增加 ;股骨扭转角度明显增加 72 5 % (P <0 0 5 ) ,其余的力学参数都出现增加的趋势。结论　长期使用糖皮生激素 (GC) ,会使大鼠皮质骨和松质骨的骨密度和力学性能下降 ,从而易致骨折 ;应用康力龙则能阻止GC所致骨量丢失 ,还能增加其力学性能。     

The prevalence of osteoporosis in the Hong Kong Chinese female population

Objectives: This paper aims to present population-based age-related bone mass values in the Hong Kong Chinese female population, and to assess the number and proportion of Chinese women considered osteoporotic according to the WHO diagnostic guidelines. Methods: A total of 769 community-based female subjects were recruited. Social demographic characteristics of these subjects were similar to the Hong Kong general population. All bone mass measurements were performed by means of a dual energy X-ray densitometry (Norland XR 26) at two sites: lumbar vertebrae L2–L4 and left hip. These values were expressed as T-scores, with reference to the mean bone mineral density (BMD) values of the group aged 21–40 years. Results: The study revealed that, in women aged 60 years and above, their mean BMD values are 30% lower than the young normal mean. The prevalence of osteoporosis at the spine increased dramatically from about 10% in the age group 50–59 to 45% in the group aged 60–69. In women aged 70 onwards, over half have osteoporosis at the hip. The prevalence of osteoporosis at the spine is relatively stable in the age groups above 60, while that for osteoporosis at the hip increased exponentially with age. Conclusions: The prevalence of osteoporosis in Hong Kong women is comparable to that found in Caucasian populations. Prevention of osteoporosis, involving both immediate and long-term measures, and targeting at different age groups, are required to combat this serious public health problem in Hong Kong.     

Effects of nandrolone decanoate on bone mass in established osteoporosis

A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 46 postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis in order to assess the long-term effects of nandrolone decanoate on the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar vertebrae and of the distal third of the radius and on the biochemical markers of bone turnover. The patients received intramuscular injections of placebo or 50 mg nandrolone decanoate every 3 weeks for 18 months. Thirty-two of the initial 46 patients completed 1 year of study and 25 completed the whole study period of 18 months. Overall, vertebral BMD increased by 2.9% in the nandrolone decanoate group and fell by 2.3% in the placebo group. Radial BMD showed a slight but transient improvement, with a subsequent return to basal levels in the nandrolone decanoate group, whereas there was a progressive decrease in the placebo group. Patients treated with nandrolone decanoate also complained less of bone pain. Urinary hydroxyproline decreased significantly in treated patients, whereas osteocalcin tended to increase, but the change was not significant. HDL cholesterol concentrations decreased only slightly and haemoglobin increased significantly in the nandrolone decanoate group. Two patients treated with nandrolone decanoate withdrew from the study because of hirsutism and hoarseness. The results indicate that nandrolone decanoate exerts positive effects on vertebral BMD and on bone pain in patients with established postmenopausal osteoporosis.     

中等强度运动对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松及骨形态发生蛋白2信号通路的影响

目的 探讨中等强度运动对去卵巢大鼠骨密度、骨质代谢、骨生物力学及骨形态发生蛋白2(BMP-2)信号通路的影响。 方法 将24只成年雌性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、手术组与运动组,每组8只,假手术组仅切除双侧卵巢周围脂肪组织,手术组、运动组摘除双侧卵巢,摘除卵巢1周后运动组进行中等强度运动训练,共训练12周。12周后,进行股骨骨密度、生物力学、骨代谢、组织学检测,Western blotting检测股骨组织BMP-2、Runt相关转录因子2（Runx2）、Osterix及Smad1/5/8蛋白表达。 结果 手术组、运动组血钙、血磷、血抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRACP)浓度高于假手术组(P<0.05),而运动组上述指标低于手术组(P<0.05)。手术组和运动组骨密度低于假手术组(P<0.05),而运动组高于手术组(P<0.05)。手术组和运动组骨组织生物力学性能低于假手术组(P<0.05),而运动组高于手术组(P<0.05)。组织学显示,运动组骨质疏松程度轻于手术组,骨组织内BMP-2表达量多于手术组。手术组和运动组BMP-2、Runx2、Osterix及Smad1/5/8蛋白表达低于假手术组(P<0.05),而运动组上述蛋白表达高于手术组(P<0.05)。 结论 中等强度运动可改善去卵巢大鼠股骨的骨密度、生物力学性能与骨代谢,这一作用可能与BMP-2信号通路有关。     

