Teenage pregnancy and associated risk behaviors among sexually abused adolescents

CONTEXT: Previous research suggests a link between adolescent pregnancy and sexual abuse history, but most studies have used clinical samples of females only and single measures of abuse. METHODS: Associations between pregnancy involvement, risk behaviors and sexual abuse were examined in sexually experienced teenagers from the Minnesota Student Surveys of 1992 (N=29,187) and 1998 (N=25,002). Chi-square tests assessed differences in pregnancy involvement and related risk behaviors among four groups of adolescents, categorized by type of abuse experienced: none, incest only, nonfamilial only or both. Odds ratios for pregnancy involvement and risk behaviors, adjusted for grade level and race, were calculated for each gender by using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Sexual abuse was reported by 6% of males and 27% of females in 1992, and by 9% and 22% in 1998. Reports of pregnancy involvement were significantly more common among abused adolescents (13-26% of females and 22-61% of males, depending on type of abuse) than among nonabused adolescents (8-10%). Abused adolescents were more likely than others to report risk behaviors, and teenagers reporting both abuse types had the highest odds of pregnancy involvement and risk behaviors. The differential in the odds of pregnancy involvement and most behaviors was larger between nonabused and abused males than between nonabused and abused females. CONCLUSIONS: Teenage pregnancy risk is strongly linked to sexual abuse, especially for males and those who have experienced both incest and nonfamilial abuse. To further reduce the U.S. teenage pregnancy rate, the pregnancy prevention needs of these groups must be adequately addressed.     

Alcohol and drug disorders among physically abusive and neglectful parents in a community-based sample.

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of substance use disorders and symptoms between adults reporting child physical abuse or neglect and individually matched control subjects in a community sample. METHODS. In a nested case-control study, 169 adults reporting physical abuse of a child and 209 adults reporting neglect of a child from 11,662 individuals successfully interviewed in a probabilistic survey in four communities were individually matched with control subjects drawn from the participants. Case subjects were compared with control subjects on the number of alcohol- or drug-related symptoms and disorder diagnoses as determined by symptoms from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. RESULTS. Respondents reporting either physical abuse or neglect of children were much more likely than their matched control subjects to report substance abuse or dependence. These differences persisted after potential confounding variables were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS. Parental substance abuse and dependence, independent of confounding factors, are highly associated with child maltreatment. Inconsistent results in previous studies may have arisen from reliance on referred samples and unstandardized assessment methods. Agencies involved in the care of abused or neglected children and their families should consider incorporating routine substance abuse evaluations with treatment, or referral for treatment, where indicated.     

Adult-onset vulvodynia in relation to childhood violence victimization

Researchers have failed to find a consistent association between childhood victimization and vulvodynia, a debilitating, unexplained vulvar pain condition. However, selection bias associated with case ascertainment, and differential reporting bias between clinic-based cases and controls, may explain in part the inconsistent findings. In 2000-2003, the authors identified 125 women experiencing symptoms of vulvar pain consistent with vulvodynia and 125 age- and community-matched controls from the Boston, Massachusetts-area general population. Telephone-administered questionnaires were used to obtain medical, psychiatric, and reproductive histories. Self-administered surveys assessed childhood exposure (age <12 years) to physical and sexual abuse and to poor family support. After author adjustment for socioeconomic position, women with vulvar pain versus controls were 2.6 times more likely to report never/rarely receiving childhood family support, such as comfort, encouragement, and love (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3, 5.1). Adult-onset vulvodynia was strongly associated with abuse as a child more than a few times physically (odds ratio (OR) = 4.1, 95% CI: 1.7, 10.0) or sexually (OR = 6.5, 95% CI: 1.2, 35.1). When abused women were compared with those with no history of abuse, the association was largely confined to those harmed by a primary family member (OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.6, 8.0 for physical abuse; OR = 4.4, 95% CI: 0.9, 22.9 for sexual abuse). Additional population-based studies of clinically confirmed cases of vulvodynia are needed to replicate this association.     

