胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘危险因素的荟萃分析

目的运用荟萃分析评估胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的相关危险因素,以指导临床诊治。方法使用Rev Man5.2对2005年1月至2014年9月间国内发表的关于胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的危险因素分析的12篇文献进行Meta分析。结果性别、年龄、糖尿病、冠心病、高血压、手术时间、术前总胆红素以及术后是否使用生长抑素与术后胰瘘的发生无统计学意义(P0.05);而术前白蛋白低于30 g/L(OR=0.52,95%CI:0.33~0.80,P0.01)、胰腺质地柔软(OR=0.20,95%CI:0.14~0.29,P0.01)、胰管直径小于3 mm(OR=0.26,95%CI:0.17~0.42,P0.01)、胰管未放置支撑管(OR=0.52,95%CI:0.31~0.88,P0.05)以及胰肠套入式吻合(OR=0.60,95%CI:0.38~0.95,P0.05)与术后胰瘘的发生关系密切。结论胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘与患者性别、年龄、糖尿病、冠心病、高血压、手术时间、术前总胆红素以及术后是否使用生长抑素;而术前低蛋白血症、质软的胰腺质地、细小的胰管、胰管支撑管是否放置以及胰肠吻合方式的选择等因素影响着术后胰瘘的发生。     

两种胰肠吻合方式对胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的影响

目的 分析胰十二指肠切除术后胰管空肠黏膜对黏膜吻合和套入式胰肠端端吻合术后并发症发生情况,为选择最佳的胰肠重建方式提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2004年6月至2008年5月于四川大学华西医院接受胰十二指肠切除术的342例患者的临床资料.根据吻合方式的不同将患者分为黏膜-黏膜吻合组(179例),采用胰管空肠黏膜对黏膜吻合;套入式吻合组(163例),采用套入式胰肠端端吻合.根据Clavien术后并发症诊断和分级标准分析胰管空肠黏膜对黏膜吻合和套入式胰肠端端吻合与术后并发症发生率及其严重程度的关系.计量资料采用t检验,计数资料采用x2检验.结果 本组患者术后总体并发症发生率为48.8％(167/342),其中黏膜-黏膜组术后并发症发生率为38.0％(68/179),套入式吻合组为60.7％(99/163),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=17.667,P＜0.05).在术后并发症的严重程度分级中,黏膜-黏膜组患者Ⅱ级和Ⅴ级并发症发生率分别为16.8％(30/179)和1.1％(2/179),显著低于套入式吻合组的28.2％(46/163)和5.5％(9/163),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=6.484,5.316,P＜0.05).结论 胰十二指肠切除术采用胰管空肠黏膜对黏膜吻合的术后并发症发生率显著低于套入式胰肠端端吻合,胰管空肠黏膜对黏膜吻合可能更有利于患者术后的恢复.     

胰十二指肠切除改良胰管空肠吻合预防胰瘘的临床研究

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术改良的胰管空肠端侧黏膜对黏膜胰管空肠套入式吻合方式预防胰瘘的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析111例胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料,其中残胰重建方式为胰管空肠黏膜对黏膜套入式端侧精确吻合(改良胰管空肠吻合)者41例(改良组),胰空肠端端常规套入吻合手术者70例(常规组),比较两种胰肠吻合方法对术后胰瘘发生率的影响。结果改良组41例术后恢复顺利,无一例发生胰瘘;常规组发生胰瘘13例(18.57%)。两种术式间胰瘘发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组其他并发症发生率如消化道出血、胃排空障碍、胆瘘、腹腔感染、肺感染和切口感染以及生存率方面的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论胰十二指肠切除术胰管空肠端侧黏膜对黏膜套入式吻合在预防胰瘘发生方面具有明显优势,值得在临床工作中推广运用。     

