臭氧氧化法在粪便处理车间除臭的研究

目的 利用臭氧的氧化作用对粪便处理车间臭气物质进行氧化分解,以达到除臭或降低不快感的效果。方法 在对京东某粪便处理车问大规模现场测试(官能法,化学法)的基础上,确定了粪便处理车间的污染源并计算了臭氧氧化法的除臭效率。同时也讨论了臭氧除臭时,粪便处理车间臭氧的控制浓度。结果 在臭氧除臭作用下,粪便处理车间臭氧浓度以及臭气主要成分氨和硫化氢均得到有效控制。结论 在臭氧氧化作用下,在气相中除去硫化氢的效率比氨的效率高。在两个小时连续监测期间,硫化氢总去除率为88％,氨的总去除率为56.5％。     

化学除臭剂

一、前言在我们的生活环境中有许多臭气发生源。臭气大多是多种化合物的混合物。极微量的臭气人们也能感觉到。臭气主要是脂肪、碳水化物和蛋白质被微生物腐败分解而产生的。臭气成分有含氮原子的氨和胺类,含硫原子的硫化氢、硫醇和硫化物,以及含氧原子的丙烯醛和脂肪酸等。除臭方法大体可以分为化学、物理、生物化学和感觉除臭法。现在大多倾向于根据具体臭气采取几种方法综合除臭。日本在70年初期,对除臭和除臭剂的研究很多,从最近的专利来看,主要研究有关排泄物、厨房垃圾类、下水等一般环     

坑道除臭便器的研制

本研究利用“烟囱效应”的原理及活性炭吸附的方法，研制一种除臭便器试验证明：该便器对氨的吸收率可达９６．４％，使环境中的氨含量保持在３２．２±７．０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３左右。该便器能较好地解决在无水、无电和相对密闭环境中，类便收集和防臭气外溢污染空气中的问题，有效地消除不良气味对人体的影响。     

生活垃圾转运站臭气属性特征及不同除臭工艺效果分析

通过对北京市2座垃圾转运站内外不同除臭工艺的开启前后臭气的定性及部分恶臭指标(臭气浓度及氨)的定量分析,结果表明:2个转运站在除臭系统开启前分别检出挥发性有机物31种和28种,其中转运站不同区域(转运站内和门外5 m处)均检出挥发性有机物分别为22种和21种,系统开启后分别检出挥发性有机物29种和22种,其中转运站不同区域(转运站内和门外5 m处)均检出挥发性有机物分别为20种和18种,2个转运站在除臭系统开启前后,不同区域共检出6种美国环保署(USEPA)优先控制污染物。     

基于某南方填埋场筛分资源化车间氨气浓度分布的喷淋除臭工艺优化方向

以某运行中的生活垃圾填埋场筛分资源化项目为研究对象，通过检测车间中不同区域的氨气浓度，取得以氨气为代表的车间臭气分布结果。结果表明：筛分车间上料区、滚筒筛设备区和腐殖土落料区为重点除臭区域。设计除臭系统时，应在这些区域增加除臭液喷淋量和喷淋频率。除臭效果持续时间的检测结果表明，停止喷洒除臭剂后，臭气浓度缓慢回升，但7 min后，回升速度加快。因此，卸料间隔小于8 min时，才能获得较为持续的除臭效果。相关结果可为同类项目除臭系统设计局部细化提供参考。     

医用激光治疗机除臭通风装置的改进

医用激光治疗机除臭通风装置的改进上海医用激光仪器厂生产的ＹＹＪＧ─１Ｃ型ＣＯ２激光治疗机，随机配备了一台吸尘器作排气除臭用，使用中发现其除臭效果不理想。尽管在治疗时吸尘器长时间开着，整个治疗室内还是弥漫着难闻的焦臭味。究其原因是吸尘器吸气管太细，有效...     

餐厨垃圾堆肥项目除臭技术选择与设计

通过对比现有除臭技术,分析餐厨垃圾高温好氧堆肥过程的臭气成分和除臭机理,认为化学、生物组合除臭工艺和植物液喷淋除臭工艺相结合是合适的选择.并介绍了除臭系统设计要点.     