Screening injured children for physical abuse or neglect in emergency departments: a systematic review

Background Screening markers are used in emergency departments (EDs) to identify children who should be assessed for possible physical abuse and neglect. We conducted three systematic reviews evaluating age, repeat attendance and injury type as markers for physical abuse or neglect in injured children attending EDs. Methods We included studies comparing markers in physically abused or neglected children and non‐abused injured children attending ED or hospital. We calculated likelihood ratios (LRs) for age group, repeat attendance and injury type (head injury, bruises, fractures, burns or other). Given the low prevalence of abuse or neglect, we considered that an LR of 10 or more would be clinically useful. Results All studies were poor quality. Infancy increased the risk of physical abuse or neglect in severely injured or admitted children (LRs 7.7–13.0, 2 studies) but was not strongly associated in children attending the ED (LR 1.5, 95% CI: 0.9, 2.8; one study). Repeat attendance did not substantially increase the risk of abuse or neglect and may be confounded by chronic disease and socio‐economic status (LRs 0.8–3.9, 3 studies). One study showed no evidence that the type of injury substantially increased the risk of physical abuse or neglect in severely injured children. Conclusions There was no evidence that any of the markers (infancy, type of injury, repeated attendance) were sufficiently accurate (i.e. LR ≥ 10) to screen injured children in the ED to identify those requiring paediatric assessment for possible physical abuse or neglect. Clinicians should be aware that among injured children at ED a high proportion of abused children will present without these characteristics and a high proportion of non‐abused children will present with them. Information about age, injury type and repeat attendances should be interpreted in this context.     

The impact of childhood abuse history, domestic violence and mental health symptoms on parenting behaviour among mothers in Japan

Background To assess the impact of childhood abuse history, domestic violence experiences and mental health symptoms on the parenting behaviour of mothers in Japan who have separated from violent husbands or partners. Methods A self‐administered questionnaire survey was conducted on a sample of mothers (n= 304) and their children (n= 498) residing in 83 mother–child homes in Japan. The survey assessed the mothers' childhood abuse history (physical, psychological and sexual abuse and neglect history), domestic violence experiences, current mental health symptoms (dissociative, depressive and traumatic symptoms) and parenting behaviours after moving into the homes to separate from a violent husband or partner. Results The mothers' childhood abuse history and experience of domestic violence were not associated with their not playing with their children. In contrast, the mothers' dissociative and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with not playing with their children. Although there was no association between the mothers' total childhood abuse history and not praising their children, their childhood physical abuse history was significantly associated with their not praising their children. The dissociative and depressive symptoms were also associated with no praise. Interestingly, the experience of domestic violence showed an inverse association with no praise. Conclusions Mental health symptoms, more specifically dissociative and depressive symptoms, are associated with a decrease in parenting quality. Mothers who were physically abused as children are less likely to praise their own children, independent of maternal mental health symptoms. In contrast, mothers who experienced domestic violence but subsequently separated from their violent husbands or partners are more likely to praise their children. The treatment of mental health symptoms, particularly dissociative and depressive symptoms, therapy for childhood abuse history and separation from violent husbands or partners might be effective ways to enhance the quality of parenting in Japan.     

Does Physical Abuse,Sexual Abuse,or Neglect in Childhood Increase the Likelihood of Same-sex Sexual Relationships and Cohabitation? A Prospective 30-year Follow-up

Existing cross-sectional research suggests associations between physical and sexual abuse in childhood and same-sex sexual orientation in adulthood. This study prospectively examined whether abuse and/or neglect in childhood were associated with increased likelihood of same-sex partnerships in adulthood. The sample included physically abused (N = 85), sexually abused (N = 72), and neglected (N = 429) children (ages 0–11) with documented cases during 1967–1971 who were matched with non-maltreated children (N = 415) and followed into adulthood. At approximately age 40, participants (483 women and 461 men) were asked about romantic cohabitation and sexual partners, in the context of in-person interviews covering a range of topics. Group (abuse/neglect versus control) differences were assessed with cross-tabulations and logistic regression. A total of 8% of the overall sample reported any same-sex relationship (cohabitation or sexual partners). Childhood physical abuse and neglect were not significantly associated with same-sex cohabitation or sexual partners. Individuals with documented histories of childhood sexual abuse were significantly more likely than controls to report ever having had same-sex sexual partners (OR = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.16–6.80, p ≤ .05); however, only men with histories of childhood sexual abuse were significantly more likely than controls to report same-sex sexual partners (OR = 6.75, 95% CI = 1.53–29.86, p ≤ .01). These prospective findings provide tentative evidence of a link between childhood sexual abuse and same-sex sexual partnerships among men, although further research is needed to explore this relationship and to examine potential underlying mechanisms.     

