儿童肝移植肝动脉重建技术分析

目的探讨儿童肝移植术中肝动脉的重建技术,比较活体部分和心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)全肝肝动脉重建区别,以降低肝动脉栓塞的发生率,提高患儿生存率。方法回顾性分析2014年9月至2019年9月间实施的138例儿童肝移植临床资料,其中活体肝动脉显微重建采用10倍显微镜下的显微外科重建技术,DCD全肝移植采用2.5倍放大镜重建,术后采用彩色多普勒超声监测肝动脉血流,分别观察其术后发生肝动脉栓塞并发症的情况结果 138例儿童肝移植中100例为活体部分肝移植,38例为DCD供肝移植。两组均无术后肝动脉栓塞的病例发生。结论熟练应用肝动脉重建技术能降低儿童肝移植术后肝动脉栓塞发生率,取得满意效果。     

肝移植中肝动脉重建的经验

目的：探讨显微外科技术在肝移植中肝动脉重建的经验。方法：本组肝移植２２例,其中活体肝移植１０例,原位肝移植１２例,再次肝移植２例;均采用显微外科技术行肝动脉吻合。结果：８例肝动脉直径＜２ｍｍ的病例中,重建肝动脉时间为２５～６８ｍｉｎ。一例发生肝动脉血栓形成,一例术后８ｄ死于多器官功能衰竭,一例术后７２ｄ死于排斥反应所致移植物功能丧失。结论：显微外科技术重建肝动脉可降低肝移植术后肝动脉栓塞的发生。     

33例小儿活体肝移植术肝动脉并发症分析

目的研究小儿活体肝移植手术后肝动脉并发症,分析肝动脉血栓形成(HAT)相关原因及其诊治经验。方法回顾分析上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院器官移植科自2006年10月至2009年9月所行33例小儿活体肝移植手术相关资料。结果 33例移植患儿均接受亲属左外叶供肝,随访1年。共出现肝动脉栓塞3例(9.1%),2例经DSA溶栓后痊愈。结论小儿活体肝移植术术后发生肝动脉血栓几率较高,使用显微外科技术吻合肝动脉可以降低肝动脉血栓发生率,对可疑患者行肝动脉造影可有效诊断和治疗肝动脉血栓。     

活体肝移植中肝动脉的处理

目的 探讨活体肝移植中动脉重建技术及肝动脉变异的处理,减少肝动脉并发症.方法 行活体肝移植11例,其中右半肝5例、左半肝2例、左外叶1例、供体(右半肝+左半肝)3例,供受体术前均行肝动脉造影明确肝动脉的解剖及变异,肝动脉均采用显微外科技术重建.结果 肝动脉变异2例,1例右半肝供体副肝右动脉来源于肠系膜上动脉,1例左半肝供体副肝左动脉来源于胃左动脉.4例行双动脉重建,肝动脉吻合时间25～76 min,无肝动脉血栓形成、狭窄等并发症.受体并发症3例.结论 术前明确肝动脉的解剖及变异,选择合适的吻合部位,应用精细的显微外科技术重建肝动脉,能有效降低活体肝移植中动脉并发症的发生.     

79例成人活体肝移植的肝动脉显微重建技术与其并发症

目的:回顾性总结79例成人活体肝移植肝动脉显微外科重建技术及术后肝动脉血栓形成的诊治经验.方法:79例活体肝移植(76例右半肝,3例左半肝)采用显微外科技术,单支端端吻合重建肝动脉.结果:动脉平均吻合时间(55±16)min;吻合口内径<2 mm者12例(15.2%),均一次吻合成功;术后经肝动脉造影证实3例(3.8%)有肝动脉血栓形成,2例溶栓后痊愈.结论:显微外科技术重建肝动脉可以降低成人活体肝移植肝动脉血栓形成的发生率,术后肝动脉造影及溶栓可以有效地诊断和治疗肝动脉血栓形成.     