两种胰肠吻合术式与胰瘘关系探讨

目的分析比较粘合式胰肠吻合方式与双层套入式吻合方式发生胰瘘并发症的差异。方法对1999年1月至2006年1月期间57例胰十二指肠切除术病例资料进行回顾性分析研究,依据术中胰肠吻合方式的不同,分为粘合式胰肠吻合组和双层套入式吻合组,比较两组间手术时间、出血量、平均住院时间和胰瘘发生率的差异。结果无手术死亡。两组手术时间、出血量和平均住院时间无统计学差异。套入式吻合组发生胰肠吻合口瘘1例(2.9%)、单纯性胰瘘6例(17.6%),粘合式吻合组无胰瘘发生。两组胰肠吻合口瘘差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),套入式吻合组单纯性胰瘘显著高于粘合式吻合组(P<0.05)。胰瘘经保守治疗均治愈。结论胰肠吻合术式对胰瘘发生率有一定的影响,粘合式胰肠吻合术式可以有效地降低胰瘘发生率。     

空肠浆肌鞘套入双捆绑预防胰肠吻合术后胰瘘的效果观察

目的:通过与传统的胰十二指肠切除术进行比较,探讨空肠浆肌鞘套入双捆绑胰肠吻合对预防胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的效果.方法:行胰十二指肠切除患者40例,其中行空肠浆肌鞘套入双捆绑胰肠吻合的患者28例作为观察组,传统胰十二指肠切除术后套入式胰肠吻合的12例作为对照组.对2组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后胰瘘、术后并发症和住院时间以及住院费用等方面进行对比研究.结果:观察组术后胰瘘的发生率明显低于对照组(0 vs2/1 2,P<0.05),2组在手术中出血量及手术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但手术时间、术后住院时间短于对照组(P<0.05).结论:相对于传统的胰十二指肠切除术中套入式胰肠吻合重建方式,空肠浆肌鞘套入双捆绑胰肠吻合方式简化了胰肠吻合过程,固定更牢靠,操作更简单,有双重保险的效果,预防术后胰瘘效果明显.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的防治体会

目的分析胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的防治措施,以减少胰十二指肠切除术后并发症发生率。方法2001年1月至2005年12月对106例患者行胰十二指肠切除术,其中常规胰十二指肠切除术87例,保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术4例,扩大胰十二指肠切除术15例。结果术后共出现胰瘘11例(10.4%),胰腺空肠端端套入式吻合、胰腺空肠端侧套入式吻合、胰管空肠黏膜吻合三种吻合方式胰瘘发生率分别为9.6%、12.9%和8.7%。术后平均胰瘘持续时间为(14.7±4.5)d。所有胰瘘患者均应用生长抑素类药物抑制胰腺外分泌治疗。结论防治胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的关键是改善胰肠吻合口的质量和保持引流通畅。术后应用生长抑素类药物有助于胰瘘的愈合。     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的危险因素分析

目的分析胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的危险因素,探讨黏膜-黏膜胰肠吻合减少术后胰瘘的可能性。方法回顾性研究我院2000年1月至2004年4月间85例胰十二指肠切除术病例,分析影响胰瘘的术前及术中危险因素,比较不同胰肠吻合方式对胰瘘的影响。结果术后胰瘘总发生率16.5%(14/85),其中黏膜-黏膜组3.57%(1/28),传统套入组22.8%(13/57)。统计学分析显示,胰肠吻合方式、胰管直径及残余胰腺质地为影响胰瘘发生的显著因素;多因素Logistic回归分析表明,胰管直径和胰腺质地为影响胰瘘发生的独立危险因素,P值分别为0.013和0.009,相对危险度(OR)分别为5.276和8.538。结论胰肠吻合方式、胰管直径和胰腺质地是影响胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的危险因素,对胰管扩张者(≥3mm)行黏膜-黏膜吻合可显著降低术后胰瘘的发生率,是一种安全可靠的胰肠吻合方法。     