农村青少年童年期虐待与自杀行为的关联

  目的  探讨童年期虐待与青少年自杀行为的关联,为制定自杀预防策略提供科学依据。  方法  采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,从安徽、广东、云南、黑龙江和湖北农村地区共纳入16 271名中学生。采用结构化问卷收集研究对象一般情况、童年期忽视、虐待情况以及调查前1年内的自杀意念、自杀计划、自杀未遂情况,运用多因素Logistic回归模型分析童年期忽视、虐待与自杀意念、自杀计划和自杀未遂的关联。  结果  农村青少年自杀意念、自杀计划和自杀未遂的发生人数分别为2 453(15.1%)、1 164(7.2%)和572(3.5%)人,童年期忽视、中度和重度躯体虐待的发生人数分别为10 756(66.1%),4 311(26.5%)和703(4.3%)人。单因素分析显示,童年期忽视、虐待与自杀意念、自杀计划、自杀未遂相关均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。在控制年龄、性别、独生子女、父母文化程度、经济收入、情绪管理和社会支持因素后,童年期忽视、虐待与自杀意念、自杀计划、自杀未遂差异均有统计学意义(OR=1.62~5.14,P值均 < 0.05),其中重度躯体虐待的OR值(95%CI)分别为3.00(2.49~3.62),3.52(2.81~4.40), 5.14(3.87~6.83)。  结论  童年期忽视和虐待可能会增加农村青少年自杀行为发生风险,应积极采取有效措施减少童年期忽视虐待,预防自杀。      

大学生儿童期创伤和抑郁情绪对分裂型人格特质与执行功能的影响

探讨儿童期创伤和抑郁情绪对分裂人格特质与执行功能关系的影响,为有效改善儿童心理健康提供参考.方法 在湖南中医药大学和衡阳师范学院方便抽取2 469名学生,使用儿童创伤问卷(CTQ)筛选有儿童期创伤史的学生.随机抽取63名有儿童期创伤史的学生和93名无创伤史学生.使用Chapman分裂型人格倾向量表、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和成人版执行功能行为评定量表(BRIEF-A)测量学生心理及行为特征.结果 行为管理指数与情感虐待、躯体虐待、情感忽视、躯体忽视、阳性分裂型特质、阴性分裂型特质和抑郁情绪均呈正相关(r=0.162~0.511,P值均<0.05).元认知指数与情感虐待、躯体忽视、阳性分裂型特质、阴性分裂型特质和抑郁情绪均呈正相关(r=0.180~ 0.386,P值均<0.05).回归分析结果显示,当同时纳入分裂人格特质、儿童期创伤和抑郁变量时,仅阳性分裂型特质和抑郁情绪对行为管理指数(β值分别为0.306,0.329,P值均<0.05)和元认知指数起到预测作用(β值分别为0.209,0.239,P值均<0.05),而所有的儿童期创伤变量对执行功能均无预测作用(P值均>0.05).进一步的中介分析发现,抑郁情绪在阳性分裂型特质和执行功能之间起部分中介作用.结论 分裂人格的阳性特质和抑郁情绪影响了执行功能.     

Violent behavior in men due to genetic predisposition and childhood abuse: an hypothesis

Caspi et al. recently reported that the likelihood of an abused child becoming violent as an adult hinges on a gene regulating the expression of monoamine oxidase A. This enzyme metabolises neurotransmitters. The scientists followed 442 boys from birth to their mid twenties and found an interaction between childhood abuse and a genetic polymorphism. Major strengths of the study are the longitudinal design and the excellent follow-up rate. Moreover, childhood abuse and antisocial behaviour are operationalised in various manners. The different forms of childhood abuse and neglect are, however, summarised and individual results are only presented for the different outcomes. In this way the consistency of the results is shown, but significance is only reached for one outcome: 'antisocial personality disorder symptoms'. It is especially important to replicate the study that investigated an association but no causal mechanism. Thus, conclusions about susceptibility to childhood abuse or medical treatment options for neglected children are premature.     

Childhood Abuse as a Risk Factor for Adolescent Pregnancy in El Salvador

PURPOSE: To determine whether having been abused as a child increases the risk of adolescent pregnancy in El Salvador and whether intimate partner violence during adolescence affects the association. METHODS: Using data from 3753 women between the ages of 15 and 24 from a nationally representative household health survey of Salvadoran women (FESAL 2002/2003), the association between history of childhood abuse (emotional, physical, or sexual abuse, and witnessing abuse of one's mother) and adolescent pregnancy was explored using multiple logistic regression analyses. The effect of intimate partner violence during adolescence on the relationship was explored among a subgroup of 15-19-year-olds. RESULTS: The risk of adolescent pregnancy was significantly higher among women abused as children. Women who were sexually abused, physically abused, or who experienced any type of abuse had a 48%, 42%, and 31% higher risk, respectively, of adolescent pregnancy than those without a history of abuse, after adjusting for confounding factors. Intimate partner violence during adolescence was also strongly and significantly linked with adolescent pregnancy risk. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study from a Latin American country to demonstrate a relationship between childhood abuse and adolescent pregnancy. Greater efforts are needed to promote detection of abuse, expand knowledge about sexual and reproductive health, protect vulnerable youth, and to advocate for greater rights and social protections to Salvadoran children and adolescents.     