活体肝移植的几点关键外科技术

目的：探讨活体肝移植的几点关键外科技术。方法：2001年1月至2002年3月底,实施活体肝移植11例,其中左半肝8例,左外叶1例,成人右半肝2例;根据术前CT、血管造影和术中B超确定肝切除线,超声电刀离断肝实质,经门静脉灌注原位获取。受体手术采用保留腔静脉的全肝切除。移植肝原位植入,肝静脉重建采用扩大成型吻合技术,显微技术吻合肝动脉,胆道重建采用端端吻合,置“T“管引流。结果：11例供体术后顺利康复出院,未发生严重并发症。11例受体中,1例发生肝动脉血栓形成需再次肝移植,1例因不可逆转的严重排斥反应,于术后72d死亡。10例受体康复出院,肝功能、铜氧化酶恢复正常。结论：活体肝移植对供体是相对安全的。管道重建技术是活体肝移植的重要环节。术前、术中了解供体的解剖变异并正确处理,可降低并发症发生率。     

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目的 探讨肝移植术中肝动脉重建的手术技巧和肝动脉早期栓塞后的治疗选择.方法 回顾性分析第二军医大学附属东方肝胆外科医院2003年4月至2006年3月159例次原位肝移植术和3例活体肝移植术中肝动脉重建的经验,比较不同口径的肝动脉吻合时间;早期动脉栓塞后施行介入溶栓治疗的效果.结果 直径≥3mm动脉(120例)的平均吻合时间明显短于直径＜3mm的动脉(42例,P＜0.05);3例活体肝移植动脉重建时间分别是89min、120min和34min.2例(1.2%)术后早期并发肝动脉栓塞(HAT),1例介入溶栓治疗后肝动脉恢复血流,1例溶栓失败,急诊施行肝动脉-腹主动脉搭桥术后肝动脉恢复血流.结论 小口径肝动脉重建难度大,活体肝移植应采用显微外科重建,合理的吻合技术可减少术后HAT的发生;早期HAT需合理选择治疗措施.     

成人活体肝移植肝动脉重建50例

目的 总结成人活体肝移植的肝动脉重建经验.方法 我院2002年1月至2006年7月施行了50例成人右半肝活体肝移植,供、受者肝动脉的重建采用显微外科技术成形端端连续缝合方式完成.结果 术后肝动脉血栓形成2例(4%).随访时间2～52个月(中位随访时间9个月),术后和随访期未发现肝动脉狭窄、肝动脉假性动脉瘤等并发症.1年实际生存率为92%(46/50).结论 根据供、受者肝动脉解剖及变异情况,选择适宜的长度和匹配的口径,采用显微外科吻合技术重建肝动脉,是减少肝移植围手术期并发症发生的关键.     

显微外科技术在肝移植动脉重建中的应用

目的 探讨显微外科技术在肝移植动脉重建中的应用,以降低并发症的发生率,提高肝移植受者的生存率。方法 本组肝移植11例,其中亲体肝移植4例,原位肝移植7例,增采用显微外科技术行肝动脉吻合。结果 无一例患者发生肝动脉栓塞,10例患者均康复,无严重并发症。1例患者手术后8d死于多器官功能衰竭。结论 应用显微外科技术行肝动脉重建不仅对亲体肝移植,而且对全肝移植均取得良好效果。     

421例同种原位肝移植肝动脉重建体会

目的探讨肝移植手术过程中肝动脉重建的技术要点,分析肝移植术后肝动脉合并症发生的原因。方法回顾性总结2000年5月至2006年5月,6年间我院连续实施的同种原位肝移植421例患者的临床资料,分析肝移植手术过程中可能影响肝动脉重建的因素,以及术后肝动脉合并症发生的可能原因,总结术中肝动脉重建的技术要点。结果421例肝移植患者中共发生肝动脉相关合并症者14例,发生率为3.3%,肝移植术后血管合并症主要是动脉血栓形成及肝动脉狭窄。14例合并症患者中死亡9例,死亡率为64.3%。按合并症出现时间分类,早期动脉合并症8例,死亡6例,晚期动脉合并症6例,死亡3例。结论供肝动脉的完整性、供受体动脉的重建方法以及显微外科技术的应用是影响肝动脉重建结果的重要因素。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.