胰肠吻合方式与胰十二指肠切除术后并发症相关性的meta分析

目的系统评价胰十二指肠切除术中采用胰管对黏膜胰肠吻合(dmPJ)和套入式胰肠吻合(iPJ)对术后并发症的影响。方法在Pubmed、The Cochrane Library、Embase、万方数据库及中国期刊全文数据库中检索所有比较胰十二指肠切除术中采用不同胰肠吻合方式的前瞻性随机对照试验(RCT)。按照拟定的纳入标准与排除标准对文献进行筛选;文献质量评价参考Jadad质量评分系统;meta分析运用Rev Man 5.2版。结果共纳入9篇RCT,患者1 032例,其中dm PJ组510例,i PJ组522例。meta分析结果显示:dm PJ组和i PJ组的总胰瘘发生率(OR=0.95,P=0.78)、临床相关胰瘘发生率(OR=0.78,P=0.71)、总并发症发生率(OR=0.93,P=0.60)、围手术期死亡率(OR=0.86,P=0.71)、再手术率(OR=1.18,P=0.59)及住院时间(WMD=-1.11,P=0.19)的差异均无统计学意义。结论胰十二指肠切除术中采用dm PJ或i PJ对术后胰瘘及其他并发症发生率的影响无明显差异。     

改良套入式胰肠吻合技术在胰十二指肠切除术中的临床应用研究

目的探究改良套入式胰肠吻合技术在胰十二指肠切除术中应用的安全性与可靠性。方法 2014年至2016年对33例接受胰十二指肠根治术的患者进行前瞻性研究,术中胰肠吻合采用改良套入式胰肠吻合技术。并记录其一般情况及术后胰瘘、胆瘘、延迟胃排空、切口延迟愈合、感染等并发症情况。数据分析用SPSS 19统计软件,根据数据变量类型以±s或X0.5(Q25,Q 75)表示,选择卡方检验(Chi-square test)计算不同胰腺质地与胰瘘关系。并根据统计学结果以Graphpad prism 5行统计图绘制。P0.05认为差异有统计学意义。结果总体并发症率为24.2%(8/33),胰瘘发生率为15.2%(5/33),A级胰瘘占总体胰瘘率的80.0%(4/5)。其中质软胰腺与质硬胰腺胰瘘发生概率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.05,P=0.934)。胆瘘发生率3.0%(1/33),出血发生率6.1%(2/33),延迟胃排空发生率为3.0%(1/33),围手术期无二次手术及死亡病例。结论应用改良套入式胰肠吻合技术胰瘘发生概率较低,手术安全可靠,操作简便。     

胰肠吻合方式与胰瘘(附477例报告)

目的 :本文探讨胰十二指肠切除术胰肠吻合方式与胰瘘预防的关系。方法 :回顾 1 988年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 4月477例胰十二指肠切除术病例 ,胰肠吻合方式包括端端套入吻合、端侧套入吻合、胰管空肠端侧黏膜吻合 ;胰管支撑和胰液引流包括胰管支撑内引流、胰管支撑外引流和无胰管支撑等。结果 :术后胰瘘总发生率为 2 .52 % (1 2 477) ,96年前为 6 .78% (8 1 1 8) ,死亡 2例 ;1 996年后为 1 .1 1 % (4 359) ,死亡 1例。同时期吻合方式比较 ,1 996年前的两种主要吻合方式中 ,胰管空肠端侧黏膜吻合法的胰瘘发生率显著低于端端套入法 (χ2 =4.30 34 ,P <0 .0 5)。1 996年后的两种主要吻合方式中 ,胰管空肠端侧黏膜吻合法的胰瘘发生率显著低于端侧套入吻合法 (χ2 =1 3 .5778,P<0 .0 1 )。端端套入吻合法放置胰管外引流的胰瘘发生率显著低于单纯内支撑 (χ2 =4.82 4 4 ,P <0 .0 5) ;胰管空肠端侧黏膜吻合法放置胰管外引流与单纯内引流相比相差不显著 (χ2 =0 .2 842 ,P >0 .0 5)。结论 :操作技术的熟练程度是影响胰瘘发生率的重要因素。胰管空肠端侧黏膜吻合法优于端侧套入和端侧套入吻合法。在吻合技术不熟练时 ,放置胰管支撑外引流有助于减少胰瘘发生率     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.