医专学生恋爱暴力与童年期虐待经历的关联

目的了解医学专科生恋爱暴力现况及其与不同形式童年期虐待的关联,为医学生恋爱暴力行为的防控提供依据。方法于2019年10-11月采用整群抽样的方法,以安徽省2所医学专科学校3727名有恋爱经历的一、二年级在校生为研究对象,了解一般人口统计学指标、童年期虐待和恋爱暴力等信息,分析不同形式童年期虐待与学生主动和被动恋爱暴力的关联。结果医学生主动恋爱暴力检出率为37.8%,被动恋爱暴力检出率为27.8%。女生童年期情感虐待检出率(61.9%)高于男生(51.6%),男生童年期躯体虐待(28.2%)和性虐待检出率(19.4%)高于女生(24.3%和10.5%)(χ~2值分别为33.84,6.33,52.97,P值均<0.01)。控制相关混杂因素的影响,童年期情感虐待、躯体虐待和性虐待均可能增加大学生恋爱关系中主动暴力[OR值(OR值95%CI)分别为1.71(1.48~1.98)、1.55(1.33~1.82)、1.75(1.43~2.15)]和被动暴力的风险[OR值(OR值95%CI)分别为1.84(1.43~2.16)、1.59(1.34~1.87)、1.62(1.32~2.00)](P值均<0.01)。童年期虐待和主被动恋爱暴力关联的强度性别间差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。结论童年期虐待经历与医学生恋爱暴力的增加有关,减少童年期虐待有益于医学生恋爱暴力行为的防控。     

Adverse childhood experiences: are they risk factors for adult homelessness?

OBJECTIVES: We tested the hypothesis that adverse childhood experiences are risk factors for adult homelessness. METHODS: We interviewed a nationally representative sample of 92 US household members who had previously been homeless and a comparison group of 395 individuals with no prior homelessness. We assessed childhood adversity with a structured protocol that included a previously validated scale indicating lack of care from parents and single-item measures of physical and sexual abuse. RESULTS: Lack of care from a parent during childhood sharply increased the likelihood of subsequent homelessness (odds ratio [OR] = 13), as did physical abuse (OR = 16). Sexual abuse during childhood was associated with a nonsignificant trend toward homelessness (OR = 1.7). The risk of subsequent homelessness among individuals who experienced both lack of care and either type of abuse was dramatically increased compared with subjects reporting neither of these adversities (OR = 26). CONCLUSIONS: Adverse childhood experiences are powerful risk factors for adult homelessness. Effectively reducing child abuse and neglect may ultimately help prevent critical social problems including homelessness.     

Unexplained Gastrointestinal Symptoms After Abuse in a Prospective Study of Children at Risk for Abuse and Neglect

PURPOSE Unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms are more common in adults who recall abuse as a child; however, data available on children are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of childhood maltreatment and early development of gastrointestinal symptoms and whether this relation was mediated by psychological distress.METHODS Data were obtained from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect, a consortium of 5 prospective studies of child maltreatment. The 845 children who were observed from the age of 4 through 12 years were the subjects of this study. Every 2 years information on gastrointestinal symptoms was obtained from parents, and maltreatment allegations were obtained from Child Protective Services (CPS). At the age of 12 years children reported gastrointestinal symptoms, life-time maltreatment, and psychological distress. Data were analyzed by logistic regression.RESULTS Lifetime CPS allegations of sexual abuse were associated with abdominal pain at age 12 years (odds ratio [OR] = 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1–2.47). Sexual abuse preceded or coincided with abdominal pain in 91% of cases. Youth recall of ever having been psychologically, physically, or sexually abused was significantly associated with both abdominal pain and nausea/vomiting (range, OR = 1.5 [95% CI, 1.1–2.0] to 2.1 [95% CI, 1.5–2.9]). When adjusting for psychological distress, most effects became insignificant except for the relation between physical abuse and nausea/vomiting (OR = 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1–2.2).CONCLUSION Youth who have been maltreated are at increased risk for unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms, and this relation is partially mediated by psychological distress. These findings are relevant to the clinical care for children who complain of unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms.     