北京市方庄粪便消纳站除臭系统的改造

北京市方庄粪便消纳站原有的除臭系统除臭效果较差，为改变这种状况，采用了生物菌种处理技术并改造了工艺和设备，使除奥效果明显提高。     

苏州市福星粪便处理场优化设计

针对苏州市福星粪便处理场原有的工艺及除臭系统存在的问题,通过技术方案的对比优化,工艺系统增加絮凝脱水环节、采用植物提取液除臭与离子风除臭的组合工艺对原有除臭系统进行改造,改造后的工艺系统运行稳定、除臭系统除臭效果较好。     

竹纤维真有这么神吗？

现如今不少商家给竹纤维纺织产品标注了“抑菌除臭”、“防紫外线”和“改善睡眠”等功能，有消费者对此表示怀疑。相关专家表示，竹纤维产品确实能抑菌除臭，但部分功能被夸大了。     

某电子化学品项目职业病危害因素识别和关键控制点分析

目的通过识别、分析某电子化学品工程可能产生的职业病危害因素及危害程度,找出关键控制点,探讨防护对策和措施,为有关行政部门审批提供技术依据。方法采用类比法和定量分析法进行评价。结果该建设项目存在的职业病危害因素有噪声、高温、化学毒物和工频电磁场等,其中主要职业病危害因素为化学毒物,有氨、氟化氢、盐酸、硫酸、硝酸、冰醋酸、醋酸丁酯、磷酸等。结论该工程存在的职业病危害因素比较复杂,其中主要危害因素为化学毒物,应从职业病危害发生的关键控制部位加强防治。综合评价表明,该工程生产过程中可能产生的职业病危害因素是可以预防和控制的。     

Sensory irritation of acetic acid,hydrogen peroxide,peroxyacetic acid and their mixture in mice

The expiratory bradypnoea indicative of upper airway irritation in mice was evaluated during a period of 60 min of oronasal exposure to acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and peroxyacetic acid vapours. The airborne concentration resulting in a 50% decrease in the respiratory rate of mice (RD50) was calculated for each chemical. The concentration-response curves of acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and peroxyacetic acid had similar slopes. The results did however show that the three chemicals had different irritant potencies. The RD50 values of acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and peroxyacetic acid were 227, 113 and 5.4 p.p.m. respectively. Moreover, a mixture containing 53% acetic acid, 11% hydrogen peroxide and 36% peroxyacetic acid had an RD50 of 10.6 ppm, 3.8 ppm being peroxyacetic acid, which is 1.4 times lower than the theoretical value estimated from the fractional concentrations and the respective RD50s of the individual components. On the basis of a TLV-STEL (threshold limit value for short-term exposure limit) equal to 0.1 RD50, the TLV-STELs for acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and peroxyacetic acid should not exceed 20, 10 and 0.5 p.p.m. respectively. On the basis of a TLV-TWA (time-weighted average) equal to 0.03 RD50, the TLV-TWAs for these same chemicals should not exceed 5, 3 and 0.2 p.p.m. respectively. Finally, these values and existing TLVs in Europe and the USA are compared.     

某合成橡胶厂化学有害因素浓度测定分析

目的分析、掌握某合成橡胶生产企业作业场所中化学有害因素的浓度变化。方法对其存在的职业病危害化学有害因素连续2年进行检测检验。结果某合成橡胶厂主要职业病危害化学有害因素为氨、氯气、氯丁二烯、甲苯、盐酸、硫酸、硫化氢、磷化氢、乙醛、乙酸、氢氧化钠、碳酸钠等。其中氨、氯气、硫化氢、磷化氢为高毒物品,但工作场所中浓度检测均未超限,氯丁二烯、乙酸等虽属一般化学有害物质,但检测点有超标样本,职业危害程度分别为中度和轻度危害。结论企业应落实改进建议,使作业场所职业病危害化学有害因素的浓度符合国家标准,以保护劳动者的健康。     

某醋酸纤维生产企业扩建项目职业病危害预评价

目的识别、分析、评价建设项目可能产生的职业病危害,为防治职业病,为行政部门审批建设项目提供科学依据。方法主要采用类比调查的方法,综合运用检查表、经验判断法。结果本项目为职业病危害一般的建设项目,该项目存在的主要职业病危害因素为丙酮、氢氧化钠、氨、盐酸、醋酸、二氯甲烷、醋酐、乙烯酮、硫酸、醋酸异丙酯、丁酮、粉尘、噪声、高温等。结论从职业病防治角度分析,本项目的建设是可行的。     

健儿清解液的药效学研究

目的通过动物实验研究健儿清解液(JQOL)的药效学作用。方法采用酵母致热、氨水引咳、二甲苯致耳肿胀、醋酸致腹膜通透性增高等模型,并测定小鼠最大耐受量。结果大鼠灌胃给予JQOL18.14、9.072、4.536g/kg可显著抑制酵母性发热时的体温升高;给予JQOL11.35、7.258、2.835g/kg可明显延长氨水引咳小鼠的咳嗽潜伏期,并能减少其咳嗽次数,能显著拮抗小鼠二甲苯性耳肿胀,降低腹膜通透性。小鼠最大耐受量为人用量的205.2倍。结论健儿清解液具有清热、止咳、抗炎作用,临床用量是安全的。     

