70岁以上病人胆道再次手术46例临床分析

目的探讨高龄病人胆道再次手术的原因与防治策略。方法回顾性分析我院2005年1月至2012年12月收治的46例各类高龄(70岁)胆道再次手术病人的临床资料。结果 46例高龄再次胆道手术病人中44例痊愈出院,2例住院期间死亡。围术期发生并发症共19例次(41.3%)。结论高龄病人胆道再手术既有胆道疾病本身原因,也有医源性因素。重视术前准备、术中仔细探查、选择合理手术方式是减少胆道再手术的重要因素。把握好胆道再手术的策略是再手术成功的关键。     

急诊胆石症胆道感染超高龄患者32例围手术期处理体会

目的 探讨超高龄患者在急诊胆道外科中的围手术期处理方法,以降低手术风险,提高手术疗效.方法 对实施急诊胆道外科手术的32例超高龄患者所采取的围手术期处理进行回顾性分析.结果 32例超高龄患者中,31例治愈出院,1例死亡.结论 急诊胆道外科中,即使是超高龄患者也可以通过多学科的协作、充分的术前评估和围手术期的综合处理,降低手术风险,因手术治疗而获得康复.     

肠外营养在高龄胆道疾病患者围手术期的临床意义

目的 总结肠外营养在高龄胆道疾病患者围手术期的治疗经验。方法 选择35例营养状况较差的高龄胆道疾病患者围手术期进行肠外营养，与32例高龄术前营养状况良好、围手术期常规补液的患者进行对比，分析肠外营养支持和常规补液的临床效果及生化变化。结果 肠外营养组自我恢复能力较好，体重、血浆蛋白在术后变化较小，胃肠功能恢复较快，并发症少；常规补液组体重、血浆蛋白术后改变明显，并发症多。结论 围手术期肠外营养支持对高龄胆道疾病患者术后恢复起明显的促进作用，降低了并发症的发生。     

160例70岁以上高龄普胸手术患者围术期处理

目的总结高龄普胸手术患者围术期处理体会.方法对我院自1995年5月至2003年1月160例70岁以上高龄患者施行普胸手术的围术期处理进行回顾分析.结果术后出现或加重的循环系统并发症42例(26.3%),呼吸系统并发症14例(8.8%).围术期死亡1例,手术死亡率为0.63%.随访123例,随访率77.4%,术后1年、3年和5年生存率分别为87.0%、65.0%和30.1%.结论对70岁以上老年人普胸手术的围术期处理主要为防止及治疗全身各系统的并发症,其次应注意疾病本身的并发症.只要病例选择恰当,70岁以上高龄患者施行普胸手术围术期安全.     

高龄患者心脏围手术期手术风险分析

目的 探讨高龄心脏病患者围手术期特点及心脏手术的风险。方法 选取2007年1月－2011年6月不同类型心脏手术病人255例,分为A组（≥70岁）55例,B组（＜70岁）200例。分析两组间病人术前危险因素、手术策略及围术期监护的特点,对比两组间术后并发症及预后。结果 术前危险因素中,原发性高血压、急性冠脉综合征、肾功能不全在A组占比例显著高于B组（P<0.05）, EuroSCORE评分A组(5.56±2.26)高于B组(2.14±2.21, P<0.001）。术中体外循环时间A组(102.61±38.36min)显著短于B组(119.66±47.57min, P<0.05）, 主动脉阻断时间A组(63.57±27.08min)显著短于B组(79.46±35.29min, P<0.05）。术后A组肺部感染发生率,急性肾损伤发生率,呼吸机使用时间,ICU停留时间均高于B组（P<0.05）; 术后脑梗塞发生率,心律失常发生率,总引流量,血管活性药物使用情况及住院死亡率两组间无显著差异。结论 准确识别高龄患者围术期危险因素,制定个性化策略,缩短体外循环时间,积极预防并正确处理围术期并发症,可有效降低高龄患者群体心脏手术的风险。     

高龄腹部手术患者围手术期处理

目的　探讨高龄腹部手术患者围手术期的处理。方法　回顾性分析 5 8例 70岁以上腹部手术患者围手术期临床资料。结果　 4 7例 (81.0 % )术前有重要器官病变 ,主要是心血管疾病 39例 (6 7.2 % )、慢性阻塞性肺疾病 18例 (31.0 % ) ,糖尿病 15例 (2 5 .9% )。术后并发症主要在心血管系统 18例 (31.0 % ) ,呼吸系统 2 3例 (39.7% ) ,伤口裂开 2例。无吻合口瘘、伤口或腹腔感染发生。结论　老年人腹部手术的主要危险因素是心肺疾病 ,其次原因是急诊手术、手术创伤、手术时间、年龄大、营养免疫状况低下。应根据老年生理病理的特点和器官功能的状态 ,术前全面评估和准备 ,术后加强监测和支持     

