Emphysematous cystitis.

Case A 39-year-old homeless man presented with weight loss, urinaryfrequency and urinary incontinence. On examination he had apalpable bladder and extensive peripheral neuropathy. Initialblood glucose level was 43.5 mmol/l, serum creatinine was 107µmol/l and Hb_A1c was 16.2%. He     

Acute and recurrent symptomatic urinary tract infections in women

Urinary tract infections remain a common problem affecting a wide population, especially adult females. The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of the pathogenesis, and to recommend practical approaches to therapy. Due to the size of the field, comments have been limited to acute and recurrent urinary tract infection in women.     

Complicated urinary tract infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a single institution (1999–2003)

BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been an important uropathogen that causes complicated urinary tract infection. We investigated the clinical characteristics of complicated urinary tract infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a single institution. METHODS: We studied those patients who had basal disease in their urinary tract that was diagnosed as urinary tract infection caused by more than 10(4) colony forming units (CFU)/mL of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from their urine. In those patients, we analysed infectious risk factors, treatment methods including the use of antimicrobial agents, the presence of a urinary tract catheter, and the relationship between febrile infection and urinary tract catheter. In addition, we examined the various antimicrobial susceptibilities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. RESULTS: We studied 76 patients (59 men and 17 women). Of their basal diseases of the urinary tract, bladder tumor was the most prevalent (42.1%). Of the 39 patients who had an indwelling urinary tract catheter, 26 (66.7%) experienced a high-grade fever, a higher rate than that of the 37 patients who were not catheterized (40.5%). Seven patients were treated with anticancer chemotherapy drugs and 31 cases of urinary tract infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were diagnosed in the perioperative period. Piperacillin showed lower susceptibility against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in these 2 years (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that those patients with urinary tract catheterization had a higher incidence of fever than patients without catheterization. Therefore, we must improve not only the antimicrobial treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa but also our management of catheters.     

Premenopausal women with recurrent urinary tract infections have lower quality of life

Objectives

To examine the impact on quality of life of recurrent acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection among premenopausal Singaporean women, and to determine the risk factors for lower quality of life among these patients.

Methods

A total of 85 patients with recurrent acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection who were referred to the Urology Department at the National University Hospital, Singapore, were prospectively recruited over a 3‐year period to complete the validated Short Form 36 Health Survey version 1. In addition, demographic and clinical details including symptomology and medical history were analyzed for factors impacting quality of life. Short Form 36 Health Survey version 1 results were compared with published population norms.

Results

After adjusting for age, gender and race, recurrent acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection patients had significantly lower quality of life on seven out of eight Short Form 36 Health Survey version 1 domains when compared with age‐, gender‐ and race‐adjusted population norms for Singapore. Among those with recurrent acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection, those who also reported caffeine consumption had significantly lower Short Form 36 Health Survey version 1 scores than those who did not. Those who reported chronic constipation also had consistently lower Short Form 36 Health Survey version 1 scores across all domains.

Conclusions

Recurrent acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection has a negative impact on the quality of life of premenopausal, otherwise healthy women. Recurrent acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection patients who also have chronic constipation or consume caffeine have lower quality of life than those who do not. More studies are required to understand the relationships between these common problems and risk factors.

     

High prevalence of febrile urinary tract infections after paediatric renal transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Adult data suggest that urinary tract infections occur frequently after renal transplantation (RTx) and contribute to mortality and graft loss; data in children are limited. Therefore, we evaluated prevalence, short and long-term morbidity and confounding factors of febrile UTI (fUTI) after paediatric RTx. METHODS: In a retrospective cross-sectional study of three centres, we analysed data on 110 children followed for 4.9+/-3.4 years after successful transplantation. RESULTS: 40/110 (36%) patients had at least one fUTI at a median time of 0.98 years (range 0.02-8.96) after RTx; 11 patients (28%) had recurrent fUTI. Serum creatinine (SCr) rose significantly from 1.15+/-1.13 to 1.83+/-1.69 mg/dl, (P<0.001) during the fUTI, declining to baseline values after treatment. At the last followed-up calculated mean, GFR was comparable between fUTI and non-fUTI groups (75+/-26 vs 71+/-22 ml/min/1.73 m2). During fUTI mean, C-reactive protein (CRP) increased to 123+/-75 mg/l. Febrile UTI were significantly more frequent in girls compared to boys (22/44 vs 18/66, P<0.05) but occurred significantly earlier in boys than in girls [median 0.63 (range 0.02-4.15) vs 1.07 (0.04-8.96) years after RTx; P<0.02]. Also, patients with urinary tract malformations (UTMs) and neurogenic bladder as underlying diagnosis and those with urological surgery prior to transplantation had an increased risk for fUTI. CONCLUSION: fUTI is a frequent complication with significant short-term morbidity especially in girls and children with UTMs, neurogenic bladder and those with urological surgery. Long-term follow-up and prospective studies confirming specific risk factors, preventive measures and impact on graft survival are necessary.     