Cohort mortality study of prostate cancer among chemical workers

A retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted at a chemical plant producing acetic acid and acetic anhydride, two chemicals essential in the synthesis of cellulose triacetate fiber. Previously, we reported excess mortality from biliary tract and prostate cancers among workers in cellulose triacetate fiber manufacturing plants. In the present investigation, an excess of prostate cancer (SMR = 330.4; 95% confidence interval = 121.3–719.1) was observed among former chemical plant workers, some of whom had been exposed to both acetic acid and acetic anhydride. These apparent increases in mortality are difficult to interpret biologically, particularly in light of recent suggestions concerning the role of endocrine factors. Additional work is planned to more fully characterize potential occupational exposures that might explain the etiology of prostate cancer. Am. J. Ind. Med. 33:293–296, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Potential artifacts associated with historical preparation of joint compound samples and reported airborne asbestos concentrations

Airborne samples collected in the 1970s for drywall workers using asbestos-containing joint compounds were likely prepared and analyzed according to National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health Method P&CAM 239, the historical precursor to current Method 7400. Experimentation with a re-created, chrysotile-containing, carbonate-based joint compound suggested that analysis following sample preparation by the historical vs. current method produces different fiber counts, likely because of an interaction between the different clearing and mounting chemicals used and the carbonate-based joint compound matrix. Differences were also observed during analysis using Method 7402, depending on whether acetic acid/dimethylformamide or acetone was used during preparation to collapse the filter. Specifically, air samples of sanded chrysotile-containing joint compound prepared by the historical method yielded fiber counts significantly greater (average of 1.7-fold, 95% confidence interval: 1.5- to 2.0-fold) than those obtained by the current method. In addition, air samples prepared by Method 7402 using acetic acid/dimethylformamide yielded fiber counts that were greater (2.8-fold, 95% confidence interval: 2.5- to 3.2-fold) than those prepared by this method using acetone. These results indicated (1) there is an interaction between Method P&CAM 239 preparation chemicals and the carbonate-based joint compound matrix that reveals fibers that were previously bound in the matrix, and (2) the same appeared to be true for Method 7402 preparation chemicals acetic acid/dimethylformamide. This difference in fiber counts is the opposite of what has been reported historically for samples of relatively pure chrysotile dusts prepared using the same chemicals. This preparation artifact should be considered when interpreting historical air samples for drywall workers prepared by Method P&CAM 239.     

Study of water odor intensity after combined exposure to chemical substances

Data on the study of the influence of the combined action of chemicals on the intensity of odour is presented (ethyl alcohol, ammonium solution and acetic acid). It has been established that under the combined action of chemicals on the odour intensity summation and potentiation principles are observed significantly less frequently, that antagonism principles. The technique of the assessment of the odour intensity through the comparison with the odour of the solution of the standard scale was used, which increased the accuracy of estimations compared to that obtained with the help of the commonly used technique.     

某拟建二甲基乙酰胺装置职业病危害因素及关键控制点分析

目的预测某二甲基乙酰胺装置职业病危害因素的种类和程度,并分析其关键控制点。方法依据《工业企业设计卫生标准》划分生产单元,采用经验法、类比法、检查表法进行分析。结果生产过程中可能存在的职业病危害因素有乙酸、二甲胺、二甲基乙酰胺、噪声、高温、工频电磁场等,类比检测结果乙酸CTWA为1.53～2.50 mg/m3,二甲胺CTWA为0.46～0.67 mg/m3,二甲基乙酰胺CSTELO 6.15～7.31 mg/m3,均低于职业接触限值。结论该项目主要的职业病危害因素是乙酸、二甲胺、二甲基乙酰胺和噪声,应从职业病危害发生的关键控制部位加强防治工作。     

浸胶手套生产企业的主要职业病危害及防控建议

目的 分析测定某浸胶手套生产项目职业病危害因素,评价作业人员的接触剂量及职业病防护设施的控制效果。方法 采用现场调查的方式进行职业病危害因素的分析与识别,按有关工作场所职业病危害因素检测的国家标准进行现场定量检测。结果 浸胶手套生产行业使用大量化学辅料,存在苯、甲苯、二甲苯、甲醇、乙酸等职业病危害因素。苯、甲醇、乙酸短时间接触浓度分别达404.1 mg/m^3、186.5 mg/m^3、45.5 mg/m^3,苯、甲醇、乙酸时间加权平均接触浓度分别达212.2 mg/m^3、76.4 mg/m^3、29.2 mg/m^3。结论 工作场所化学毒物超标原因主要是未采取密闭排风措施,原料采购把关不严,职业卫生管理机构与制度不完善。