单中心23年胆道外科腹腔镜手术的围手术期安全性分析

目的分析解放军总医院23年间收治胆道外科行腹腔镜手术患者的围手术期情况,探讨腹腔镜手术在胆道外科应用中的安全性。 方法根据相关纳入标准回顾性分析解放军总医院胆道外科1992年4月至2014年12月期间收治的连续11 419例腹腔镜手术患者的临床资料,进而分析其围手术期并发症发生和严重程度情况。选取同期行开腹手术的患者资料作为对照进行对比分析,比较两组患者之间围手术期和术后并发症情况。 结果(1)解放军总医院胆道外科1992年4月至2014年12月23年间收治的行腹腔镜手术患者共11 419例,占同期胆道外科手术患者的56.33%。(2)在所有患者中,围手术期死亡患者2例,病死率为0.02%;发生并发症患者43例,并发症发生率为0.38%。在所有并发症中,最常见的依次为胆瘘、切口感染和腹腔感染,发生率分别为0.18%、0.05%和0.05%,其中60.42%的并发症为Ⅱ级并发症,V级致死性并发症占4.17%。(3)腹腔镜手术并发症患者中构成比最高的疾病是胆囊良性疾病和肝外胆管结石,分别占58.14%和25.58%。(4) 对于胆囊良性疾病而言,腹腔镜手术的术中出血量、手术时间、术后住院时间、并发症发生率、病死率均优于开腹手术[(15.6±26.1)ml、(1.1±0.5)h、(2.1±1.8)d、25例(0.22%)、1例(0.01%)] vs [(136.1±168.2)ml、(1.7±0.8)h、(9.8±5.4)d、25例(0.22%)、80例(4.42%)](P<0.01)。对于肝外胆管结石患者而言,腹腔镜手术的术中出血量、术后住院时间和并发症发生率方面优于开腹手术[(44.4±46.1)ml、(5.4±5.7)h、11例(3.24%)] vs [(142.5±125.0)ml、(13.0±9.1)h、(9.8±5.4)d、84例(13.29%)](P<0.01)。 结论随着腹腔镜技术在胆道外科的推广和发展,其在胆囊良性疾病和肝外胆管结石中的应用最为广泛,围手术期效果明显优于开腹手术。     

高龄患者髋关节置换围手术期危险因素处理的临床研究

[目的] 研究高龄患者髋关节置换术中相关危险因素,探讨如何提高高龄患者人工髋关节置换手术的安全性.[方法] 选取广西医科大学第四附属医院1999年1月～2006年12月同期80岁以上(含80岁)50例和79岁以下71例接受髋关节置换术的患者,通过对2组病人术中相关危险因素的评估,对手术期安全因素进行分析.[结果] 80岁以上组和79岁以下组在术中危险因素的评估中除了手术方式和麻醉方式上有统计学差异外,血压、心率变化、术中并发心血管疾病以及术前住院时间均没有统计学差别.[结论] 经过严格病例选择和充分的术前准备,高龄患者人工髋关节置换手术期是安全的,积极预防和正确的处理术中相关并发症,绝大多数高龄患者是可以安全接受髋关节置换术的,人工股骨头置换应作为首选手术方式.     

高龄病人胆道手术的围手术期处理

目的: 探讨高龄病人胆道手术的围手术期处理方法.方法: 回顾分析我院1999年至2002年间82例各类高龄胆道病人(年龄74~96岁)的术前准备及术后处理方法.其中,伴有各类心脏疾病35例,糖尿病5例,高血压21例,肺通气功能障碍物13例,电解质紊乱3例,肾功能不全4例,肝功能损害31例.结果: 全组均行手术治疗(包括择期或急诊手术).其中,1例胆囊癌行根治术,1例胆总管囊肿行囊肿切除、胆管空肠Roux-Y吻合术,1例胆总管下端狭窄行EST术,其余各例分别行胆囊切除、胆总管探查、T管引流术,有5例同时加做空肠造瘘术并行早期EN治疗.81例治愈出院,1例死于心肺功能衰竭.结论: 良好的围手术期处理是高龄胆道病人手术成功的关键.     

消化系统手术围手术期死亡48例分析

本文分析了48例消化系统手术围手术期死亡病例的各项临床因素及其死亡原因,探讨消化系统手术围手术期的危险因素。高龄患者,合并有高血压、冠心病、糖尿病及肺部疾患的患者,急性化脓性胆管炎及恶性肿瘤中晚期患者,经受肝部分切除术、胰十二指肠切除术、开胸食道癌贲门癌根治术的患者等,围手术期有较高的死亡率。这些患者术前准备应力求完善,术中术后加强心电监护及营养支持,选择合理的手术时机及方式,对于降低围手术期死亡有重要意义。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.