Rapid detection of urinary tract pathogens using microcalorimetry: principle, technique and first results

Study Type – Diagnostic (exploratory cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Microcalorimetry has been applied in several microbiological studies, but never in a clinical urological context. In addition, basic knowledge on the growth of urinary pathogens in urine is still scarce and data regarding the growth rate of many urinary pathogens in urine are still not available. The study demonstrates that this innovative application of microcalorimetry is useful in (i) investigating the growth of urinary pathogens in sterilized urine and (ii) as a rapid tool for diagnosis of urinary infection as well as for further identification of the causative infectious agent.

OBJECTIVE

• ? To investigate the value of isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) in the detection and differentiation of common urinary tract pathogens in urine. IMC is a non‐specific analytical tool for the measurement of heat in the microwatt range.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? A microcalorimeter equipped with 48 channels was used. Detection was accomplished, and growth was monitored for four bacterial strains in sterilized urine at 37 °C by measuring metabolic heat flow (µW =µJ/s) as a function of time.
• ? The strains were Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus.

RESULTS

• ? Bacterial growth was detected after 3.1 to 17.1 h with decreasing inocula.
• ? The detection limit was 1 colony‐forming unit (CFU)/mL for E. coli, 10 CFU/mL for P. mirabilis and E. faecalis and 10³ CFU/mL for S. aureus.
• ? The total heat was highest in P. mirabilis ranging from 10 to 12 J, followed by E. coli (3–4 J), S. aureus (2–3 J) and E. faecalis (1.3–1.5 J).
• ? The shape of the heat flow curves was characteristic for each species independent of its initial concentration.

CONCLUSIONS

• ? IMC allows rapid detection of bacteriuria, much faster than conventional culture. Urinary tract pathogen detection after only 3.1 h is realistic.
• ? Clearly different heat flow patterns enable accurate pathogen differentiation.
• ? Due to expeditious identification of urine samples that contain only low colony counts (i.e. less than 10³ CFU/mL), IMC may become a valuable screening tool for detecting the presence of significant bacteriuria.

     

膀胱镜检查与医源性尿路感染

为研究膀胱镜检查与医源性尿路感染的关系以及预防性应用抗菌药的意义,本文总结了117例膀胱镜检查资料,提出对检查前非感染尿病人,检查后不必常规预防性应用抗菌药;对检查前感染尿病人而尿细菌培养阴性者,建议检查后预防性应用抗菌药;对检查前尿细菌培养阳性者,尤其对于尿路梗阻或拟行输尿管插管的病人,建议检查前后应用有效的抗菌药。     

输尿管结石继发严重上尿路感染的联合治疗

目的：探讨输尿管结石继发严重上尿路感染的治疗方法与疗效。方法：回顾性分析32例输尿管结石梗阻继发急性严重上尿路感染患者的临床治疗方法：在积极抗感染的同时,急诊行膀胱镜下逆行插管引流,或在B超引导下经皮肾穿刺置管引流,其中27例感染控制后二期行输尿管镜下碎石或ESWL,3例在抗感染同时行ESWL,2例在抗感染同时行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术。结果：19例膀胱镜下逆行插管成功,8例在B超引导下行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术成功,3～6天后患者体温和血白细胞数降至正常。二期14例行输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术成功,13例行ESWL成功。在抗感染同时一期行ESWL或输尿管镜的5例碎石成功。所有患者无输尿管穿孔、输尿管撕裂、严重出血等并发症。术后1～8周输尿管结石全部排净,平均住院28．5天。结石排净后随访1～9个月,患肾功能全部恢复正常。结论：膀胱镜下逆行插管引流或经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流联合输尿管镜下碎石或ESWL简便,耐受性好,并发症少,可迅速控制感染,清除结石,二者联合应用是输尿管结石继发急性严重上尿路感染的理想治疗方法。     