听障儿童父母对体罚的态度及其影响因素分析

了解听障儿童父母对体罚的态度,探讨父母体罚态度与童年期遭受父母躯体暴力经历、对子女躯体暴力行为的关联,为预防听障儿童暴力伤害提供依据.方法 在北京市某2所学校,对170名听障儿童父母进行不记名自填式问卷调查,了解听障儿童父母对使用体罚管教儿童的态度.结果 在被调查的听障儿童父母中,有48.8%(83/170)的父母体罚态度正确.不同性别、文化程度、年龄及其子女性别和年龄不同的父母体罚态度正确率差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).听障儿童父母童年期被父母躯体暴力对待经历是对体罚持赞成或容忍态度的危险因素(OR=2.36,P<0.05),父母赞成或容忍体罚态度与对子女施加躯体暴力行为存在正关联(OR=2.34,P<0.05).结论 听障儿童父母体罚态度正确率不高,其体罚态度与童年期躯体暴力受害经历以及对子女施加躯体暴力行为均存在关联.要重视对听障儿童父母进行儿童虐待的教育.     

Evaluation of threshold: An independent living program for homeless adolescents

The Threshold Project, a residential treatment program, was designed to work with homeless and alienated young women who were approaching 18 years of age but lacked the skills, values, and attitudes necessary to care for themselves and assume the responsibilities of adulthood. Project services were designed to prepare these young women for independent living and to break the intergenerational cycle of abuse and neglect experienced by this population. Threshold offered a series of progressively more independent living experiences to young homeless women ages 16-18 years, who had been sexually/physically/emotionally abused or neglected, and who had been involved in or at high risk for prostitution. A majority of the clients responded well to the requirements of the program, including the expectation that they maintain employment and participate in educational programs during the semi-independent living phase of the project. A follow-up assessment undertaken after clients left the project found that 42% of the young women met all "success" criteria, that is, they lived independently (or in stable situations), attended school and/or were employed, had not engaged in prostitution or other offense behavior, and did not abuse alcohol or other substances.     

A Systematic Review of Family Victimization Experiences Among Sexual Minority Youth

Sexual minority youth experience substantially higher rates of family victimization than their heterosexual peers. No systematic review has yet identified the predictors and consequences in this vulnerable population of childhood abuse, exposure to sibling abuse and domestic violence, and sibling aggression. This systematic review aims to (a) describe differences in these family victimization rates by sexual orientation, gender, and race/ethnicity; (b) identify potential sexual minority and non-sexual minority-specific risk factors; and (c) identify physical, mental, and behavioral health and extrafamilial victimization correlates. The systematic review, which followed PRISMA guidelines, yielded 32 articles that met study inclusion criteria. Rates of childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse were consistently higher for sexual minority youth than for their heterosexual peers. Bisexual youth appear to be at greater risk for physical abuse than their gay and lesbian peers. Younger age at sexual minority milestones (first awareness, disclosure, and same-sex sexual contact) and higher levels of sexual minority-specific (sexuality disclosure, gender non-conformity) and non-sexual minority-specific (delinquent behaviors, parental drinking) risk factors were associated with higher rates of family victimization. Sexual minorities who experienced some form of childhood abuse reported more frequent physical (higher rates of HIV, higher BMIs, lower levels of perceived health), mental (higher rates of depression, PTSD symptoms, experiential avoidance, internalized homophobia), and behavioral (higher rates of suicidality, substance misuse, earlier sexual debut, unprotected anal sex) health problems relative to heterosexual or non-abused sexual minority peers. Sexual minority females who experienced childhood physical or sexual abuse were at greater risk than abused sexual minority males for sexual assault later in life. We conclude this systematic review with recommendations for future research, including the necessity for longitudinal research that utilizes a poly-victimization conceptual framework to identify the developmental pathways connecting risk factors, different types of family victimization, and health and extrafamilial victimization consequences.     