尼尔雌醇对去卵巢大鼠胫骨骨重建的影响

目的　探讨尼尔雌醇防治绝经后骨质疏松 (PMO)的作用机制。方法　雌性Wistar大鼠30只 ,随机分成假手术组、去卵巢组和尼尔雌醇治疗 (N)组。假手术组进行假手术 ,其余 2组切除卵巢制备PMO模型 ,N组使用尼尔雌醇治疗 3个月。各组动物处死后 ,取一侧胫骨提取总RNA ,逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)检测白细胞介素 (IL 6 )mRNA表达情况。另一侧用骨形态计量学方法研究去卵巢大鼠胫骨干骺端对尼尔雌醇的治疗反应 ,包括静力学参数 :(1)骨小梁体积 (TBV)占全部骨组织体积 (TTV)的百分比 (TBV/TTV) ;(2 )骨小梁表面与其体积之比 (S/V) ;(3)TBV占海绵骨 (SBV)体积的百分比 (TBV/SBV) ;(4 )平均骨小梁板厚度 (MTPT) ;(5 )平均骨小梁板密度 (MTPD) ;(6 )平均骨小梁板间隙 (MTPS) ;(7)平均骨皮质厚度 (MCW)。动力学参数 :(1)骨小梁类骨质表面占骨小梁表面的百分比 (TOS) ;(2 )平均类骨质宽度 (MOSW) ;(3)四环素单标记线占骨小梁表面的百分比 [Sfract(s) ];(4 )四环素双标记线占骨小梁表面的百分比 [Sfract(d) ];(5 )四环素单标记线的 1/ 2和双标记线之和占骨小梁表面的百分比 [Sfract(s/ 2 d) ];(6 )四环素双标记线间的平均距离 (DDL) ;(7)矿化沉积率 (MiAR) ;(8)矿化延迟时间 (MLT) ;(9)组织水平的骨形成率 (Svf) ;     

Identification of the risk factors for osteoporosis among postmenopausal women

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of different durations of menopause at the time of bone mineral density (BMD) measurement and of different age at menopause intervals on the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis among untreated postmenopausal women. We also assessed related factors leading to low BMD.MethodsA total of 2769 postmenopausal women who had not taken any anti-osteoporosis treatment and/or hormone replacement therapy were divided into three groups according to duration of menopause at the time of BMD measurement. The women were also evaluated in four different age groups according to their age at menopause onset. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to determine related factors leading to low BMD. Investigated parameters include demographic characteristics, plasma glucose, lipids, and lipoproteins.ResultsAccording to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, among 2769 patients, 449 (16.2%) were identified as having osteoporosis, 1085 (39.2%) as having osteopenia, and 1235 (44.6%) as having normal BMD. Osteoporosis was determined in 10.6% and 16.2% of women with menopause duration of 0–3 years and 4–7 years, respectively, whereas this rate was 31.9% in women with menopause duration of over 7 years (p = 0.001). The percentages for osteopenia remained constant among the three different menopause durations (0–3 years: 37.2%, 4-7 years: 42.1%, and >7 years: 40.9%). Thirty percent of women with age at onset of <40 years were osteoporotic. However, the percentages of women with osteoporosis among the other age groups were similar (40–46 years: 18.3%, 47–52 years: 14.1%, and >52 years: 15.4%). The percentages for osteopenia remained relatively constant among the four age groups (36.7, 40, 39.1 and 39%). According to the multinomial logistic regression analysis, duration of menopause at the time of BMD test and parity were positively correlated with both osteoporosis and osteopenia, while glucose level was negatively correlated with both osteoporosis and osteopenia. Age at menopause was negatively correlated only for osteoporosis. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) level may be accepted as a clinically significant factor for osteopenia (OR: 1.01; CI_95%: 1.00–1.02). No differences were determined in the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in women with menopause duration of >7 years when evaluated according to the four menopause age groups as described before (p = 0.74). Contribution to the regression model was 0.8% by age at menopause, 5.6% by menopause duration at time of BMD measurement, 5.8% by both factors.ConclusionAccording to our results, osteoporosis is related more to the duration of menopause at the time of BMD measurement rather than the age at menopause among untreated postmenopausal women. High parity was determined as another risk factor for low BMD.     

Genetics of osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a common disease with a strong genetic component. In recent years, some progress has been made in understanding the genetic basis of osteoporosis. Genetic factors contribute to osteoporosis by influencing not only bone mineral density but also bone size, bone quality, and bone turnover. Meta-analysis has been used to define the role of several candidate genes in osteoporosis. Some quantitative trait loci that regulate bone mass identified by linkage studies in humans and experimental animals have been replicated in multiple populations. Genes that cause monogenic bone diseases also contribute to regulation of bone mass in the normal population. Genome-wide association studies and functional genomics approaches have recently begun to apply to genetic studies of osteoporosis. In the future, not only single gene but also the entire gene networks involved in osteoporosis and regulation of bone mass will systematically be discovered through integrative genomics.