Summary of the UAA‐AAUS guidelines for urinary tract infections

Urinary tract infections, genital tract infections and sexually transmitted infections are the most prevalent infectious diseases, and the establishment of locally optimized guidelines is critical to provide appropriate treatment. The Urological Association of Asia has planned to develop the Asian guidelines for all urological fields, and the present urinary tract infections, genital tract infections and sexually transmitted infections guideline was the second project of the Urological Association of Asia guideline development, which was carried out by the Asian Association of Urinary Tract Infection and Sexually Transmitted Infection. The members have meticulously reviewed relevant references, retrieved via the PubMed and MEDLINE databases, published between 2009 through 2015. The information identified through the literature review of other resources was supplemented by the author. Levels of evidence and grades of recommendation for each management were made according to the relevant strategy. If the judgment was made on the basis of insufficient or inadequate evidence, the grade of recommendation was determined on the basis of committee discussions and resultant consensus statements. Here, we present a short English version of the original guideline, and overview its key clinical issues.     

URINARY BACTERIOLOGY OF CONTINENT URINARY RESERVOIRS AND CALCULUS FORMATION

In order to investigate urinary bacteriology in relation to calculus formation in continent urinary reservoirs, a retrospective study was conducted of 19 patients with the Kock pouch and 23 patients with the Indiana pouch. Analysis of a total of 151 urine-cultures showed that asymptomatic bacteria (any bacterial count) were present in 92% of urines from the Kock pouch and 74% from the Indiana pouch. The incidence of organisms and total bacterial counts were similar for both pouches. The most prevalent organisms were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Enterococcus sp. Urinary calculi developed in 42% of the Kock pouch patients and 13% of the Indiana pouch patients. More than half of the patients had multiple stone recurrence. Infectious stones developed in 32% of the Kock pouch patients, usually on the foreign materials, and 9% of the Indiana pouch patients. In general, no clear relationship was established between urinary bacteriology and calculus formation although Proteus sp. or Providencia sp. was determined to be the causative organism in some infectious stones. Furthermore, metabolic stones developed in 32% of the Kock pouch patients and 9% of the Indiana pouch patients. Because calcium phosphate was a constituent of 80% of the metabolic stones, the presence of urinary factors promoting calculus formation was suspected.     

尿路结石术前应用抗菌药物治疗的指征是什么?

感染是尿路结石常见的并发症之一.感染性尿液可渗入肾实质内,破坏正常的肾组织而引起肾功能受损,甚至导致肾功能丧失.细菌及内毒素进入血液可发生脓毒血症甚至感染性休克,危及患者生命.对于细菌感染或具感染风险的患者,如果术前使用抗生素有效控制尿路感染,并且能够保持手术时血液及肾盂内一定的药物浓度,可以降低碎石时肾盂内的细菌负荷,减少细菌入血机会,预防感染进一步扩散和加重.目前多数指南对于尿路结石术前应用抗菌药物的指征,仅局限于已经存在尿路感染的患者,作者就这一问题进行进一步探讨.     

Primary urinary tract infection in infants: prophylaxis for uncomplicated pyelonephritis

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common causes of unexplained fever in infants with a reported prevalence range of 5-11%. The clinical and laboratory findings were reviewed, and diagnosis and treatment for 95 infants with primary UTI were evaluated in this study. METHODS: All patients underwent renal ultrasonography, voiding cystourethrogram and 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan during hospitalization before treatment, with treatment consisting of 2- or 4-week appropriated antibiotic therapy for the patients associated upper UTI, followed by a second DMSA scan 6 months after therapy. RESULTS: In the present study the main symptom of UTI in infants was fever. High white blood cell count was not necessarily present, and urinalysis was also an imperfect diagnostic tool for discriminating UTI. In addition, colony count from urine culture and kidney ultrasonography was not efficacious in terms of predicting the occurrence of pyelonephritis. Intravenous antibiotic for 1 week followed by 3 weeks of the same oral antibiotic provided good prophylaxis for uncomplicated pyelonephritis. CONCLUSION: Four weeks of antibiotic treatment resulted in good recovery from pyelonephritis in the present sample of infant primary UTI cases. voiding cystourethrogram, DMSA and ultrasonography scanning should be performed in primary infant UTI.