Stressful Life Events and Physical Abuse Among Pregnant Women in North Carolina

Objectives: This study estimates the prevalence of stressful life events and physical abuse among North Carolina women prior to infant delivery, and examines potential associations between abuse and the other stressors. Methods: Data were from the North Carolina Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, a statewide representative survey of over 2,600 postpartum women. The survey assessed women's sociodemographic characteristics and their experiences of physical abuse and 13 other stressful life events before delivery. The prevalences of each life event and abuse were estimated. Logistic regression modeled the probability of women having high levels of stressful life events in relation to physical abuse and sociodemographics. Results: Most women were married, white, high school graduates, aged 20 or older. The most common stressful life events were residential moves, increased arguing with husbands/partners, family member hospitalizations, financial hardship, and deaths of loved ones. Fourteen percent of women had high levels of stressful events (5 or more), and almost 9% were physically abused. Abuse was positively associated with increased arguing with husbands/partners, physical fighting, having someone close with an alcohol/drug problem, becoming separated/divorced, and financial hardship. Logistic regression analysis showed that a high level of stressful life events was significantly more likely among women abused both before and during pregnancy (OR = 11.94) and among women abused before but not during pregnancy (OR = 14.19). Conclusions: The high frequency of multiple stressful events and abuse in women's lives suggests that women's care providers should ask their patients about these issues, and offer appropriate referral/interventions to those in need.     

Dating violence victimization across the teen years: Abuse frequency, number of abusive partners, and age at first occurrence

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Prior longitudinal studies have shown high cumulative dating violence exposure rates among U.S adolescents, with 36 percent of males and 44 percent to 88 percent of females experiencing victimization across adolescence/young adulthood. Despite promising information characterizing adolescents' dating violence experiences longitudinally, prior studies tended to concentrate on physical and sexual types of violence only, and did not report information on the number of times dating violence was experienced across multiple abusive partners. We used a method similar to the timeline follow-back interview method to query adolescents about their experiences of dating violence from age 13 to 19--including dating violence types (physical, sexual, and psychological), frequency, age at first occurrence, and number of abusive partners. METHODS: A total of 730 subjects were randomly sampled from university registrar records and invited to complete an online survey, which utilized methods similar to the timeline follow-back interview method, to retrospectively assess relationship histories and dating violence victimization from age 13 to 19 (eight questions adapted from widely-used surveys covering physical, sexual, and psychological abuse/stalking). Then, for each dating violence type, we asked about the number of occurrences, number of abusive partners, and age at first occurrence. Of 341 subjects who completed the survey, we included 297 (64 percent females; 36 percent males) who had a dating partner from age 13 to 19. RESULTS: Fully 64.7 percent of females and 61.7 percent of males reported dating violence victimization between age 13 and 19, with most experiencing multiple occurrences. More than one-third of abused females had two or more abusive partners: controlling behavior (35.6 percent); put downs/name calling (37.0); pressured sex (42.9); insults (44.3); slapped/hit (50.0); and threats (62.5). Males also had two or more abusive partners, as follows: controlling behavior (42.1 percent); insults (51.2); put downs (53.3); threats (55.6); and unwanted calls/text messages (60.7). Among abused females, 44.7 percent first experienced controlling behavior between age 13 and 15, whereas the majority (62.5 percent) first experienced pressured sex between age 16 and 17. Among males, for most abuse types, 16 percent to 30 percent of victimization began before age 15. CONCLUSIONS: Our study adds information to a substantial, but still growing, body of literature about dating violence frequency, age of occurrence, and number of abusive partners among adolescents.     

抑郁症与儿童期忽视、父母教养方式的相关性分析

目的 探讨儿童期忽视、父母教养方式因素与抑郁症的相关性。方法 采取对照研究的方法,将被试分为对照组（103例）与抑郁症患者组（106例）进行研究。采用儿童被忽视量表、父母教养方式评价量表、汉密尔顿抑郁量表进行评估,独立样本t检验、Pearson相关分析进行数据分析。结果 （1）抑郁症患者组与对照组比较,在儿童被忽视量表中,安全忽视（t=-4.897,P<0.01）、躯体忽视因子（t=-4.497,P<0.01）、情感忽视因子（t=-3.071, P<0.01）及儿童忽视总分（t=-4.417,P<0.01）具有显著性差异;在父亲教养方式评价量表中,情感温暖、理解（t=8.555,P<0.01）,惩罚、严厉（t=19.047, P<0.01）,拒绝、否认因子（t=-5.090,P<0.01）上的差异达到极其显著性水平。（2）相关性分析结果显示:儿童被忽视量表中,抑郁症与安全忽视、情感忽视、交流忽视因子及忽视总分因子相关。在父母教养方式评价量表中,抑郁症与拒绝否认因子、惩罚严厉因子、过分干涉因子、过分保护因子、情感温暖理解因子相关。结论 儿童被忽视与抑郁症的产生存在显著的相关性,不良的教养方式是抑郁症发生的危险因素。